Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) is a neglected hel... more Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) is a neglected helminth zoonosis affecting humans and various animal species. Human CE has been reported in almost all countries of sub-Saharan Africa but its prevalence and public health impact are subject to large geographical variations. The reasons for these differences are not well understood; among other factors, occurrence of different species/genotypes of E. granulosus s.l. has been suggested. CE is very common in all livestock species in Ethiopia; human CE is poorly documented in the country. The aim of this study was to assess the fertility and molecularly characterize hydatid cysts collected from cattle, camels, goats and pigs from different parts of the country. From the 137 samples characterized by PCR-RFLP and sequencing, 115 (83.9%) were identified as E. granulosus s.s. (G1, common sheep strain), 6 (4.4%) as Echinococcus ortleppi (G5, cattle strain) and 16 (11.7%) as Echinococcus intermedius (G6/7, camel strain). In cattle, E. granulosus s.s. and E. ortleppi were found; in camels and goats, E. granulosus s.s. and E. intermedius; two cysts found in pigs were identified as E. granulosus s.s. and E. ortleppi, respectively. All cysts recovered from goats and pigs were sterile, while fertility was 34% and 50% in cysts from cattle and camels, respectively. In cattle, 31% of E. granulosus s.s. cysts were fertile, showing the importance of cattle in the transmission of the "sheep strain". Next to E. granulosus s.s., E. intermedius (camel strain) was the predominant species: 34.4% of the cysts collected from camels and 62.5% from goats were identified as E. intermedius. These animals originated from the drier Central, Eastern and Southern parts of the country. For the first time, we showed the presence of CE in pigs in Ethiopia. The presence of these strains and especially the fact that the zoonotic E. granulosus s.s. and E. intermedius are dominant, make CE an important public health concern in Ethiopia.
The study which employed both questionnaire and observational survey was conducted in urban and p... more The study which employed both questionnaire and observational survey was conducted in urban and per urban area of Hossana with the objectives of determining the prevalence of major reproductive health problems of dairy cattle and the possible risk factors in the selected dairy farms from November 2013 to April 2014. A total of 390 dairy cattle (349 cross and 41 local breed) which were kept under different management system (256 intensively, 60 semi intensively and 74 were extensive) were included, out of which 43.07 % (n=168) were found to be affected either with one or more of reproductive problems. Repeat breeder, anoestrus, Retained Fetal membrane (RFM), and dystocia were found to be the major reproductive health problems containing 13.08%, 12.06%, 7.18% and 5.9% prevalence rate respectively and other reproductive health problems observed with lower prevalence include vaginal prolapsed, abortion, mixed and uterine prolapsed having 3.44%, 2.56%, 1.03%, and 0.76% respectively in the study farms of the area. The overall prevalence of reproductive problems showed significant difference (p<0.05) with respect to body condition and parity of dairy cattle where major reproductive health problems were observed more frequently in poor body conditioned and pluriparus cows. Whereas breed and management system were not found to have a significant influence (p>0.05) on the occurrence of reproductive problems in the area. Therefore, it is recommended that awareness creation to farm owners, attendants and improved management such as, proper feeding, accurate heat detection, considering the size of sire and dam while using AI, and health management should be improved to minimize the occurrence of these problems and associated economic losses in the dairy farms of the area.
Interest in obtaining biologically active compounds from natural sources has recently spiked due ... more Interest in obtaining biologically active compounds from natural sources has recently spiked due to their low toxicity, complete biodegradability, availability from renewable sources, and in most cases, low cost. This research project is aimed at isolating, phytochemical screening and partial characterizing the chemical constituents of Adhatoda schimperiana of Ethiopia. The leaves of Adhatoda schimperiana was extracted with 1.5 L of n-Hexane for 72 h. The extract was evaporated under reduced pressure at temperature of 40 0 C using rotary evaporator. Partitioning was done using n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol. The organic and aqueous layer was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure to afforded 3.10 g and 2.50 g crude extract respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, glycosides, phytosterols, saponins, triterpenes, and quinines as a major class of compounds. However, less presence of tannins was observed. The selective extraction of triterpenes allowed me to obtain 0.71% yields. Separation on column chromatography conducted to a major fraction of triterpenes and a major compound from defatted pricarp leaves of chloroform extract. Partial characterization of the pure compounds was done using a combination of spectroscopic techniques including UV-Vis, IR, 1D NMR (1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR and DEPT).
Echinococcus granulosus is the aetiological agent of cystic echinococcosis (CE), which is a publi... more Echinococcus granulosus is the aetiological agent of cystic echinococcosis (CE), which is a public health problem in many eastern European countries, particularly in Romania, where the infection causes a high number of human and animal cases. To shed light on the transmission patterns of the parasite, we performed a genotyping analysis on 60 cyst samples obtained from patients who live in southeastern Romania and who underwent surgery for liver or lung CE. DNA was extracted from the endocysts or the cyst fluids, and fragments of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 mitochondrial genes (cox1 and nd1, respectively) were amplified by PCR and sequenced. We found that most of the samples analysed (59/60) belonged to the G1-G3 complex (E. granulosus sensu stricto), which contains the most widespread and infective strains of the parasite. We also identified the first human patient infected by a non-G1-G3 genotype of E. granulosus in this country. As the DNA sequence of this cyst sample showed maximum homology with the G6-G10 complex (Echinococcus canadensis), this is, in all likelihood, a G7 genotype, which is often found in pigs and dogs in most countries of eastern and southeastern Europe.
Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) is a neglected hel... more Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) is a neglected helminth zoonosis affecting humans and various animal species. Human CE has been reported in almost all countries of sub-Saharan Africa but its prevalence and public health impact are subject to large geographical variations. The reasons for these differences are not well understood; among other factors, occurrence of different species/genotypes of E. granulosus s.l. has been suggested. CE is very common in all livestock species in Ethiopia; human CE is poorly documented in the country. The aim of this study was to assess the fertility and molecularly characterize hydatid cysts collected from cattle, camels, goats and pigs from different parts of the country. From the 137 samples characterized by PCR-RFLP and sequencing, 115 (83.9%) were identified as E. granulosus s.s. (G1, common sheep strain), 6 (4.4%) as Echinococcus ortleppi (G5, cattle strain) and 16 (11.7%) as Echinococcus intermedius (G6/7, camel strain). In cattle, E. granulosus s.s. and E. ortleppi were found; in camels and goats, E. granulosus s.s. and E. intermedius; two cysts found in pigs were identified as E. granulosus s.s. and E. ortleppi, respectively. All cysts recovered from goats and pigs were sterile, while fertility was 34% and 50% in cysts from cattle and camels, respectively. In cattle, 31% of E. granulosus s.s. cysts were fertile, showing the importance of cattle in the transmission of the "sheep strain". Next to E. granulosus s.s., E. intermedius (camel strain) was the predominant species: 34.4% of the cysts collected from camels and 62.5% from goats were identified as E. intermedius. These animals originated from the drier Central, Eastern and Southern parts of the country. For the first time, we showed the presence of CE in pigs in Ethiopia. The presence of these strains and especially the fact that the zoonotic E. granulosus s.s. and E. intermedius are dominant, make CE an important public health concern in Ethiopia.
The study which employed both questionnaire and observational survey was conducted in urban and p... more The study which employed both questionnaire and observational survey was conducted in urban and per urban area of Hossana with the objectives of determining the prevalence of major reproductive health problems of dairy cattle and the possible risk factors in the selected dairy farms from November 2013 to April 2014. A total of 390 dairy cattle (349 cross and 41 local breed) which were kept under different management system (256 intensively, 60 semi intensively and 74 were extensive) were included, out of which 43.07 % (n=168) were found to be affected either with one or more of reproductive problems. Repeat breeder, anoestrus, Retained Fetal membrane (RFM), and dystocia were found to be the major reproductive health problems containing 13.08%, 12.06%, 7.18% and 5.9% prevalence rate respectively and other reproductive health problems observed with lower prevalence include vaginal prolapsed, abortion, mixed and uterine prolapsed having 3.44%, 2.56%, 1.03%, and 0.76% respectively in the study farms of the area. The overall prevalence of reproductive problems showed significant difference (p<0.05) with respect to body condition and parity of dairy cattle where major reproductive health problems were observed more frequently in poor body conditioned and pluriparus cows. Whereas breed and management system were not found to have a significant influence (p>0.05) on the occurrence of reproductive problems in the area. Therefore, it is recommended that awareness creation to farm owners, attendants and improved management such as, proper feeding, accurate heat detection, considering the size of sire and dam while using AI, and health management should be improved to minimize the occurrence of these problems and associated economic losses in the dairy farms of the area.
Interest in obtaining biologically active compounds from natural sources has recently spiked due ... more Interest in obtaining biologically active compounds from natural sources has recently spiked due to their low toxicity, complete biodegradability, availability from renewable sources, and in most cases, low cost. This research project is aimed at isolating, phytochemical screening and partial characterizing the chemical constituents of Adhatoda schimperiana of Ethiopia. The leaves of Adhatoda schimperiana was extracted with 1.5 L of n-Hexane for 72 h. The extract was evaporated under reduced pressure at temperature of 40 0 C using rotary evaporator. Partitioning was done using n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol. The organic and aqueous layer was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure to afforded 3.10 g and 2.50 g crude extract respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, glycosides, phytosterols, saponins, triterpenes, and quinines as a major class of compounds. However, less presence of tannins was observed. The selective extraction of triterpenes allowed me to obtain 0.71% yields. Separation on column chromatography conducted to a major fraction of triterpenes and a major compound from defatted pricarp leaves of chloroform extract. Partial characterization of the pure compounds was done using a combination of spectroscopic techniques including UV-Vis, IR, 1D NMR (1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR and DEPT).
Echinococcus granulosus is the aetiological agent of cystic echinococcosis (CE), which is a publi... more Echinococcus granulosus is the aetiological agent of cystic echinococcosis (CE), which is a public health problem in many eastern European countries, particularly in Romania, where the infection causes a high number of human and animal cases. To shed light on the transmission patterns of the parasite, we performed a genotyping analysis on 60 cyst samples obtained from patients who live in southeastern Romania and who underwent surgery for liver or lung CE. DNA was extracted from the endocysts or the cyst fluids, and fragments of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 mitochondrial genes (cox1 and nd1, respectively) were amplified by PCR and sequenced. We found that most of the samples analysed (59/60) belonged to the G1-G3 complex (E. granulosus sensu stricto), which contains the most widespread and infective strains of the parasite. We also identified the first human patient infected by a non-G1-G3 genotype of E. granulosus in this country. As the DNA sequence of this cyst sample showed maximum homology with the G6-G10 complex (Echinococcus canadensis), this is, in all likelihood, a G7 genotype, which is often found in pigs and dogs in most countries of eastern and southeastern Europe.
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