CMS Books in Mathematics Adi Ben-Israel Thomas NE Greville Generalized Inverses Theory and Applic... more CMS Books in Mathematics Adi Ben-Israel Thomas NE Greville Generalized Inverses Theory and Applications Second Edition Sl> Canadian Mathematical Society Societe mathematique du Canada ... <f> Canadian Mathematical Society Society mathematique du Canada ...
The elucidation of the human genome sequence has made it possible to identify genetic alterations... more The elucidation of the human genome sequence has made it possible to identify genetic alterations in cancers in unprecedented detail. To begin a systematic analysis of such alterations, we have determined the sequence of wellannotated human protein coding genes in two common tumor types. Analysis of 13,023 genes in 11 breast and 11 colorectal cancers revealed that individual tumors accumulate an average of ~90 mutant genes but that only a subset of these contribute to the neoplastic process. Using stringent criteria to delineate this subset, we identified 189 genes (average of 11 per tumor) that were mutated at significant frequency. The vast majority of these genes were not known to be genetically altered in tumors and are predicted to affect a wide range of cellular functions, including transcription, adhesion, and invasion. These data define the genetic landscape of two human cancer types, provide new targets for diagnostic and therapeutic intervention, and open fertile avenues for basic research in tumor biology.
In this paper we describe simple identification and signature schemes which enable any user to pr... more In this paper we describe simple identification and signature schemes which enable any user to prove his identity and the authenticity of his messages to any other user without shared or public keys. The schemes are provably secure against any known or chosen message attack if factoring is difficult, and typical implementations require only 1% to 4% of the number of modular multiplications required by the RSA scheme. Due to their simplicity, security and speed, these schemes are ideally suited for microprocessor-based devices such as smart cards, personal computers, and remote control systems.
An encryption method is presented with the novel property that publicly revealing an encryption k... more An encryption method is presented with the novel property that publicly revealing an encryption key does not thereby reveal the corresponding decryption key. This has two important consequences: (1) Couriers or other secure means are not needed to transmit keys, since a message can be enciphered using an encryption key publicly revealed by the intended recipient. Only he can decipher the message, since only he knows the corresponding decryption key.
Drug sensitivity assays were performed using a variation of a colori metrie [3-{4,5-dimethylthiaz... more Drug sensitivity assays were performed using a variation of a colori metrie [3-{4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)1 assay on V79, CHO-AuxBl, CH"C5, NCI-H460, and NCI-H249 cell lines following optimization of experimental conditions for each cell line. Results from this assay were compared with data assimi lated simultaneously by clonogenic assay and by dye exclusion assay. Good correlation was observed using the CHO-AuxBl cell line and the pleiotropic drug-resistant mutant CH"C5, with similar degrees of relative resistance observed with both the M l'I and clonogenic assays. Good correlation was observed between the clonogenic and M l'I assays for Ih drug exposures, although the MIT assay was more sensitive to vinblastine. In general, the clonogenic assay was more sensitive when continuous drug exposures were utilized, although this was primarily related to the increased drug exposure time. While the use of the MIT assay in drug sensitivity testing of primary tumor samples is limited, since contaminating normal cells may also reduce the tetrazolium, the M I'I assay can be semiautomated, and therefore it offers a valid, simple method of assessing Chemosensitivity in established cell lines. . 3The abbreviations used are: MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (thiazolyl blue); DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; inMl. 50% reduction in colony number, absorbance, or tumor/duck RBC ratio; CHO, Chinese hamster ovary.
In this paper we extend the notion of zero knowledge proofs of membership (which reveal one bit o... more In this paper we extend the notion of zero knowledge proofs of membership (which reveal one bit of information) to zero knowledge proofs of knowledge (which reveal no information whatsoever). After formally defining this notion, we show its relevance to identification schemes, in which parties prove their identity by demonstrating their knowiedge rather than by proving the validity c'f assertions. We describe a novel scheme which is provably secure if factoring is difficult <and whose practical implementations are about two orders of magnitude faster than RSA-based identification schemes. In the last part of the Paper we consider the question of sequential versus parallel executions of zero knowledge protocols, define a new notion of "transferable information", and prove that the parallel version of our identification scheme (which is not known to be zero knowledge) is secure since it reveals no transferable information.
CMS Books in Mathematics Adi Ben-Israel Thomas NE Greville Generalized Inverses Theory and Applic... more CMS Books in Mathematics Adi Ben-Israel Thomas NE Greville Generalized Inverses Theory and Applications Second Edition Sl&amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; Canadian Mathematical Society Societe mathematique du Canada ... &amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;f&amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; Canadian Mathematical Society Society mathematique du Canada ...
The elucidation of the human genome sequence has made it possible to identify genetic alterations... more The elucidation of the human genome sequence has made it possible to identify genetic alterations in cancers in unprecedented detail. To begin a systematic analysis of such alterations, we have determined the sequence of wellannotated human protein coding genes in two common tumor types. Analysis of 13,023 genes in 11 breast and 11 colorectal cancers revealed that individual tumors accumulate an average of ~90 mutant genes but that only a subset of these contribute to the neoplastic process. Using stringent criteria to delineate this subset, we identified 189 genes (average of 11 per tumor) that were mutated at significant frequency. The vast majority of these genes were not known to be genetically altered in tumors and are predicted to affect a wide range of cellular functions, including transcription, adhesion, and invasion. These data define the genetic landscape of two human cancer types, provide new targets for diagnostic and therapeutic intervention, and open fertile avenues for basic research in tumor biology.
In this paper we describe simple identification and signature schemes which enable any user to pr... more In this paper we describe simple identification and signature schemes which enable any user to prove his identity and the authenticity of his messages to any other user without shared or public keys. The schemes are provably secure against any known or chosen message attack if factoring is difficult, and typical implementations require only 1% to 4% of the number of modular multiplications required by the RSA scheme. Due to their simplicity, security and speed, these schemes are ideally suited for microprocessor-based devices such as smart cards, personal computers, and remote control systems.
An encryption method is presented with the novel property that publicly revealing an encryption k... more An encryption method is presented with the novel property that publicly revealing an encryption key does not thereby reveal the corresponding decryption key. This has two important consequences: (1) Couriers or other secure means are not needed to transmit keys, since a message can be enciphered using an encryption key publicly revealed by the intended recipient. Only he can decipher the message, since only he knows the corresponding decryption key.
Drug sensitivity assays were performed using a variation of a colori metrie [3-{4,5-dimethylthiaz... more Drug sensitivity assays were performed using a variation of a colori metrie [3-{4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)1 assay on V79, CHO-AuxBl, CH"C5, NCI-H460, and NCI-H249 cell lines following optimization of experimental conditions for each cell line. Results from this assay were compared with data assimi lated simultaneously by clonogenic assay and by dye exclusion assay. Good correlation was observed using the CHO-AuxBl cell line and the pleiotropic drug-resistant mutant CH"C5, with similar degrees of relative resistance observed with both the M l'I and clonogenic assays. Good correlation was observed between the clonogenic and M l'I assays for Ih drug exposures, although the MIT assay was more sensitive to vinblastine. In general, the clonogenic assay was more sensitive when continuous drug exposures were utilized, although this was primarily related to the increased drug exposure time. While the use of the MIT assay in drug sensitivity testing of primary tumor samples is limited, since contaminating normal cells may also reduce the tetrazolium, the M I'I assay can be semiautomated, and therefore it offers a valid, simple method of assessing Chemosensitivity in established cell lines. . 3The abbreviations used are: MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (thiazolyl blue); DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; inMl. 50% reduction in colony number, absorbance, or tumor/duck RBC ratio; CHO, Chinese hamster ovary.
In this paper we extend the notion of zero knowledge proofs of membership (which reveal one bit o... more In this paper we extend the notion of zero knowledge proofs of membership (which reveal one bit of information) to zero knowledge proofs of knowledge (which reveal no information whatsoever). After formally defining this notion, we show its relevance to identification schemes, in which parties prove their identity by demonstrating their knowiedge rather than by proving the validity c'f assertions. We describe a novel scheme which is provably secure if factoring is difficult <and whose practical implementations are about two orders of magnitude faster than RSA-based identification schemes. In the last part of the Paper we consider the question of sequential versus parallel executions of zero knowledge protocols, define a new notion of "transferable information", and prove that the parallel version of our identification scheme (which is not known to be zero knowledge) is secure since it reveals no transferable information.
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