Centuries (London, ~6 7 1 , p. 4%. 2. Great d r i t a i n , erri t o r y -(London, lQ21) , -3. ~m... more Centuries (London, ~6 7 1 , p. 4%. 2. Great d r i t a i n , erri t o r y -(London, lQ21) , -3. ~m y , n. 1, p. 459. 4. K. Ingham, 8 fils t o w s &at ~f r f ~g (London, B G t i ) , pp. 13-40.
Devil on the Cross (1980), was conceived and written during the author's one-year detention in pr... more Devil on the Cross (1980), was conceived and written during the author's one-year detention in prison, in Kenya, where he was held without trial after the performance by peasants and workers of his play Ngaahika Ndeenda (/ Will Marry When I Want). This was his first novel to be published in his own language, Gikuyu, and then translated into English and many other languages. Matigari was published in Gikuyu in Kenya in 1986 and this is the only English translation. The author has also written collections of short stories, plays and numerous essays. Ngugi is an active campaigner for the African language and form, and he writes, travels and lectures extensively on this theme. His work is known throughout the world and has made a powerful impact both at home and overseas. Wangfii wa Goro is a social critic, interpreter, writer and translator, with strong interest in the development of African languages. She writes and recites poetry. In 1989 she published her work of non-fiction on Mekatilili (Vita Books), and she has translated all of Ngiigi's children's books into English.
II memory of the late CYRUS MWANGI KAMUNDIA Foreword hy IME IKIDDEH~. 'I am not a man of the Chur... more II memory of the late CYRUS MWANGI KAMUNDIA Foreword hy IME IKIDDEH~. 'I am not a man of the Church. I am not even a Christian.' Those were the nrunning words with which James Ngugi opened his talk to the Fifth (;cneral Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of East Africa in Nairobi in March 1970, reproduced in this collection as Church, Culture and Politics. He had hardly ended his address when a wiry old man visibly choking with anger leapt to the floor, and, shaking his walking-stick menacingly towards the front, warned the speaker to seek immediate I .pcntance in prayer. The old man did not forget to add as a reminder that in spite of his shameless denial and all his blasphemy, the speaker was a Christian, and the evidence was his first name. Ngugi had never given N-rious thought to this contradiction. Now it struck him that perhaps the old man had a point, and the name James, an unfortunate anomaly, had to po. This volume of essays is James Ngugi's first major publication under hi~new name. Those who might retort with 'What's in a name?' should ask Author's Note XIX poisonous and divisive flattery of our enemies. We must find for ourselves what are the most enduring links between us and all our brothers scattered over the world. We can then build on these links, build a socialist black power. I hope the running themes in the present collection will raise questions and promote debate about our present predicament. For we are all involved in a common problem: how best to build a true communal home for all Africans. Then all the black people, all the African masses can truthfully say : we have come home.
I have been able, since my release, to gather interesting incidents leading to my incarceration: ... more I have been able, since my release, to gather interesting incidents leading to my incarceration: I am told, for instance, that some time in December 1977, two gentlemen very highly placed in the government flew to Mombasa and demanded an urgent audience with Jomo Kenyatta. They each held a copy ofPetals of Hlood in one hand, and in the other, a copy of Ngaahika Ndeenda. The audience granted, they then proceeded to read him, out of context of course, passages and lines and words allegedly subversive as evidence of highly suspicious intentions. The only way to thwart those intentions-whatever they were-was to detain him who harboured such dangerous intentions, they pleaded. Some others had sought outright and permanent silencing, in the manner of J .M. Kariuki, but on second thoughts this was quashed for 'national stability'. And so to detention I was sent! Many people speculated as to the reasons for this detention. Some in public, some privately. In the absence of any reasons being given on any charges made officially, this speculation was inevitable. Some of it was based on rumour, and some perhaps on concrete facts or on misleading official leakages. Such seems to be the case with Hilary Ngweno's papers. Thus after my arrest, The Weekly Review of 9 January 1978 carried the following: Late Wednesday afternoon, however, word was going round that N gugi had been detained because of the Chinese and other literature found in his possession at the time of the police search in his study. I was, after detention, the subject of all sorts of accusations. One accusation is very clear in the same write-up referred to above in The WeeklyReviewof9 January 1978, and can be summed lip in one sentence: 'To be a leftist (whatever that means) is a crime.' A similar accusation is contained in a letter from Ali Mazrui to Mzee Jomo Kenyatta, dated 16 January 1978, asking for the immediate release of all those in detention. After reminding Kenyatta about the fact that some years before, Mazrui and I had sought permission to do a joint biography of Kenyatta, which was refused, Mazrui continued: '" ''iN~_..,f "•"(' .. ..\.,, .• 1..-r:tI<-<.-1-" xxiii heritage, and was beginning to work hard towards giving greater prominence to the literary heritage of the Kikuyu. His own play in Kikuyu which got him into political trouble might have captured the two parts of Ngugi's ideological position-Kikuyu-centrism on one side and radical universalism on the other. All these were allegations by others. How does one begin to answer such unprincipled attacks? By pointing out that Swahili literature was taught in the Department of I.iterature since 1969? But being honourable academics they could easily have checked this in the syllabus. By pointing out I was instrumental along with others in the abolition of the old-style English department and the setting up in its place, the present II Department of Literature and the Department of Linguistics and African Languages? But being learned men they could have read the Appendix in my book, Homecoming! By pointing out the composition of the staff of the Literature Department nationality by nationality and comparing this with the composition of other departments? But being members of the university they could easily have checked the staff lists in the university's annual reports! No. These attacks had better be passed over in silence. These petty-bourgeois academics fit into the category of intellectuals once described by Karl Marx as geniuses in the ways of bourgeois stupidity! Against all that was the overwhelming support of the political detainees from our fourteen-million Kenyans-ordinary people, peasants and workers, students-who thronged the streets when they heard about our release. Of course not all the intellectuals mounted these accusations and attacks. There were some who very courageously fought on the side of democratic forces and tirelessly worked for the release of detainees! There was also the worldwide struggle for the release of prisoners ill Kenya from workers, writers and humanist organizations, progrcssive intellectuals, democratic minded individuals from Africa,
African philosophy and much more. He also did translations of some passages from French into Engl... more African philosophy and much more. He also did translations of some passages from French into English. The fact that these lectures were ready in time for delivery owed a lot to Eva Lanno. Although the first lecture was written and the general framework of the rest worked out in Bayreuth, the actual composition and writing of the other three and the typing of all four was done in New Zealand. Eva typed them, the last two as I was writing them, amidst working out the travel plans and appointments and rushing to the libraries and bookshops for urgently needed references. And finally these lectures would not have been possible without the inspiring patriotic friendship of all my Kenyan compatriots abroad, particularly those in Britain, Denmark, Sweden and Zimbabwe; and to all the friends of Kenyan people's struggles for democratic and human rights. I don't mention their names here for reasons that lie outside this book. But the strength to write the lectures and other books I have written since 1982 under the harsh conditions of my present existence has come from them. Over the years I have come to realise more and more that work, any work, even literary creative work, is not the result of an individual genius but the result of a collective effort. There are so many inputs in the actual formation of an image, an idea, a line of argument and even sometimes the formal arrangement. The very words we use are
Luthy r ' '_+** l,tawaharla I nehru, rHunitrd year6 before the World War", 9!8q|I)€es of World tt... more Luthy r ' '_+** l,tawaharla I nehru, rHunitrd year6 before the World War", 9!8q|I)€es of World ttlstolyr (Bobay ! Asl'a publisblng ltou8e), 1e6?),-i;3Ti:-)'-Ibld., p.5?8. xK. s.varrk"a"ramanl r Murugan, the Tlller, 'IEEI., p.3o9.
This page intentionally left blank Cartesian Linguistics In this extraordinarily original and pro... more This page intentionally left blank Cartesian Linguistics In this extraordinarily original and profound work, Noam Chomsky discusses themes in the study of language and mind since the end of the sixteenth century in order to explain the motivations and methods that underlie his work in linguistics, the science of mind, and even politics. This edition includes a new and specially written introduction by James McGilvray, contextualizing the work for the twenty-first century. It has been made more accessible to a larger audience; all the French and German in the original edition has been translated, and the notes and bibliography have been brought up to date. The relationship between the original edition (published in 1966) and contemporary biolinguistic work is also explained. This challenging volume is an important contribution to the study of language and mind, and to the history of these studies since the end of the sixteenth century.
United States and its client states'; and 'the establishment of a Latin-American style terror sta... more United States and its client states'; and 'the establishment of a Latin-American style terror state in South Vietnam'. .. 4 Chomsky is not alone in such attacks on US foreign policy. For example, Garry Wills noted the American tendency to dethrone elected leaders in Africa, Asia and Latin America, and substitute others that they have felt to be more suitable:
Centuries (London, ~6 7 1 , p. 4%. 2. Great d r i t a i n , erri t o r y -(London, lQ21) , -3. ~m... more Centuries (London, ~6 7 1 , p. 4%. 2. Great d r i t a i n , erri t o r y -(London, lQ21) , -3. ~m y , n. 1, p. 459. 4. K. Ingham, 8 fils t o w s &at ~f r f ~g (London, B G t i ) , pp. 13-40.
Devil on the Cross (1980), was conceived and written during the author's one-year detention in pr... more Devil on the Cross (1980), was conceived and written during the author's one-year detention in prison, in Kenya, where he was held without trial after the performance by peasants and workers of his play Ngaahika Ndeenda (/ Will Marry When I Want). This was his first novel to be published in his own language, Gikuyu, and then translated into English and many other languages. Matigari was published in Gikuyu in Kenya in 1986 and this is the only English translation. The author has also written collections of short stories, plays and numerous essays. Ngugi is an active campaigner for the African language and form, and he writes, travels and lectures extensively on this theme. His work is known throughout the world and has made a powerful impact both at home and overseas. Wangfii wa Goro is a social critic, interpreter, writer and translator, with strong interest in the development of African languages. She writes and recites poetry. In 1989 she published her work of non-fiction on Mekatilili (Vita Books), and she has translated all of Ngiigi's children's books into English.
II memory of the late CYRUS MWANGI KAMUNDIA Foreword hy IME IKIDDEH~. 'I am not a man of the Chur... more II memory of the late CYRUS MWANGI KAMUNDIA Foreword hy IME IKIDDEH~. 'I am not a man of the Church. I am not even a Christian.' Those were the nrunning words with which James Ngugi opened his talk to the Fifth (;cneral Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of East Africa in Nairobi in March 1970, reproduced in this collection as Church, Culture and Politics. He had hardly ended his address when a wiry old man visibly choking with anger leapt to the floor, and, shaking his walking-stick menacingly towards the front, warned the speaker to seek immediate I .pcntance in prayer. The old man did not forget to add as a reminder that in spite of his shameless denial and all his blasphemy, the speaker was a Christian, and the evidence was his first name. Ngugi had never given N-rious thought to this contradiction. Now it struck him that perhaps the old man had a point, and the name James, an unfortunate anomaly, had to po. This volume of essays is James Ngugi's first major publication under hi~new name. Those who might retort with 'What's in a name?' should ask Author's Note XIX poisonous and divisive flattery of our enemies. We must find for ourselves what are the most enduring links between us and all our brothers scattered over the world. We can then build on these links, build a socialist black power. I hope the running themes in the present collection will raise questions and promote debate about our present predicament. For we are all involved in a common problem: how best to build a true communal home for all Africans. Then all the black people, all the African masses can truthfully say : we have come home.
I have been able, since my release, to gather interesting incidents leading to my incarceration: ... more I have been able, since my release, to gather interesting incidents leading to my incarceration: I am told, for instance, that some time in December 1977, two gentlemen very highly placed in the government flew to Mombasa and demanded an urgent audience with Jomo Kenyatta. They each held a copy ofPetals of Hlood in one hand, and in the other, a copy of Ngaahika Ndeenda. The audience granted, they then proceeded to read him, out of context of course, passages and lines and words allegedly subversive as evidence of highly suspicious intentions. The only way to thwart those intentions-whatever they were-was to detain him who harboured such dangerous intentions, they pleaded. Some others had sought outright and permanent silencing, in the manner of J .M. Kariuki, but on second thoughts this was quashed for 'national stability'. And so to detention I was sent! Many people speculated as to the reasons for this detention. Some in public, some privately. In the absence of any reasons being given on any charges made officially, this speculation was inevitable. Some of it was based on rumour, and some perhaps on concrete facts or on misleading official leakages. Such seems to be the case with Hilary Ngweno's papers. Thus after my arrest, The Weekly Review of 9 January 1978 carried the following: Late Wednesday afternoon, however, word was going round that N gugi had been detained because of the Chinese and other literature found in his possession at the time of the police search in his study. I was, after detention, the subject of all sorts of accusations. One accusation is very clear in the same write-up referred to above in The WeeklyReviewof9 January 1978, and can be summed lip in one sentence: 'To be a leftist (whatever that means) is a crime.' A similar accusation is contained in a letter from Ali Mazrui to Mzee Jomo Kenyatta, dated 16 January 1978, asking for the immediate release of all those in detention. After reminding Kenyatta about the fact that some years before, Mazrui and I had sought permission to do a joint biography of Kenyatta, which was refused, Mazrui continued: '" ''iN~_..,f "•"(' .. ..\.,, .• 1..-r:tI<-<.-1-" xxiii heritage, and was beginning to work hard towards giving greater prominence to the literary heritage of the Kikuyu. His own play in Kikuyu which got him into political trouble might have captured the two parts of Ngugi's ideological position-Kikuyu-centrism on one side and radical universalism on the other. All these were allegations by others. How does one begin to answer such unprincipled attacks? By pointing out that Swahili literature was taught in the Department of I.iterature since 1969? But being honourable academics they could easily have checked this in the syllabus. By pointing out I was instrumental along with others in the abolition of the old-style English department and the setting up in its place, the present II Department of Literature and the Department of Linguistics and African Languages? But being learned men they could have read the Appendix in my book, Homecoming! By pointing out the composition of the staff of the Literature Department nationality by nationality and comparing this with the composition of other departments? But being members of the university they could easily have checked the staff lists in the university's annual reports! No. These attacks had better be passed over in silence. These petty-bourgeois academics fit into the category of intellectuals once described by Karl Marx as geniuses in the ways of bourgeois stupidity! Against all that was the overwhelming support of the political detainees from our fourteen-million Kenyans-ordinary people, peasants and workers, students-who thronged the streets when they heard about our release. Of course not all the intellectuals mounted these accusations and attacks. There were some who very courageously fought on the side of democratic forces and tirelessly worked for the release of detainees! There was also the worldwide struggle for the release of prisoners ill Kenya from workers, writers and humanist organizations, progrcssive intellectuals, democratic minded individuals from Africa,
African philosophy and much more. He also did translations of some passages from French into Engl... more African philosophy and much more. He also did translations of some passages from French into English. The fact that these lectures were ready in time for delivery owed a lot to Eva Lanno. Although the first lecture was written and the general framework of the rest worked out in Bayreuth, the actual composition and writing of the other three and the typing of all four was done in New Zealand. Eva typed them, the last two as I was writing them, amidst working out the travel plans and appointments and rushing to the libraries and bookshops for urgently needed references. And finally these lectures would not have been possible without the inspiring patriotic friendship of all my Kenyan compatriots abroad, particularly those in Britain, Denmark, Sweden and Zimbabwe; and to all the friends of Kenyan people's struggles for democratic and human rights. I don't mention their names here for reasons that lie outside this book. But the strength to write the lectures and other books I have written since 1982 under the harsh conditions of my present existence has come from them. Over the years I have come to realise more and more that work, any work, even literary creative work, is not the result of an individual genius but the result of a collective effort. There are so many inputs in the actual formation of an image, an idea, a line of argument and even sometimes the formal arrangement. The very words we use are
Luthy r ' '_+** l,tawaharla I nehru, rHunitrd year6 before the World War", 9!8q|I)€es of World tt... more Luthy r ' '_+** l,tawaharla I nehru, rHunitrd year6 before the World War", 9!8q|I)€es of World ttlstolyr (Bobay ! Asl'a publisblng ltou8e), 1e6?),-i;3Ti:-)'-Ibld., p.5?8. xK. s.varrk"a"ramanl r Murugan, the Tlller, 'IEEI., p.3o9.
This page intentionally left blank Cartesian Linguistics In this extraordinarily original and pro... more This page intentionally left blank Cartesian Linguistics In this extraordinarily original and profound work, Noam Chomsky discusses themes in the study of language and mind since the end of the sixteenth century in order to explain the motivations and methods that underlie his work in linguistics, the science of mind, and even politics. This edition includes a new and specially written introduction by James McGilvray, contextualizing the work for the twenty-first century. It has been made more accessible to a larger audience; all the French and German in the original edition has been translated, and the notes and bibliography have been brought up to date. The relationship between the original edition (published in 1966) and contemporary biolinguistic work is also explained. This challenging volume is an important contribution to the study of language and mind, and to the history of these studies since the end of the sixteenth century.
United States and its client states'; and 'the establishment of a Latin-American style terror sta... more United States and its client states'; and 'the establishment of a Latin-American style terror state in South Vietnam'. .. 4 Chomsky is not alone in such attacks on US foreign policy. For example, Garry Wills noted the American tendency to dethrone elected leaders in Africa, Asia and Latin America, and substitute others that they have felt to be more suitable:
Island 21. Restrictions in Connecticut 22. General Character of these Restrictions V. THE PERIOD ... more Island 21. Restrictions in Connecticut 22. General Character of these Restrictions V. THE PERIOD OF THE REVOLUTION, 1774-1787 23. The Situation in 1774 24. The Condition of the Slave-Trade 25. The Slave-Trade and the "Association" 26. The Action of the Colonies 27. The Action of the Continental Congress 28. Reception of the Slave-Trade Resolution 29. Results of the Resolution 30. The Slave-Trade and Public Opinion after the War 31. The Action of the Confederation VI. THE FEDERAL CONVENTION, 1787 32. The First Proposition 33. The General Debate 34. The Special Committee and the "Bargain" 41 35. The Appeal to the Convention 36. Settlement by the Convention 37. Reception of the Clause by the Nation 38. Attitude of the State Conventions 39. Acceptance of the Policy
Diod. Sic. 3.8.2 (cited above); Arr. Ind. 6.9, in which it is stated that the natives of Southern... more Diod. Sic. 3.8.2 (cited above); Arr. Ind. 6.9, in which it is stated that the natives of Southern India, though blacks, are not so flat-nosed or so woolly-haired as the Ethiopians. 2. AUL$ associated with black skin and woolly hair: Ptol. Tetr. 2.2, and Strabo 15.1.24, in which the authors discuss the reason for the Ethiopian's black skin and woolly hair. 3. Ale&$ associated with black skin and flat nose: Sext. Empiric. Adv. Ethicos 43, in which the Ethiopians are said to prefer the blackest and most flat-nosed; Xenophanes, frg. 16 (Diels), who, in a discussion of anthropomorphism, says that the Ethiopians represent their gods as flat-nosed ant1 black. 4. ALOiqb associated with woolly hair: Hdt. 7.70, in which Herodotus differentiates between the woolly-haired and the straight-haired Ethiopians, dwelling respectively to the West and to the East;6 Aristot. Gen. Att. 5.3.782~, in which Aristotle contrasts the straight hair of the Scythians and Thracians with the woolly hair of the Ethiopians and people who live in hot regions; ps.-Aristot. Physiogn. 6.812~, in which the physiognomonical interpretation that those with very woolly hair are cowardly is applied to Ethiopians; Galen, Temperament. 2.616, in which the woolly hair of the Ethiopians is attributed to the effect of heat.
The Atlantic Slave Trade from West Central Africa, 1780-1867 traces the inland origins of slaves ... more The Atlantic Slave Trade from West Central Africa, 1780-1867 traces the inland origins of slaves leaving West Central Africa at the peak period of the transatlantic slave trade. Drawing on archival sources from Angola, Brazil, England, and Portugal, Daniel B. Domingues da Silva explores not only the origins of the slaves forced into the trade, but also the commodities for which they were exchanged and their methods of enslavement. Further, the book examines the evolution of the trade over time, its organization, the demographic profile of the population transported, the enslavers' motivations to participate in this activity, and the Africans' experience of enslavement and transportation across the Atlantic. Domingues da Silva also offers a detailed "geography of enslavement," including information on the homelands of the enslaved Africans and their destination in the Americas.
offers a provocative vision of US history from earliest colonial times through emancipation that ... more offers a provocative vision of US history from earliest colonial times through emancipation that presents even the most familiar events and figures in a revealing new light. Authors Ned and Constance Sublette tell the brutal story of how the slavery industry made the reproductive labor of the people it referred to as "breeding women" essential to the young country's expansion. Captive African Americans in the slave nation were not only laborers, but merchandise and collateral all at once. In a land without silver, gold, or trustworthy paper money, their children and their children's children into perpetuity were used as human savings accounts that functioned as the basis of money and credit in a market premised on the continual expansion of slavery. Slaveowners collected interest in the form of newborns, who had a cash value at birth and whose mothers had no legal right to say no to forced mating. This gripping narrative is driven by the power struggle between the elites of Virginia, the slave-raising "mother of slavery," and South Carolina, the massive importer of Africans-a conflict that was central to American politics from the making of the Constitution through the debacle of the Confederacy. Virginia slaveowners won a major victory when Thomas Jefferson's 1808 prohibition of the African slave trade protected the domestic slave markets for slave-breeding. The interstate slave trade exploded in Mississippi during the
, for going through the work with his usual meticulous care and thus saving me from many stylisti... more , for going through the work with his usual meticulous care and thus saving me from many stylistic and related mistakes. Finally, I thank the members of my family, both nuclear and extended, both at home and in the diaspora, for their unfailing love, understanding, and support.
This book has been long in the making. I could never have written it without the insight and supp... more This book has been long in the making. I could never have written it without the insight and support of many colleagues, friends, and family members. Many years ago at the Virginia Historical Society, Lee Shepard and Frances Pollard introduced me to the history of recaptive journeys by suggesting that I look at William Proby Young's ship log. The Ralph J. Bunche Center for African American Studies at UCLA provided an incubating space in which to begin thinking about how to tell the story of West Central African youth in the immediate wake of slave ship captivity. As the project picked up speed, a critical long-term Mellon Fellowship at the Huntington Library afforded the luxury of a year's research in a rich intellectual climate. I am also indebted to Occidental College's faculty sabbatical program and the Faculty Enrichment Grants that enabled research, travel, and precious time to think and write. My thanks as well to the many archivists and librarians who answered my queries at the South Carolina Historical Society, the South Caroliniana Library, the American Antiquarian Society, the West Virginia and Regional History Center, the Monroe County Public Library in Key West, and the National Archives and Records Administration. Thanks to Brooke Guthrie at Duke University's David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library for her quick response to a key archival finding. On my long and humbling journey to becoming an Atlantic historian, I learned from many generous colleagues. My fellow Occidental College historians
Hey, guys. So, I'm a Cambodian 10th grader who studies at the International School of Phnom Penh ... more Hey, guys. So, I'm a Cambodian 10th grader who studies at the International School of Phnom Penh (ISPP). I'm currently in my last year of the IB's MYP program, in which the students are required to complete a Personal Project. These projects can be anything we want them to be. I decided to make this book for my Personal Project because I, like most millennials, spend a lot of my time on social media. It's a platform in which people feel safe sharing their stories and opinions because a username provides them with a sense of anonymity. Throughout my time on Tumblr, I saw so many examples of people putting up with institutionalized racism and trying to succeed in a system that is structured to make them fail. So, I made this book to share with their experiences with other people. As stated in the blurb, this book contains a collection social media posts from Tumblr and Twitter that are recountings of their own dealings with racism, opinions on different racial issues, and reactions to racist events; hence the title, 'Racism Reviwed'. I found the posts included in the book by looking through tags specific to the topic. For example, to find posts regarding police brutality, I would search #MichaelBrown, #SandraBland, or #BlackLivesMatter. I chose to include posts from both activists and racists so that people who pick up this book don't end up thinking that social media is 'a place full of right-minded people who believe in the equality of all races', because it's obviously not. Disclaimer: All the social media posts were kept in their original format, to allow the audience a glimpse of the poster's rawest emotions. Due to to this, graphic images and language that may be offensive to some were not censored.
Ball: Ball's origins and African name are unclear; he was possibly Temne. Ball was a factory slav... more Ball: Ball's origins and African name are unclear; he was possibly Temne. Ball was a factory slave belonging to Bostock who gave important testimony at Bostock and McQueen's trial. He was subsequently drafted into the West India Regiment and shipped to the Caribbean as a soldier, before returning to settle in Sierra Leone. Robert Bostock: A Briton, Bostock was the son of a Liverpool slave trader of the same name. Bostock followed in his father's footsteps and co-owned slave trading factories at Gallinas and the St. Paul River in West Africa. He was subsequently arrested in 1813, convicted of illegal slave dealing, and transported to Australia for a term of fourteen years. He later had his conviction overturned and became a free settler in Tasmania. Antonio Escoto (alias Anthony Scott): Escoto was a slave trader in Cuba who had links with Charles Mason and the Fénix/Phoenix. He later appealed to the British to compensate him for his losses through legal channels, but he was also believed to be behind the murder of Captain John Roach, committed by sailors aboard another vessel owned by Escoto. W. A. B. (William Augustine Bernard) Johnson: A German, Johnson was a missionary and preacher at Regent, Sierra Leone, who lived alongside many of those who arrived from Bostock and Mason's factory. Together they founded what was acclaimed as a model village and built St. Charles Church, cited as the third oldest stone church in Africa. Charles Mason: An American slave trader, Mason co-owned the slave trading factories at Gallinas and the St. Paul River with Bostock. Away in Charleston or Havana at the time of Bostock and McQueen's arrest, Mason continued slave trading but was later captured by another British patrol and taken to Freetown. As an American he could not be tried by the British court, but he drowned when his ship sank on the way back across the Atlantic. x L i s t o f C h a r a c t e r s John McQueen: Originally from Glasgow, Scotland, McQueen had been apprenticed to a slave factory in Africa as a child and later worked as Bostock's assistant at the St. Paul River. He was captured, tried, and convicted with Bostock and also went to Australia, where he again worked for Bostock in Sydney. David Noah: A Bassa man whose original name is unknown. Noah was only a child at the time of his enslavement and the events surrounding his rescue. He grew to adulthood in Regent, Sierra Leone, and along with Tamba became an important member of the Church Missionary Society, later trying to fight the slave trade in his homeland. Jack Phoenix (originally Za): "Za" (as written by the clerk) was likely Sahr or Saa, and so a firstborn Kissi or Kono child. He was the first captive embarked aboard the slave ship Fénix/Phoenix just prior to Bostock's arrest. Rescued during the events that followed, he became part of the crew of the Phoenix and took the name Jack Phoenix. He was recaptured during the revenge murder of Captain John Roach and was believed to have been sold in Cuba. John Reffell (originally Yarra): Yarra's African origins are unclear, but at the time of his liberation he was a factory slave owned by John McQueen. He was the only man who testified at both Bostock and McQueen's original trial and at Bostock's appeal. In freedom he went to live in Hogbrook/ Regent and adopted the name John Reffell, after the superintendent of Liberated Africans, Joseph Reffell. John Roach: A British mariner, Roach was captain of the brig Kitty with a letter of marque to capture enemy vessels and was trading with Bostock and McQueen. In 1813 Roach argued with Bostock and reported the latter's illegal slave dealing in Freetown, leading to the British naval attack on Bostock and Mason's St. Paul factory. Roach was later murdered, apparently in revenge for these actions. Lawrence Summers (and other Anglicized aliases; originally Sessay): A Mende, Sessay/Summers was a child at the time of his rescue from Bostock's factory and was subsequently taken aboard HMS Thais as a "boy, third class." He gave an account at Bostock's appeal, revealing his capture and walk to the coast years before. William Tamba (originally Tamba): A Kissi man, Tamba was involved in the slave trade at the Banana Islands, probably as a high-ranking slave of the Clevelands or Caulkers, and was then owned by Bostock. After his rescue at the time of Bostock's arrest he was one of the founders of the celebrated village of Hogbrook/Regent in Sierra Leone, fought against the L i s t o f C h a r a c t e r s xi slave trade, and helped settle the free American colony of Liberia. He worked closely with the Church Missionary Society for many years. Robert Thorpe: Thorpe was a British judge who fought against illegal slave traders while occupying the bench in Freetown. Later, having being denied the chance to return to Sierra Leone, he fought for slave traders' rights and assisted Robert Bostock in appealing his conviction.
CHRIsTOPHER COLUMBUS AND THE AFRn<AN HOLOCAUST England. DI. .. CJaIke..coIrec~~""that the Catholi... more CHRIsTOPHER COLUMBUS AND THE AFRn<AN HOLOCAUST England. DI. .. CJaIke..coIrec~~""that the Catholic nations initiated the slavery and genQ£idal Erocess and were puSFieCfas1de ~ Protestant Dutch and particUJ.~rlYfueEng!:sh-~c!ae"s~: ery a_system of Big Business, setting the ~tage f~ the Industrial ~lution which England init~a!!y do~natecI;in t~~eu,th and nineteenth centuries. Dr. Clarke candidly speaks about th~ world that Christo r Columbus set in motion that produced 'war, s ave~d ~~!1~ide over the East five hundred years. Columbus, himself, was a symo"<?IQ! exploitation and greed and became a role moCIel for later E:EIopea~ cong,uistad<;>rs, who ra.pec1 and pil1ag ed t~~~s ana :AfrIca. I,tis ironic that the true story of t~e ColumbEs ~trocifies agaiiiSi the ind!genous AmeriC:an Eeople :W-~~ preserved and published b a Catholic cleric, Bartolom~ asas, woe a e e murders 0 e na ves m s ook on the History oi tTie Indzes. ~.' The struggle over the legacy of Columbus and the correct history of the African Holocaust of Enslavement is at the heart of the contemporary conflict over the curriculum reform in our schools. Professor Clarke's analysis rovides us with a ers ect i v e • t s ave and enocide were ins '-~a lized and systematized into a global system 0 domi~ tion, destruction and death which not only control land, labor and resources, out coloniaftzed information. All this was done tn ffie" riame of White supremacy, based upon the concept of 1/ chosen people" and manifest destiny and designed to further cultural genocide and maintain mental slavery. Dr. Clarke's work in the past and his current effort will help to free African minds and allow them to prepare a meaningful future.
After the atrocities of 11 September, the victim declared a "war on terrorism," targeting not jus... more After the atrocities of 11 September, the victim declared a "war on terrorism," targeting not just the suspected perpetrators, but the country in which they were located, and others charged with terrorism worldwide. President Bush pledged to "rid the world of evildoers" and "not let evil stand," echoing Ronald Reagan's denunciation of the "evil scourge of terrorism" in 1985-specifically, state-supported international terrorism, which had been declared to be the core issue of US foreign policy as his administration came into office.NOTE{_New York Times_, Oct. 18, 1985.} The focal points of the first war on terror were the Middle East and Central America, where Honduras was the major base for US operations. The military component of the re-declared war is led by Donald Rumsfeld, who served as Reagan's special representative to the Middle East; the diplomatic efforts at the UN by John Negroponte, Reagan's Ambassador to Honduras. Planning is largely in the hands of other leading figures of the Reagan-Bush (I) administrations. The condemnations of terrorism are sound, but leave some questions unanswered. The first is: What do we mean by "terrorism"? Second: What is the proper response to the crime? Whatever the answer, it must at least satisfy a moral truism: If we propose some principle that is to be applied to antagonists, then we must agree-in fact, strenuously insist-that the principle apply to us as well. Those who do not rise even to this minimal level of integrity plainly cannot be taken seriously when they speak of right and wrong, good and evil. The problem of definition is held to be vexing and complex. There are, however, proposals that seem straightforward, for example, in US Army manuals, which define terrorism as "the calculated use of violence or threat of violence to attain goals that are political, religious, or ideological in nature...through intimidation, coercion, or instilling fear." NOTE{_US Army Operational Concept for Terrorism Counteraction_ (TRADOC Pamphlet No. 525-37), 1984.} That definition carries additional authority because of the timing: it was offered as the Reagan administration was intensifying its war on terrorism. The world has changed little enough so that these recent precedents should be instructive, even apart from the continuity of leadership from the first war on terrorism to its recent reincarnation.
Go to the Content Overview Go to the Table of Contents YEAR 501 is another awesome achievement by... more Go to the Content Overview Go to the Table of Contents YEAR 501 is another awesome achievement by Noam Chomsky. It is a devastating array of information about the U.S. role in the world, placed in the long historical perspective of the 500 years that followed the voyages of Columbus. The result is a wonderful single-volume education in history and world politics.-Howard Zinn This book portrays the world born five centuries ago: An immense supermarket where value is determined by price tags. What is the price of an intellectual? Chomsky's fierce talent proves once more that human beings are not condemned to become commodities.-Eduardo Galeano "The great work of subjugation and conquest" has changed little over the years. Analyzing Haiti, Latin America, Cuba, Indonesia, and even pockets of the Third World developing in the United States, Noam Chomsky draws parallels between the genocide of colonial times and the murder and exploitation associated with modern-day imperialism.
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