Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 2013
Context.—Timely initiation of directed antimicrobial therapy for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia... more Context.—Timely initiation of directed antimicrobial therapy for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia is dependent on rapid identification of S aureus to ascertain methicillin-susceptibility status. Objectives.—To investigate the performance of the rapid KeyPath (MicroPhage, Inc, Longmont, Colorado) methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S aureus (MSSA) blood culture test (MMBT). Design.—Positive BacT/ALERT Pediatric FAN (fastidious antibiotic neutralization) blood culture bottles (bioMérieux, Inc, Durham, North Carolina) were tested prospectively using MMBT and routine bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing procedures as the gold standard. The MMBT uses an S aureus–specific bacteriophage cocktail that infects bacterial cells and replicates them, resulting in cellular lysis. Bacteriophage-specific antibodies detect the increase in bacteriophage concentration in an immunoassay device. Phage amplification, in both the presence and absence...
Background: Aging is a complex mechanism related to various factors including free radicals. Free... more Background: Aging is a complex mechanism related to various factors including free radicals. Free radicals that occur due to exposure to ultraviolet light can cause oxidative stress and damage the spermatogenesis process, including Leydig cells and testosterone. Therefore, antioxidants play a very important role in inhibiting these reactions, which are abundant in coffee. This study aimed to analyze the effect of the ethanol extract of Tangse liberica coffee (Coffea liberica) in inhibiting the decrease in Leydig cell number and testosterone levels in male Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) rats exposed to Ultraviolet B light. Methods: This study includes a post-test-only control group type of laboratory experimental study. The research group was divided into three groups, namely positive control (without giving coffee), treatment 1 (giving coffee extract 216 mg/kgBW), and treatment 2 (giving coffee extract 432 mg/kg BW). A total of 30 rats were used in this study and exposed to UV-B 0.225 MW/cm² 8 hours per day for 28 days. Testosterone assessment was carried out by examining blood specimens and Leydig cell counts were carried out histologically with Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. One-way ANOVA analysis and Kruskal Wallis test followed by post hoc test were performed in this study with a significance level of 95%. Results: The result showed a significant difference in the number of Leydig cells between the study groups (p = 0.016) with the highest mean in group 1, 48.27 9.12 cells/LFoV. The same thing also happened to the difference in testosterone levels between groups (p < 0.001) with the most dominant mean in treatment group 2 being 76.42 nmol/L. Conclusion: The conclusion of this research is the administration of the ethanol extract of Tangse liberica coffee (Coffea liberica) can inhibit the decrease in Leydig cells number and testosterone levels in male Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) rats exposed to Ultraviolet B light.
The bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus, an opportunistic pathogen in humans, has a type III secretion... more The bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus, an opportunistic pathogen in humans, has a type III secretion system (T3SS) that is responsible for its cytotoxicity toward eukaryotic cells. The effector of T3SS that is responsible for the cytotoxicity had not been identified. Here we demonstrate that VepA, a homolog of the T3SS effector in V. parahaemolyticus, is required for cytotoxicity in V. alginolyticus. VepA induces lysosomal membrane permeabilization, and it allows the leakage of only small molecules into the cytosol. Our findings revealed that VepA induces cathepsin-independent cell death in mammalian cells. The ferrous ion, one of the small molecules in the lysosome contents, appears to be involved in the cell death caused by V. alginolyticus VepA.
Introduction: Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of mortality and morbidity in the world. V... more Introduction: Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of mortality and morbidity in the world. Various efforts to prevent atherosclerosis, one of which is squalene supplementation. This review will discuss the role of squalene in preventing atherosclerosis through its effect on reducing LDL levels. Discussion: Squalene can prevent the formation of atherosclerotic plaques through the mechanism of suppressing the expression of the CD36 ox-LDL receptor on the surface of monocytes and macrophages, thereby reducing the uptake of ox-LDL without causing cytotoxicity. In addition, squalene also provides an antiproliferative effect on macrophages and monocytes resulting in a decrease in the formation of atherosclerosis. Conclusion: In theory, administration of Squalene can prevent atherosclerosis by reducing total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and increasing HDL levels.
Background: Obesity is a disorder involving excessive fat accumulation which increases the format... more Background: Obesity is a disorder involving excessive fat accumulation which increases the formation of reactive oxygen species that leads to inflammation and atherosclerosis. Perilla (Perilla frutescens) leaves possess antiinflammatory effects and is rich in antioxidants, such as terpenoid, carotenoid, phenol, and flavonoid. The purpose of this study was to prove whether the administration of perilla (Perilla frutescens) leaves extract may have an inhibitory effect towards the build-up of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and foam cell in obese Wistar rats. Methods: This research was an experimental randomized post-test only control group design. Samples were 34 obese male rats (Rattus norvegicus) aged 6-8 weeks. The samples were divided into 2 groups, namely the control group which was obese rats administered with high fat diet and placebo (distilled water), and the treatment group which was obese rats allotted with high fat diet and perilla (Perilla frutescens) leaves extract with a dose of 500 mg/kg rat weight for 4 weeks. TNF-alpha and IL-6 were measured by ELISA method from rat blood serum, foam cell was examined by histopathology examination from the ascending aorta. The research data was analyzed using T-independent test. Results: The results showed that there was a significantly lower outcome in the mean level of TNF-alpha, the mean of control group was 80.09±1.64 pg/mL and the treatment group was 60.40±1.35 pg/mL (p<0.001). Similarly, there was a significantly lower results in the mean level of IL-6, the mean of control group was 0.67±0.00 pg/mL and the treatment group was 0.51±0.08 pg/mL (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the mean level of foam cell, the p value was 0.215 even though the mean level of foam cell in control group was 1.78±2.60 cells/field of view and in treatment group was 0.70±1.72 cells/field of view. Conclusions: From the outcomes of this study, it could be concluded that oral administration of perilla (Perilla frutescens) leaves extract significantly inhibited the increase of TNF alpha levels and IL-6 levels, but did not inhibit the increase of foam cell amount in obese Wistar rat.
Background: Obesity is a chronic condition causes oxidative stress and low-grade chronic inflamma... more Background: Obesity is a chronic condition causes oxidative stress and low-grade chronic inflammation characterized by increased oxidative stress biomarkers F2-Isoprostane and proinflammatory biomarkers Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP-1). Oxidative stress and inflammation accelerate aging process. Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera) are known as one of the antioxidant-rich plants containing polyphenols, flavonoids, saponin and tannin which have strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study was conducted to prove oral administration of ethanol extract of Moringa leaves in reducing F2-Isoprostane and MCP-1 levels in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) as an obesity model. Methods: This study was a pure experimental study using a Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. Thirty Wistar rats, male, aged 3.5-4.5 months used in this study. Twenty rats were induced obesity with high-fat-diet until reached Lee's Index ≥ 0.30 g/cm, then 30 rats were divided into thr...
The incidence of cancer, including colorectal cancer (CRC), increases with age. The Transforming ... more The incidence of cancer, including colorectal cancer (CRC), increases with age. The Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 (TGF-B1) rs1800469 gene polymorphism is associated with the pathogenesis of CRC. The T allele is associated with increased transcriptional activity compared to the C allele, meaning that individuals with TT homozygotes will produce higher TGF-B1 protein concentrations. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the TGF-B1 rs1800469 gene polymorphism and degree of tumor invasion of CRC in Bali, especially at the RSUP Prof. Dr. I.G.N.G. Ngoerah Denpasar. This hospital study was a cross-sectional study using formalin-fixed-paraffin embedded (FFPE) samples from CRC patients, stored in the Department of Pathology Prof. Dr. I.G.N.G. Ngoerah Denpasar Bali. Identification of TGF-B1 rs1800469 polymorphism gene was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing methods. Data on age, sex, histopathological grading, degree of tumor invasion, pathologica...
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is gram-negative bacteria with high adaptability by forming biofilms and q... more Pseudomonas aeruginosa is gram-negative bacteria with high adaptability by forming biofilms and quorum-sensing mechanisms to avoid immune responses and antimicrobial agents which tend to develop into Multidrug Resistance (MDR) related to Healthcare-Associated Infection (HAI) with a prevalence of 3,8% in Indonesia and a mortality of up to 69%. Polyphenol compounds found in pomelo peels (Citrus maxima) have been shown to have antibiofilm and antiquorum-sensing effects but are less investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate those effects on MDR P. aeruginosa. In vitro study design is performed to evaluate the inhibition effect of ethanolic extract on bacterial growth (Kirby-Bauer test), biofilm formation (biofilm assay), and quorum-sensing activity (pyocyanin and pyoverdine assay) on clinical isolates of MDR and ATCC strain as comparator. Furthermore, we employed computational methods using docking protein analysis. Biofilm formation was significantly inhibited by 71.1% ± 4.4% in MDR (pLasR and LasI) by active compounds of Citrus maxima. Molecular docking was used to further strengthen this hypothesis, showing no significant differences in bonding energy of polyphenol compounds found in pomelo peel with LasR and LasI compared to the native ligand and inhibitors. Pomelo peel extract can be considered as a potential therapy for MDR P. aeruginosa infection mediated based on its antibiofilm and antiquorum-sensing effects.
Background: Aging is a complex mechanism related to various factors including free radicals. Free... more Background: Aging is a complex mechanism related to various factors including free radicals. Free radicals that occur due to exposure to ultraviolet light can cause oxidative stress and damage the spermatogenesis process, including Leydig cells and testosterone. Therefore, antioxidants play a very important role in inhibiting these reactions, which are abundant in coffee. This study aimed to analyze the effect of the ethanol extract of Tangse liberica coffee (Coffea liberica) in inhibiting the decrease in Leydig cell number and testosterone levels in male Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) rats exposed to Ultraviolet B light. Methods: This study includes a post-test-only control group type of laboratory experimental study. The research group was divided into three groups, namely positive control (without giving coffee), treatment 1 (giving coffee extract 216 mg/kgBW), and treatment 2 (giving coffee extract 432 mg/kg BW). A total of 30 rats were used in this study and exposed to UV-B 0.225 M...
The bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus, an opportunistic pathogen in humans, has a type III secretion... more The bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus, an opportunistic pathogen in humans, has a type III secretion system (T3SS) that is responsible for its cytotoxicity toward eukaryotic cells. The effector of T3SS that is responsible for the cytotoxicity had not been identified. Here we demonstrate that VepA, a homolog of the T3SS effector in V. parahaemolyticus, is required for cytotoxicity in V. alginolyticus. VepA induces lysosomal membrane permeabilization, and it allows the leakage of only small molecules into the cytosol. Our findings revealed that VepA induces cathepsin-independent cell death in mammalian cells. The ferrous ion, one of the small molecules in the lysosome contents, appears to be involved in the cell death caused by V. alginolyticus VepA.
Background: UV-B irradiation is the major causative factor in photoaging. Photoaging increases MM... more Background: UV-B irradiation is the major causative factor in photoaging. Photoaging increases MMP-1 significantly and cause damage to collagen by forming ROS. The monounsaturated free fatty acids and antioxidant compounds in Tamanu oil have been studied to inhibit the emergence of MMP-1 and maintain collagen amount. The study aimed to investigate topical Tamanu oil in inhibiting MMP-1 expressions and collagen decrease in male Wistar rats’ skin exposed to UV-B. Methods: A randomized post-test-only control group design was performed on 36 male Wistar rats, aged 2-3 months old with 180-220 grams body weight. They were assigned to two groups: the placebo group and the Tamanu oil group. Both groups were given the same amount of UV-B exposure for four weeks totalling in 840 mJ/cm2 of dosage radiation. Their dermis was examined for MMP-1 using Immunohistochemistry and collagen amount using Picro Sirius Red staining. Results: A comparative analysis was done to show the difference between g...
The bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus, an opportunistic pathogen in humans, has a type III secretion... more The bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus, an opportunistic pathogen in humans, has a type III secretion system (T3SS) that is responsible for its cytotoxicity toward eukaryotic cells. The effector of T3SS that is responsible for the cytotoxicity had not been identified. Here we demonstrate that VepA, a homolog of the T3SS effector in V. parahaemolyticus, is required for cytotoxicity in V. alginolyticus. VepA induces lysosomal membrane permeabilization, and it allows the leakage of only small molecules into the cytosol. Our findings revealed that VepA induces cathepsin-independent cell death in mammalian cells. The ferrous ion, one of the small molecules in the lysosome contents, appears to be involved in the cell death caused by V. alginolyticus VepA.
Indonesia Journal of Biomedical Science : IJBS, Dec 30, 2021
Introduction: Cancer is one of the diseases associated with aging. Breast cancer is one of the mo... more Introduction: Cancer is one of the diseases associated with aging. Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. There are many studies linking vitamin D receptor expression with breast cancer. Many previous studies have shown a significant association between the Apa1 vitamin D receptor and the clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer. This study aims to prove the association between the Apa1 vitamin D receptor polymorphism and the clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer at
Indonesia Journal of Biomedical Science : IJBS, Dec 30, 2021
Introduction: Complications of T2DM result in many organs of the body including visual disturbanc... more Introduction: Complications of T2DM result in many organs of the body including visual disturbances (diabetic retinopathy). Polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor gene FokI, increase the risk of complications of T2DM including DR. This study aims to determine the FokI polymorphism in vitamin D receptor gene in DMT2 patients at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar Bali and to determine whether there is a relationship between vitamin D receptor polymorphisms FokI on the incidence of DR in DMT2 patients at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar Bali. Methods: Design of the research was a cross-sectional analytical study. To detect the status of the FokI polymorphism, DNA segment amplification was performed using the PCR method using a primer specific for the FokI polymorphism. Furthermore, sequencing was performed to detect the base pattern at the location of the FokI SNP. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS 25.sav. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There were 38 samples that were eligible to be analysed and successfully sequenced. The mean age of the sample was 50.68 years with the proportion of DR and non-DR of 73.7% and 26.3%, with the majority of DR patients being male (65.8%). In our multivariate analysis, we found a significant relationship between VDR FokI polymorphism with hypertension among diabetic retinopathy patient (p=0.036; adjusted OR=18; 95% CI=1.694-191.233). Conclusion: Heterozygous (C/T) VDR Fok I polymorphism was the most frequent in this finding. There is no significant relationship between FokI polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor gene and the incidence of RD in T2DM patients at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar.
International journal of research and review, Apr 6, 2023
Background: Nicotine as a free radical reduces male fertility. Green tea, as an antioxidant, has ... more Background: Nicotine as a free radical reduces male fertility. Green tea, as an antioxidant, has contributed to protecting testes function; however, green tea kombucha has never been studied for such benefits. This study demonstrated the effect of green tea kombucha in increasing Leydig cells number and testosterone levels in male Wistar rats exposed to nicotine from electric cigarettes. Methods: A post-test-only control group trial was performed on 28 male Wistar rats randomly divided into control, untreated, treatment groups 1 and 2. The control group was exposed to ecigarette vapor + 1 ml of distilled water. Treatment groups 1 and 2 were exposed to ecigarette vapor + 0.5 ml/day and 1 ml/day of green tea kombucha, respectively-the ecigarette vapor exposure occurred daily for 30 minutes. After 28 days, Leydig cell and testosterone levels were measured and compared between groups. Results: The control group's mean value of Leydig cell number is lower than untreated group (p=0.004). Only treatment group 2 had a higher mean of Leydig cell number than control (p<0.001). The control group's mean value for testosterone levels was lower than untreated group (p<0.001). The mean testosterone level in treatment groups 1 and 2 was higher than in untreated and control (p<0.001). In addition, treatment group 2 had higher mean testosterone levels than group 1 (p<0.001). Conclusions: Green tea kombucha has been shown to inhibit the harmful effects of nicotine. These results serve as a basis for the administration of green tea kombucha to prevent free radical-induced testosterone decline.
International journal of research and review, Feb 3, 2023
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) caused by hyp... more Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) caused by hyperglycemia and oxidative stress that is prevalent to the blindness risk. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene affect the oxidative damage and progression of DR severity. This study aims to determine the association of patient characteristics on the severity and prevalence of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) V16A in the MnSOD gene in DR patients at Prof. Dr. I.G.N.G. Ngoerah Denpasar Bali. Twelve (12) subjects with Non-Proliferative DR and 21 subjects with Proliferative DR were enrolled. Patient characteristics (age, T2DM duration, BMI, blood pressure) were associated to the DR severity using cross-sectional analytic study. While to detect the status of the SNP V16A MnSOD gene using descriptive experimental study. DNA segment amplification was performed using the PCR method, sequencing was performed to detect the base pattern at the location of the SNP. A domination of the VV genotype in the SNP V16A MnSOD gene was present in all subjects (100%). The majority of subjects were female (51,5%), age range 40-65 years (84,9%), T2DM duration <10 years (60,6%), normal BMI (60,6%). Blood pressure was dominated with non hypertension 60,6%, with a history of oral anti hypertensive. No significant association was found between patient characteristics and the DR severity (p<0,05). We may conclude that wildtype variant (VV) SNP V16A MnSOD gene was dominated in this finding. There is no significant association between patient characteristics and the severity of DR in Prof. Dr. I.
Background: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a big challenge for health serv... more Background: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a big challenge for health services worldwide which causes infections both in healthcare and community. Healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) strains are shown to be resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and several non-beta lactam antibiotics. At the same time, the community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) tends to be resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics. MRSA carried staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCCmec) types I, II, III, IV, and V. SCCmec types I, II, and III were predominantly found in HA-MRSA strain while SCCmec types IV and V predominantly found in CA-MRSA strains. Furthermore, the panton valentine leukocidine (pvl) gene is commonly found in CA-MRSA strains. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of SCCmec types I, II, III, and pvl gene in MRSA isolated from clinical specimens in Sanglah General Hospital. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional descriptive study. MRSA was isolated from clinical specimens (sputum, wounds, tissue, blood, etc.) from January 2020 to July 2021 and identified by the Vitek 2 Compact (Biomerieux, France) at the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of Sanglah Hospital. Prevalence of SCCmec and pvl gene using PCR. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel version 2010 for Windows. Results: Most of the specimens (69.56%) were wound. Seventeen (73.91%) out of 23 MRSA isolates were positive for the SCCmec III and pvl gene, while none was positive for the SCCmec I and SCCmec II. About 19 (82.60%) isolates were resistant to two or more nonbeta-lactam antibiotics. Conclusions: The isolates of MRSA in this study were predominantly isolated from wound specimens, with the most prevalent genetic element being SCCmec III. In this study, although most MRSA isolates carried SCCmec III that suggested as HA-MRSA, however, most of the strains harbored the pvl gene. This interesting phenomenon needs to be further elucidated.
Tuberculosis is a global health problem with a total of 1.4 million cases in 2015. Over the last ... more Tuberculosis is a global health problem with a total of 1.4 million cases in 2015. Over the last decade, several studies have demonstrated the potential role of gut-lung axis in the treatment of tuberculosis. The exact mechanism of the gut-lung axis on tuberculosis is still unknown, however modulation of the gut-lung axis can be performed via probiotic administration. The administered probiotics are capable of inducing an immunomodulating effect which helps in the process of tuberculosis infection. One of the molecules that can be activated with probiotics and plays a role in tuberculosis infection is granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). GM-CSF can control intracellular production of M. tuberculosis, inflammation in granulomas, and lung tissue reparation. This article aimed to explore the role of the gut-lung axis, GM-CSF, and the potential of probiotic-based therapy on active tuberculosis infection. It was found that probiotics mediate the immune response via the activation of several inflammatory cytokines and interleukins related to lung infection, but not directly with the tuberculosis pathogen. Thus, probiotic-based therapy has the potential to increase immunity during active tuberculosis infection. Further studies to explore the other mechanisms of the gut-lung axis against tuberculosis through probiotic administration need to be performed.
ABSTRAK TB MDR merupakan kasus TB yang disebabkan oleh resistensi bakteri Mycobacterium tuberculo... more ABSTRAK TB MDR merupakan kasus TB yang disebabkan oleh resistensi bakteri Mycobacterium tuberculosis terhadap isonizaid dan rifampisin dengan atau tanpa resisten OAT lainnya. Kejadian TB MDR diperkirakan meningkat 2% setiap tahunnya dan secara keseluruhan angka kejadian TB MDR di dunia berkisar sebanyak 4,3%. Penelitian ini dilakukan guna mengetahui karakteristik pasien tuberkulosis paru dengan multidrugs resistance di RSUP Sanglah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif cross-sectional. Teknik pengambilan sampel berupa total sampling yang berasal dari rekam medis pasien penderita TB MDR di RSUP Sanglah tahun 2017 - 2018 yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Sampel yang terkumpul sejumlah 21 pasien. Tercatat pasien kelompok usia manula sejumlah 7 orang (29,2%). Pasien berjenis kelamin laki-laki sebanyak 12 orang (54,2%). Pasien berpendidikan SMA sejumlah 11 (45,8%). Pasien tanpa adanya riwayat merokok sejumlah 11 orang (54,2%). Pasien bekerja sebagai wiraswasta sebesar 6 orang (29...
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 2013
Context.—Timely initiation of directed antimicrobial therapy for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia... more Context.—Timely initiation of directed antimicrobial therapy for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia is dependent on rapid identification of S aureus to ascertain methicillin-susceptibility status. Objectives.—To investigate the performance of the rapid KeyPath (MicroPhage, Inc, Longmont, Colorado) methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S aureus (MSSA) blood culture test (MMBT). Design.—Positive BacT/ALERT Pediatric FAN (fastidious antibiotic neutralization) blood culture bottles (bioMérieux, Inc, Durham, North Carolina) were tested prospectively using MMBT and routine bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing procedures as the gold standard. The MMBT uses an S aureus–specific bacteriophage cocktail that infects bacterial cells and replicates them, resulting in cellular lysis. Bacteriophage-specific antibodies detect the increase in bacteriophage concentration in an immunoassay device. Phage amplification, in both the presence and absence...
Background: Aging is a complex mechanism related to various factors including free radicals. Free... more Background: Aging is a complex mechanism related to various factors including free radicals. Free radicals that occur due to exposure to ultraviolet light can cause oxidative stress and damage the spermatogenesis process, including Leydig cells and testosterone. Therefore, antioxidants play a very important role in inhibiting these reactions, which are abundant in coffee. This study aimed to analyze the effect of the ethanol extract of Tangse liberica coffee (Coffea liberica) in inhibiting the decrease in Leydig cell number and testosterone levels in male Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) rats exposed to Ultraviolet B light. Methods: This study includes a post-test-only control group type of laboratory experimental study. The research group was divided into three groups, namely positive control (without giving coffee), treatment 1 (giving coffee extract 216 mg/kgBW), and treatment 2 (giving coffee extract 432 mg/kg BW). A total of 30 rats were used in this study and exposed to UV-B 0.225 MW/cm² 8 hours per day for 28 days. Testosterone assessment was carried out by examining blood specimens and Leydig cell counts were carried out histologically with Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. One-way ANOVA analysis and Kruskal Wallis test followed by post hoc test were performed in this study with a significance level of 95%. Results: The result showed a significant difference in the number of Leydig cells between the study groups (p = 0.016) with the highest mean in group 1, 48.27 9.12 cells/LFoV. The same thing also happened to the difference in testosterone levels between groups (p < 0.001) with the most dominant mean in treatment group 2 being 76.42 nmol/L. Conclusion: The conclusion of this research is the administration of the ethanol extract of Tangse liberica coffee (Coffea liberica) can inhibit the decrease in Leydig cells number and testosterone levels in male Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) rats exposed to Ultraviolet B light.
The bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus, an opportunistic pathogen in humans, has a type III secretion... more The bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus, an opportunistic pathogen in humans, has a type III secretion system (T3SS) that is responsible for its cytotoxicity toward eukaryotic cells. The effector of T3SS that is responsible for the cytotoxicity had not been identified. Here we demonstrate that VepA, a homolog of the T3SS effector in V. parahaemolyticus, is required for cytotoxicity in V. alginolyticus. VepA induces lysosomal membrane permeabilization, and it allows the leakage of only small molecules into the cytosol. Our findings revealed that VepA induces cathepsin-independent cell death in mammalian cells. The ferrous ion, one of the small molecules in the lysosome contents, appears to be involved in the cell death caused by V. alginolyticus VepA.
Introduction: Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of mortality and morbidity in the world. V... more Introduction: Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of mortality and morbidity in the world. Various efforts to prevent atherosclerosis, one of which is squalene supplementation. This review will discuss the role of squalene in preventing atherosclerosis through its effect on reducing LDL levels. Discussion: Squalene can prevent the formation of atherosclerotic plaques through the mechanism of suppressing the expression of the CD36 ox-LDL receptor on the surface of monocytes and macrophages, thereby reducing the uptake of ox-LDL without causing cytotoxicity. In addition, squalene also provides an antiproliferative effect on macrophages and monocytes resulting in a decrease in the formation of atherosclerosis. Conclusion: In theory, administration of Squalene can prevent atherosclerosis by reducing total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and increasing HDL levels.
Background: Obesity is a disorder involving excessive fat accumulation which increases the format... more Background: Obesity is a disorder involving excessive fat accumulation which increases the formation of reactive oxygen species that leads to inflammation and atherosclerosis. Perilla (Perilla frutescens) leaves possess antiinflammatory effects and is rich in antioxidants, such as terpenoid, carotenoid, phenol, and flavonoid. The purpose of this study was to prove whether the administration of perilla (Perilla frutescens) leaves extract may have an inhibitory effect towards the build-up of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and foam cell in obese Wistar rats. Methods: This research was an experimental randomized post-test only control group design. Samples were 34 obese male rats (Rattus norvegicus) aged 6-8 weeks. The samples were divided into 2 groups, namely the control group which was obese rats administered with high fat diet and placebo (distilled water), and the treatment group which was obese rats allotted with high fat diet and perilla (Perilla frutescens) leaves extract with a dose of 500 mg/kg rat weight for 4 weeks. TNF-alpha and IL-6 were measured by ELISA method from rat blood serum, foam cell was examined by histopathology examination from the ascending aorta. The research data was analyzed using T-independent test. Results: The results showed that there was a significantly lower outcome in the mean level of TNF-alpha, the mean of control group was 80.09±1.64 pg/mL and the treatment group was 60.40±1.35 pg/mL (p<0.001). Similarly, there was a significantly lower results in the mean level of IL-6, the mean of control group was 0.67±0.00 pg/mL and the treatment group was 0.51±0.08 pg/mL (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the mean level of foam cell, the p value was 0.215 even though the mean level of foam cell in control group was 1.78±2.60 cells/field of view and in treatment group was 0.70±1.72 cells/field of view. Conclusions: From the outcomes of this study, it could be concluded that oral administration of perilla (Perilla frutescens) leaves extract significantly inhibited the increase of TNF alpha levels and IL-6 levels, but did not inhibit the increase of foam cell amount in obese Wistar rat.
Background: Obesity is a chronic condition causes oxidative stress and low-grade chronic inflamma... more Background: Obesity is a chronic condition causes oxidative stress and low-grade chronic inflammation characterized by increased oxidative stress biomarkers F2-Isoprostane and proinflammatory biomarkers Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP-1). Oxidative stress and inflammation accelerate aging process. Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera) are known as one of the antioxidant-rich plants containing polyphenols, flavonoids, saponin and tannin which have strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study was conducted to prove oral administration of ethanol extract of Moringa leaves in reducing F2-Isoprostane and MCP-1 levels in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) as an obesity model. Methods: This study was a pure experimental study using a Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. Thirty Wistar rats, male, aged 3.5-4.5 months used in this study. Twenty rats were induced obesity with high-fat-diet until reached Lee's Index ≥ 0.30 g/cm, then 30 rats were divided into thr...
The incidence of cancer, including colorectal cancer (CRC), increases with age. The Transforming ... more The incidence of cancer, including colorectal cancer (CRC), increases with age. The Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 (TGF-B1) rs1800469 gene polymorphism is associated with the pathogenesis of CRC. The T allele is associated with increased transcriptional activity compared to the C allele, meaning that individuals with TT homozygotes will produce higher TGF-B1 protein concentrations. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the TGF-B1 rs1800469 gene polymorphism and degree of tumor invasion of CRC in Bali, especially at the RSUP Prof. Dr. I.G.N.G. Ngoerah Denpasar. This hospital study was a cross-sectional study using formalin-fixed-paraffin embedded (FFPE) samples from CRC patients, stored in the Department of Pathology Prof. Dr. I.G.N.G. Ngoerah Denpasar Bali. Identification of TGF-B1 rs1800469 polymorphism gene was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing methods. Data on age, sex, histopathological grading, degree of tumor invasion, pathologica...
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is gram-negative bacteria with high adaptability by forming biofilms and q... more Pseudomonas aeruginosa is gram-negative bacteria with high adaptability by forming biofilms and quorum-sensing mechanisms to avoid immune responses and antimicrobial agents which tend to develop into Multidrug Resistance (MDR) related to Healthcare-Associated Infection (HAI) with a prevalence of 3,8% in Indonesia and a mortality of up to 69%. Polyphenol compounds found in pomelo peels (Citrus maxima) have been shown to have antibiofilm and antiquorum-sensing effects but are less investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate those effects on MDR P. aeruginosa. In vitro study design is performed to evaluate the inhibition effect of ethanolic extract on bacterial growth (Kirby-Bauer test), biofilm formation (biofilm assay), and quorum-sensing activity (pyocyanin and pyoverdine assay) on clinical isolates of MDR and ATCC strain as comparator. Furthermore, we employed computational methods using docking protein analysis. Biofilm formation was significantly inhibited by 71.1% ± 4.4% in MDR (pLasR and LasI) by active compounds of Citrus maxima. Molecular docking was used to further strengthen this hypothesis, showing no significant differences in bonding energy of polyphenol compounds found in pomelo peel with LasR and LasI compared to the native ligand and inhibitors. Pomelo peel extract can be considered as a potential therapy for MDR P. aeruginosa infection mediated based on its antibiofilm and antiquorum-sensing effects.
Background: Aging is a complex mechanism related to various factors including free radicals. Free... more Background: Aging is a complex mechanism related to various factors including free radicals. Free radicals that occur due to exposure to ultraviolet light can cause oxidative stress and damage the spermatogenesis process, including Leydig cells and testosterone. Therefore, antioxidants play a very important role in inhibiting these reactions, which are abundant in coffee. This study aimed to analyze the effect of the ethanol extract of Tangse liberica coffee (Coffea liberica) in inhibiting the decrease in Leydig cell number and testosterone levels in male Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) rats exposed to Ultraviolet B light. Methods: This study includes a post-test-only control group type of laboratory experimental study. The research group was divided into three groups, namely positive control (without giving coffee), treatment 1 (giving coffee extract 216 mg/kgBW), and treatment 2 (giving coffee extract 432 mg/kg BW). A total of 30 rats were used in this study and exposed to UV-B 0.225 M...
The bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus, an opportunistic pathogen in humans, has a type III secretion... more The bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus, an opportunistic pathogen in humans, has a type III secretion system (T3SS) that is responsible for its cytotoxicity toward eukaryotic cells. The effector of T3SS that is responsible for the cytotoxicity had not been identified. Here we demonstrate that VepA, a homolog of the T3SS effector in V. parahaemolyticus, is required for cytotoxicity in V. alginolyticus. VepA induces lysosomal membrane permeabilization, and it allows the leakage of only small molecules into the cytosol. Our findings revealed that VepA induces cathepsin-independent cell death in mammalian cells. The ferrous ion, one of the small molecules in the lysosome contents, appears to be involved in the cell death caused by V. alginolyticus VepA.
Background: UV-B irradiation is the major causative factor in photoaging. Photoaging increases MM... more Background: UV-B irradiation is the major causative factor in photoaging. Photoaging increases MMP-1 significantly and cause damage to collagen by forming ROS. The monounsaturated free fatty acids and antioxidant compounds in Tamanu oil have been studied to inhibit the emergence of MMP-1 and maintain collagen amount. The study aimed to investigate topical Tamanu oil in inhibiting MMP-1 expressions and collagen decrease in male Wistar rats’ skin exposed to UV-B. Methods: A randomized post-test-only control group design was performed on 36 male Wistar rats, aged 2-3 months old with 180-220 grams body weight. They were assigned to two groups: the placebo group and the Tamanu oil group. Both groups were given the same amount of UV-B exposure for four weeks totalling in 840 mJ/cm2 of dosage radiation. Their dermis was examined for MMP-1 using Immunohistochemistry and collagen amount using Picro Sirius Red staining. Results: A comparative analysis was done to show the difference between g...
The bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus, an opportunistic pathogen in humans, has a type III secretion... more The bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus, an opportunistic pathogen in humans, has a type III secretion system (T3SS) that is responsible for its cytotoxicity toward eukaryotic cells. The effector of T3SS that is responsible for the cytotoxicity had not been identified. Here we demonstrate that VepA, a homolog of the T3SS effector in V. parahaemolyticus, is required for cytotoxicity in V. alginolyticus. VepA induces lysosomal membrane permeabilization, and it allows the leakage of only small molecules into the cytosol. Our findings revealed that VepA induces cathepsin-independent cell death in mammalian cells. The ferrous ion, one of the small molecules in the lysosome contents, appears to be involved in the cell death caused by V. alginolyticus VepA.
Indonesia Journal of Biomedical Science : IJBS, Dec 30, 2021
Introduction: Cancer is one of the diseases associated with aging. Breast cancer is one of the mo... more Introduction: Cancer is one of the diseases associated with aging. Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. There are many studies linking vitamin D receptor expression with breast cancer. Many previous studies have shown a significant association between the Apa1 vitamin D receptor and the clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer. This study aims to prove the association between the Apa1 vitamin D receptor polymorphism and the clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer at
Indonesia Journal of Biomedical Science : IJBS, Dec 30, 2021
Introduction: Complications of T2DM result in many organs of the body including visual disturbanc... more Introduction: Complications of T2DM result in many organs of the body including visual disturbances (diabetic retinopathy). Polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor gene FokI, increase the risk of complications of T2DM including DR. This study aims to determine the FokI polymorphism in vitamin D receptor gene in DMT2 patients at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar Bali and to determine whether there is a relationship between vitamin D receptor polymorphisms FokI on the incidence of DR in DMT2 patients at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar Bali. Methods: Design of the research was a cross-sectional analytical study. To detect the status of the FokI polymorphism, DNA segment amplification was performed using the PCR method using a primer specific for the FokI polymorphism. Furthermore, sequencing was performed to detect the base pattern at the location of the FokI SNP. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS 25.sav. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There were 38 samples that were eligible to be analysed and successfully sequenced. The mean age of the sample was 50.68 years with the proportion of DR and non-DR of 73.7% and 26.3%, with the majority of DR patients being male (65.8%). In our multivariate analysis, we found a significant relationship between VDR FokI polymorphism with hypertension among diabetic retinopathy patient (p=0.036; adjusted OR=18; 95% CI=1.694-191.233). Conclusion: Heterozygous (C/T) VDR Fok I polymorphism was the most frequent in this finding. There is no significant relationship between FokI polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor gene and the incidence of RD in T2DM patients at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar.
International journal of research and review, Apr 6, 2023
Background: Nicotine as a free radical reduces male fertility. Green tea, as an antioxidant, has ... more Background: Nicotine as a free radical reduces male fertility. Green tea, as an antioxidant, has contributed to protecting testes function; however, green tea kombucha has never been studied for such benefits. This study demonstrated the effect of green tea kombucha in increasing Leydig cells number and testosterone levels in male Wistar rats exposed to nicotine from electric cigarettes. Methods: A post-test-only control group trial was performed on 28 male Wistar rats randomly divided into control, untreated, treatment groups 1 and 2. The control group was exposed to ecigarette vapor + 1 ml of distilled water. Treatment groups 1 and 2 were exposed to ecigarette vapor + 0.5 ml/day and 1 ml/day of green tea kombucha, respectively-the ecigarette vapor exposure occurred daily for 30 minutes. After 28 days, Leydig cell and testosterone levels were measured and compared between groups. Results: The control group's mean value of Leydig cell number is lower than untreated group (p=0.004). Only treatment group 2 had a higher mean of Leydig cell number than control (p<0.001). The control group's mean value for testosterone levels was lower than untreated group (p<0.001). The mean testosterone level in treatment groups 1 and 2 was higher than in untreated and control (p<0.001). In addition, treatment group 2 had higher mean testosterone levels than group 1 (p<0.001). Conclusions: Green tea kombucha has been shown to inhibit the harmful effects of nicotine. These results serve as a basis for the administration of green tea kombucha to prevent free radical-induced testosterone decline.
International journal of research and review, Feb 3, 2023
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) caused by hyp... more Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) caused by hyperglycemia and oxidative stress that is prevalent to the blindness risk. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene affect the oxidative damage and progression of DR severity. This study aims to determine the association of patient characteristics on the severity and prevalence of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) V16A in the MnSOD gene in DR patients at Prof. Dr. I.G.N.G. Ngoerah Denpasar Bali. Twelve (12) subjects with Non-Proliferative DR and 21 subjects with Proliferative DR were enrolled. Patient characteristics (age, T2DM duration, BMI, blood pressure) were associated to the DR severity using cross-sectional analytic study. While to detect the status of the SNP V16A MnSOD gene using descriptive experimental study. DNA segment amplification was performed using the PCR method, sequencing was performed to detect the base pattern at the location of the SNP. A domination of the VV genotype in the SNP V16A MnSOD gene was present in all subjects (100%). The majority of subjects were female (51,5%), age range 40-65 years (84,9%), T2DM duration <10 years (60,6%), normal BMI (60,6%). Blood pressure was dominated with non hypertension 60,6%, with a history of oral anti hypertensive. No significant association was found between patient characteristics and the DR severity (p<0,05). We may conclude that wildtype variant (VV) SNP V16A MnSOD gene was dominated in this finding. There is no significant association between patient characteristics and the severity of DR in Prof. Dr. I.
Background: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a big challenge for health serv... more Background: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a big challenge for health services worldwide which causes infections both in healthcare and community. Healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) strains are shown to be resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and several non-beta lactam antibiotics. At the same time, the community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) tends to be resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics. MRSA carried staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCCmec) types I, II, III, IV, and V. SCCmec types I, II, and III were predominantly found in HA-MRSA strain while SCCmec types IV and V predominantly found in CA-MRSA strains. Furthermore, the panton valentine leukocidine (pvl) gene is commonly found in CA-MRSA strains. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of SCCmec types I, II, III, and pvl gene in MRSA isolated from clinical specimens in Sanglah General Hospital. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional descriptive study. MRSA was isolated from clinical specimens (sputum, wounds, tissue, blood, etc.) from January 2020 to July 2021 and identified by the Vitek 2 Compact (Biomerieux, France) at the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of Sanglah Hospital. Prevalence of SCCmec and pvl gene using PCR. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel version 2010 for Windows. Results: Most of the specimens (69.56%) were wound. Seventeen (73.91%) out of 23 MRSA isolates were positive for the SCCmec III and pvl gene, while none was positive for the SCCmec I and SCCmec II. About 19 (82.60%) isolates were resistant to two or more nonbeta-lactam antibiotics. Conclusions: The isolates of MRSA in this study were predominantly isolated from wound specimens, with the most prevalent genetic element being SCCmec III. In this study, although most MRSA isolates carried SCCmec III that suggested as HA-MRSA, however, most of the strains harbored the pvl gene. This interesting phenomenon needs to be further elucidated.
Tuberculosis is a global health problem with a total of 1.4 million cases in 2015. Over the last ... more Tuberculosis is a global health problem with a total of 1.4 million cases in 2015. Over the last decade, several studies have demonstrated the potential role of gut-lung axis in the treatment of tuberculosis. The exact mechanism of the gut-lung axis on tuberculosis is still unknown, however modulation of the gut-lung axis can be performed via probiotic administration. The administered probiotics are capable of inducing an immunomodulating effect which helps in the process of tuberculosis infection. One of the molecules that can be activated with probiotics and plays a role in tuberculosis infection is granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). GM-CSF can control intracellular production of M. tuberculosis, inflammation in granulomas, and lung tissue reparation. This article aimed to explore the role of the gut-lung axis, GM-CSF, and the potential of probiotic-based therapy on active tuberculosis infection. It was found that probiotics mediate the immune response via the activation of several inflammatory cytokines and interleukins related to lung infection, but not directly with the tuberculosis pathogen. Thus, probiotic-based therapy has the potential to increase immunity during active tuberculosis infection. Further studies to explore the other mechanisms of the gut-lung axis against tuberculosis through probiotic administration need to be performed.
ABSTRAK TB MDR merupakan kasus TB yang disebabkan oleh resistensi bakteri Mycobacterium tuberculo... more ABSTRAK TB MDR merupakan kasus TB yang disebabkan oleh resistensi bakteri Mycobacterium tuberculosis terhadap isonizaid dan rifampisin dengan atau tanpa resisten OAT lainnya. Kejadian TB MDR diperkirakan meningkat 2% setiap tahunnya dan secara keseluruhan angka kejadian TB MDR di dunia berkisar sebanyak 4,3%. Penelitian ini dilakukan guna mengetahui karakteristik pasien tuberkulosis paru dengan multidrugs resistance di RSUP Sanglah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif cross-sectional. Teknik pengambilan sampel berupa total sampling yang berasal dari rekam medis pasien penderita TB MDR di RSUP Sanglah tahun 2017 - 2018 yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Sampel yang terkumpul sejumlah 21 pasien. Tercatat pasien kelompok usia manula sejumlah 7 orang (29,2%). Pasien berjenis kelamin laki-laki sebanyak 12 orang (54,2%). Pasien berpendidikan SMA sejumlah 11 (45,8%). Pasien tanpa adanya riwayat merokok sejumlah 11 orang (54,2%). Pasien bekerja sebagai wiraswasta sebesar 6 orang (29...
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