Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, Jan 25, 2018
Potentially heptadentate (N 4 O 3) tripodal Schiff-base ligand: tris(5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzylamino... more Potentially heptadentate (N 4 O 3) tripodal Schiff-base ligand: tris(5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzylaminoethyl)amine (TrenSal) have been prepared and characterized by various spectroscopic methods. It is derived from the condensation reactions of tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (Tren), with 3 equivalents of 5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Three new heteronuclear trimetallic complexes ware prepared by complexing monometallic (Mn II), (Fe II), and (Co II) with lanthanum (La III) metal ion to produce complexes the following complexes [LaCo 2 (Tren5BrSal) 2 ]Cl, [LaMn 2 (Tren5BrSal) 2 ]Cl and [LaFe 2 (Tren5BrSal) 2 ]Cl.
Synthesis characterisation and biological activity of VO(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) Schiff-base complexes derived from ethylenediamine and 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde
International journal of academic research, Oct 10, 2013
Multivariate Statistical techniques including cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, and princi... more Multivariate Statistical techniques including cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, and principal component analysis/factor analysis were applied to investigate the spatial variation and pollution sources in the Terengganu river basin during 5 years of monitoring 13 water quality parameters at thirteen different stations. Cluster analysis (CA) classified 13 stations into 2 clusters low polluted (LP) and moderate polluted (MP) based on similar water quality characteristics. Discriminant analysis (DA) rendered significant data reduction with 4 parameters (pH, NH 3-NL, PO 4 and EC) and correct assignation of 95.80%. The PCA/FA applied to the data sets, yielded in five latent factors accounting 72.42% of the total variance in the water quality data. The obtained varifactors indicate that parameters in charge for water quality variations are mainly related to domestic waste, industrial, runoff and agricultural (anthropogenic activities). Therefore, multivariate techniques are important in environmental management.
Metal complexes of Iron and Cobalt were synthesized and characterized using IR and UV Visible spe... more Metal complexes of Iron and Cobalt were synthesized and characterized using IR and UV Visible spectroscopy. Their decomposition temperatures and solubility in different solvents were also investigated. Both complexes were found to be soluble in Methanol, Ethanol, Chloroform, Ether, ammonia, DMSO, ethyl acetate, benzene, nitrobenzene and distilled water but insoluble in n-hexane. The decomposition temperatures of the synthesized Iron and cobalt complexes were in the range of 276 0 C-262 0 C and 263 0 C-253 0 C respectively. The IR spectra observed in all the complexes for v(C-O) and (C-O) showed a band at 1590 cm-1-1700cm-1 and around 1200cm-1-1700cm-1 respectively ; (M-O) and (N-M) bands also ranged from 800cm-1-800cm-1 and 1000cm-1-7500cm-1 respectively. The Uv-Vis result for the complexes showed Iron complex to have peaks at 400nm and a shoulder at 290nm; Cobalt (II) complex at 360nm and a shoulder at 400nm. Both the synthesized complexes showed the highest antimicrobial activity against E. Coli and Aspergilus at their highest concentrations. The synthesized Iron complex however, had the best anti-microbial potential than the Cobalt complex and penicillin put together when used in the highest prepared concentration: 0.20cm for the iron complex, 0.40cm and 0.3cm for the cobalt complex and penicillin respectively against E-coli and the same trend was observed for aspergillus.
Assessment of the hydro geochemical processes that control groundwater quality is signi cant for ... more Assessment of the hydro geochemical processes that control groundwater quality is signi cant for sustainable development of water resource. This paper reports the results of groundwater samples collected from 81 locations of the intensively cultivated areas of the Hadejia-Jamaare-Komadugu-Yobe basin of Nigeria. The study approach employed the use of statistical tools; conventional descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis on the generated hydrochemical data in order to understand the groundwater condition of the area, with a view to de ne the concentration of different parameters in the water and other factors controlling the groundwater quality. High mean concentration is observed for Electrical conductivity having (322.1 mg/l), HCO3-(221.09mg/l) and TDS (154.32 mg/l). The low mean concentration is found to be (-3.03mg/l) and (0mg/l), for Mo and Ni respectively. The abundance of major cations in the study area shows the trend of Ca2+ > K+, while that of major anion in the descending order of, HCO3->SO42->Cl->NO3. Based on the Eigen value-one criterion, eleven (11) components were chosen after Varimax rotation. The 11 Varimax factors together explained 81.91% of the variance of the data. The rst Varimax factor (VF1) contained strong factor loading on Pb, Mo, Cd and Ni which account for 15.404% of the total variability of the water quality data. The 2nd Varimax factor (VF2) has strong loading for EC, TDS, Cl and Temperature with variance of 14.068%. The strong loading for EC, TDS and Cl could be due to salinity built-up process in the area as a result of the intensive agricultural activities. The 3rd Varimax factor (VF3) has higher loadings for NO2, NO3, SO4 and HCO3 with variance of 10.075%. These results suggest the possibility of some anthropogenic activities like application of fertilizers and industrial e uents which may have contributed to the high concentration of some parameters. A natural hydro geochemical process like weathering of different igneous and metamorphic rocks at the upstream part of the study area is another possibility that have resulted in the elevated concentration of some parameters.
Journal of chemical and pharmaceutical research, 2013
Some new transition metal complexes of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) with Schiff base... more Some new transition metal complexes of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) with Schiff base ligand (HL) derived from condensation of vanillin with 2-aminophenol was synthesized in alcoholic medium. Both the ligand/complexes were characterized on the basis of microanalysis, melting point, conductivity, solubility, IR, and UV/VIS spectral studies. The in vitro antibacterial activities of the complexes were tested using number of bacteria species such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneummiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptocuccus pyogenes, corynebacterium specie, and Basillus subtilis. The complexes were formed in moderate yields and they are of various colours and have sharp melting points. The purity and composition of the Schiff bases and the metal(II) complexes were established by elemental analysis which suggests a metal: ligand ratio of 1:2. The IR spectra revealed that the complexes coordinated through azomethine nitrogen and methoxy oxygen of the ligands. Further conclusive evidence of the coordination of the Schiff bases with the metal ions was shown by the appearance of new bands due to v(M-N) and v(M-O) in the metal complexes. Based on the electronic spectral transitions, an octahedral structure has been assigned to all the complexes except Zn(II) complexes which has been assigned tetrahedral structure. Measured molar conductance showed that the complexes are non electrolytes and are soluble in protic solvents like methanol and ethanol. Some complexes showed good antibacterial activities against the tested bacteria at 100, 200 and 300 mg/ml. therefore, the possible use of the complexes as antibiotic can be suggested.
Supplementary material from "Removal of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid from water by MIL-101(Cr) metal-organic framework: kinetics, isotherms and statistical models
Effective removal of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), an emerging agrochemical contami... more Effective removal of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), an emerging agrochemical contaminant in water with carcinogenic and mutagenic health effects has been reported using hydrothermally synthesized MIL-101(Cr) metal-organic framework (MOF). The properties of the MOF was ascertained using powdered X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and surface area and porosimetry (SAP). The BET surface area and pore volume of the MOF were 1439 m<sup>2</sup>/g and 0.77 cm<sup>3</sup>/g, respectively. Artificial neural network (ANN) model was significantly employed for the accurate prediction of the experimental adsorption capacity (<i>q<sub>e</sub></i>) values with minimal error. A rapid removal of the pollutant (99%) was recorded within short time (approx. 25 min), and the reusability of the MOF (20 mg) was achieved...
Suplimentary materials from Removal of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid from water by MIL-101(Cr) metal-organic framework: kinetics, isotherms and statistical models
Statistical comparison has been performed for Terengganu and Kinta River Basins in terms of surfa... more Statistical comparison has been performed for Terengganu and Kinta River Basins in terms of surface water pollution status using some selected physicochemical parameters. Surface water quality data were collected from Department of Environment (DOE) Malaysia and subjected to logarithm transformation (log-scaling), column auto scaling and z-standardization to eliminate the effects of measurement units. Results revealed that pH value is higher in Terengganu River Basin compared to Kinta River Basin. Two-way analysis of variance (2-way ANOVA) showed spatial and temporal statistical significant differences (p<0.05). Hierarchical Agglomerated Cluster Analysis (HACA) revealed two major statistical clusters of water quality monitoring group. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) showed higher value in Terengganu than Kinta River Basins while ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) revealed higher value in Kinta compared to Terengganu River Basins. The present study, however, makes several noteworthy contributions to the existing knowledge on spatial and temporal variations of surface water quality and is believed to serve as a baseline data for further studies in surface water pollution.
Simple quantitative technique has been developed for assessing the exchange parameters of Amberli... more Simple quantitative technique has been developed for assessing the exchange parameters of Amberlite IR-45 (OH) using column chromatographic techniques from the displacement of exchangeable hydroxyl ions of the resin by sulphate ions. The results obtained showed retention time of 33min, retention volume of 56.5cm 3 , void volume of 18cm 3 , and exchange capacity of 41mmole/g and exchange site density of 2.4682 x 10 22 sites /g.
Principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regressions were applied on the surface wa... more Principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regressions were applied on the surface water quality data with the aim of identifying the pollution sources and their contribution toward water quality variation. Surface water samples were collected from four different sampling points along Jakara River. Fifteen physico-chemical water quality parameters were selected for analysis: dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), pH, conductivity, salinity, temperature, nitrogen in the form of ammonia (NH3), turbidity, dissolved solids (DS), total solids (TS), nitrates (NO3), chloride (Cl) and phosphates (PO43-). PCA was used to investigate the origin of each water quality parameters and yielded five varimax factors with 83.1 % total variance and in addition PCA identified five latent pollution sources namely: ionic, erosion, domestic, dilution effect and agricultural run-off. Multiple linear regressions identified th...
Effective removal of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), an emerging agrochemical contami... more Effective removal of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), an emerging agrochemical contaminant in water with carcinogenic and mutagenic health effects has been reported using hydrothermally synthesized MIL-101(Cr) metal-organic framework (MOF). The properties of the MOF were ascertained using powdered X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and surface area and porosimetry (SAP). The BET surface area and pore volume of the MOF were 1439 m 2 g −1 and 0.77 cm 3 g −1 , respectively. Artificial neural network (ANN) model was significantly employed for the accurate prediction of the experimental adsorption capacity ( q e ) values with minimal error. A rapid removal of the pollutant (99%) was recorded within short time (approx. 25 min), and the reusability of the MOF (20 mg) was achieved up to six cycles with over 90% removal efficiency. The kinetics, isotherm an...
Increasing cost of chemicals used in wastewater treatment has necessitated this study with a view... more Increasing cost of chemicals used in wastewater treatment has necessitated this study with a view to seek ways to increase efficiency and reduce cost of leather waste water treatment operation. Sampling of leather raw waste water was taken twice a week for laboratory test. The result of the Jar test experiment revealed that optimizing pH coagulant and flocculants doses metal removal from leather waste water can be accomplished. The test showed that pH value of 10 is the best optimum value for metals removal in the leather waste water. Further the results revealed that the metal removal in the waste water treatment plant requires applying the correct chemical dosage, adequate mixing, maintaining suitable pH value and controlling suspended solids in the effluent.
Migration of frequencies has become a necessity to accommodate higher number of user and applicat... more Migration of frequencies has become a necessity to accommodate higher number of user and applications for future technology advancement. In Malaysia, the migration of C-band to accommodate fixed satellite services (FSS) has been made by the Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Commissions (MCMC) by the migration from MEASAT 1 to MEASAT 3. The frequencies range assignment has changed from between 3700 MHz to 4200 MHz and 5925 MHz to 6425MHz; to the frequency range of between 3400MHz to 3700MHz and 6425MHz and 6725MHz; an expansion of 300MHz. At the same time, the number of transponder has also increased from 12 transponders to 24 transponders. With changes in frequency range and number of transponders, the Received Coverage Area (RCA) is also changed. This is because RCA is directly influence by changes in the minimum elevation angle caused by change in the satellite altitude. The deployment of new satellite also introduces an economic impact in relation of the environment at which...
Indeed in the process of history, several authors or theorist have attempted to find higher goals... more Indeed in the process of history, several authors or theorist have attempted to find higher goals, during the middle ages most of the authors agreed that there is only one goals for all human activities, the religious salvation of man, all the arts and architecture were supposed to serve this purpose, eventually the theorist perhaps succeeds in presenting theories of architecture that have shifted from one paradigm to another. The aim of this study is to trace and review some theories of regionalism from medieval period of renaissance architecture to the period of modern architecture by highlighting the existence and goals of regionalism down to global level. The study also intends to use a review approach of research; it involves the review of past and related research on the theories of regionalism. However, the study reveals that Modern architecture and architects challenge traditional ideas, values and local materials, about the types of structures suitable for architectural des...
Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, Jan 25, 2018
Potentially heptadentate (N 4 O 3) tripodal Schiff-base ligand: tris(5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzylamino... more Potentially heptadentate (N 4 O 3) tripodal Schiff-base ligand: tris(5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzylaminoethyl)amine (TrenSal) have been prepared and characterized by various spectroscopic methods. It is derived from the condensation reactions of tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (Tren), with 3 equivalents of 5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Three new heteronuclear trimetallic complexes ware prepared by complexing monometallic (Mn II), (Fe II), and (Co II) with lanthanum (La III) metal ion to produce complexes the following complexes [LaCo 2 (Tren5BrSal) 2 ]Cl, [LaMn 2 (Tren5BrSal) 2 ]Cl and [LaFe 2 (Tren5BrSal) 2 ]Cl.
Synthesis characterisation and biological activity of VO(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) Schiff-base complexes derived from ethylenediamine and 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde
International journal of academic research, Oct 10, 2013
Multivariate Statistical techniques including cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, and princi... more Multivariate Statistical techniques including cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, and principal component analysis/factor analysis were applied to investigate the spatial variation and pollution sources in the Terengganu river basin during 5 years of monitoring 13 water quality parameters at thirteen different stations. Cluster analysis (CA) classified 13 stations into 2 clusters low polluted (LP) and moderate polluted (MP) based on similar water quality characteristics. Discriminant analysis (DA) rendered significant data reduction with 4 parameters (pH, NH 3-NL, PO 4 and EC) and correct assignation of 95.80%. The PCA/FA applied to the data sets, yielded in five latent factors accounting 72.42% of the total variance in the water quality data. The obtained varifactors indicate that parameters in charge for water quality variations are mainly related to domestic waste, industrial, runoff and agricultural (anthropogenic activities). Therefore, multivariate techniques are important in environmental management.
Metal complexes of Iron and Cobalt were synthesized and characterized using IR and UV Visible spe... more Metal complexes of Iron and Cobalt were synthesized and characterized using IR and UV Visible spectroscopy. Their decomposition temperatures and solubility in different solvents were also investigated. Both complexes were found to be soluble in Methanol, Ethanol, Chloroform, Ether, ammonia, DMSO, ethyl acetate, benzene, nitrobenzene and distilled water but insoluble in n-hexane. The decomposition temperatures of the synthesized Iron and cobalt complexes were in the range of 276 0 C-262 0 C and 263 0 C-253 0 C respectively. The IR spectra observed in all the complexes for v(C-O) and (C-O) showed a band at 1590 cm-1-1700cm-1 and around 1200cm-1-1700cm-1 respectively ; (M-O) and (N-M) bands also ranged from 800cm-1-800cm-1 and 1000cm-1-7500cm-1 respectively. The Uv-Vis result for the complexes showed Iron complex to have peaks at 400nm and a shoulder at 290nm; Cobalt (II) complex at 360nm and a shoulder at 400nm. Both the synthesized complexes showed the highest antimicrobial activity against E. Coli and Aspergilus at their highest concentrations. The synthesized Iron complex however, had the best anti-microbial potential than the Cobalt complex and penicillin put together when used in the highest prepared concentration: 0.20cm for the iron complex, 0.40cm and 0.3cm for the cobalt complex and penicillin respectively against E-coli and the same trend was observed for aspergillus.
Assessment of the hydro geochemical processes that control groundwater quality is signi cant for ... more Assessment of the hydro geochemical processes that control groundwater quality is signi cant for sustainable development of water resource. This paper reports the results of groundwater samples collected from 81 locations of the intensively cultivated areas of the Hadejia-Jamaare-Komadugu-Yobe basin of Nigeria. The study approach employed the use of statistical tools; conventional descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis on the generated hydrochemical data in order to understand the groundwater condition of the area, with a view to de ne the concentration of different parameters in the water and other factors controlling the groundwater quality. High mean concentration is observed for Electrical conductivity having (322.1 mg/l), HCO3-(221.09mg/l) and TDS (154.32 mg/l). The low mean concentration is found to be (-3.03mg/l) and (0mg/l), for Mo and Ni respectively. The abundance of major cations in the study area shows the trend of Ca2+ > K+, while that of major anion in the descending order of, HCO3->SO42->Cl->NO3. Based on the Eigen value-one criterion, eleven (11) components were chosen after Varimax rotation. The 11 Varimax factors together explained 81.91% of the variance of the data. The rst Varimax factor (VF1) contained strong factor loading on Pb, Mo, Cd and Ni which account for 15.404% of the total variability of the water quality data. The 2nd Varimax factor (VF2) has strong loading for EC, TDS, Cl and Temperature with variance of 14.068%. The strong loading for EC, TDS and Cl could be due to salinity built-up process in the area as a result of the intensive agricultural activities. The 3rd Varimax factor (VF3) has higher loadings for NO2, NO3, SO4 and HCO3 with variance of 10.075%. These results suggest the possibility of some anthropogenic activities like application of fertilizers and industrial e uents which may have contributed to the high concentration of some parameters. A natural hydro geochemical process like weathering of different igneous and metamorphic rocks at the upstream part of the study area is another possibility that have resulted in the elevated concentration of some parameters.
Journal of chemical and pharmaceutical research, 2013
Some new transition metal complexes of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) with Schiff base... more Some new transition metal complexes of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) with Schiff base ligand (HL) derived from condensation of vanillin with 2-aminophenol was synthesized in alcoholic medium. Both the ligand/complexes were characterized on the basis of microanalysis, melting point, conductivity, solubility, IR, and UV/VIS spectral studies. The in vitro antibacterial activities of the complexes were tested using number of bacteria species such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneummiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptocuccus pyogenes, corynebacterium specie, and Basillus subtilis. The complexes were formed in moderate yields and they are of various colours and have sharp melting points. The purity and composition of the Schiff bases and the metal(II) complexes were established by elemental analysis which suggests a metal: ligand ratio of 1:2. The IR spectra revealed that the complexes coordinated through azomethine nitrogen and methoxy oxygen of the ligands. Further conclusive evidence of the coordination of the Schiff bases with the metal ions was shown by the appearance of new bands due to v(M-N) and v(M-O) in the metal complexes. Based on the electronic spectral transitions, an octahedral structure has been assigned to all the complexes except Zn(II) complexes which has been assigned tetrahedral structure. Measured molar conductance showed that the complexes are non electrolytes and are soluble in protic solvents like methanol and ethanol. Some complexes showed good antibacterial activities against the tested bacteria at 100, 200 and 300 mg/ml. therefore, the possible use of the complexes as antibiotic can be suggested.
Supplementary material from "Removal of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid from water by MIL-101(Cr) metal-organic framework: kinetics, isotherms and statistical models
Effective removal of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), an emerging agrochemical contami... more Effective removal of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), an emerging agrochemical contaminant in water with carcinogenic and mutagenic health effects has been reported using hydrothermally synthesized MIL-101(Cr) metal-organic framework (MOF). The properties of the MOF was ascertained using powdered X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and surface area and porosimetry (SAP). The BET surface area and pore volume of the MOF were 1439 m<sup>2</sup>/g and 0.77 cm<sup>3</sup>/g, respectively. Artificial neural network (ANN) model was significantly employed for the accurate prediction of the experimental adsorption capacity (<i>q<sub>e</sub></i>) values with minimal error. A rapid removal of the pollutant (99%) was recorded within short time (approx. 25 min), and the reusability of the MOF (20 mg) was achieved...
Suplimentary materials from Removal of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid from water by MIL-101(Cr) metal-organic framework: kinetics, isotherms and statistical models
Statistical comparison has been performed for Terengganu and Kinta River Basins in terms of surfa... more Statistical comparison has been performed for Terengganu and Kinta River Basins in terms of surface water pollution status using some selected physicochemical parameters. Surface water quality data were collected from Department of Environment (DOE) Malaysia and subjected to logarithm transformation (log-scaling), column auto scaling and z-standardization to eliminate the effects of measurement units. Results revealed that pH value is higher in Terengganu River Basin compared to Kinta River Basin. Two-way analysis of variance (2-way ANOVA) showed spatial and temporal statistical significant differences (p<0.05). Hierarchical Agglomerated Cluster Analysis (HACA) revealed two major statistical clusters of water quality monitoring group. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) showed higher value in Terengganu than Kinta River Basins while ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) revealed higher value in Kinta compared to Terengganu River Basins. The present study, however, makes several noteworthy contributions to the existing knowledge on spatial and temporal variations of surface water quality and is believed to serve as a baseline data for further studies in surface water pollution.
Simple quantitative technique has been developed for assessing the exchange parameters of Amberli... more Simple quantitative technique has been developed for assessing the exchange parameters of Amberlite IR-45 (OH) using column chromatographic techniques from the displacement of exchangeable hydroxyl ions of the resin by sulphate ions. The results obtained showed retention time of 33min, retention volume of 56.5cm 3 , void volume of 18cm 3 , and exchange capacity of 41mmole/g and exchange site density of 2.4682 x 10 22 sites /g.
Principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regressions were applied on the surface wa... more Principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regressions were applied on the surface water quality data with the aim of identifying the pollution sources and their contribution toward water quality variation. Surface water samples were collected from four different sampling points along Jakara River. Fifteen physico-chemical water quality parameters were selected for analysis: dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), pH, conductivity, salinity, temperature, nitrogen in the form of ammonia (NH3), turbidity, dissolved solids (DS), total solids (TS), nitrates (NO3), chloride (Cl) and phosphates (PO43-). PCA was used to investigate the origin of each water quality parameters and yielded five varimax factors with 83.1 % total variance and in addition PCA identified five latent pollution sources namely: ionic, erosion, domestic, dilution effect and agricultural run-off. Multiple linear regressions identified th...
Effective removal of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), an emerging agrochemical contami... more Effective removal of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), an emerging agrochemical contaminant in water with carcinogenic and mutagenic health effects has been reported using hydrothermally synthesized MIL-101(Cr) metal-organic framework (MOF). The properties of the MOF were ascertained using powdered X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and surface area and porosimetry (SAP). The BET surface area and pore volume of the MOF were 1439 m 2 g −1 and 0.77 cm 3 g −1 , respectively. Artificial neural network (ANN) model was significantly employed for the accurate prediction of the experimental adsorption capacity ( q e ) values with minimal error. A rapid removal of the pollutant (99%) was recorded within short time (approx. 25 min), and the reusability of the MOF (20 mg) was achieved up to six cycles with over 90% removal efficiency. The kinetics, isotherm an...
Increasing cost of chemicals used in wastewater treatment has necessitated this study with a view... more Increasing cost of chemicals used in wastewater treatment has necessitated this study with a view to seek ways to increase efficiency and reduce cost of leather waste water treatment operation. Sampling of leather raw waste water was taken twice a week for laboratory test. The result of the Jar test experiment revealed that optimizing pH coagulant and flocculants doses metal removal from leather waste water can be accomplished. The test showed that pH value of 10 is the best optimum value for metals removal in the leather waste water. Further the results revealed that the metal removal in the waste water treatment plant requires applying the correct chemical dosage, adequate mixing, maintaining suitable pH value and controlling suspended solids in the effluent.
Migration of frequencies has become a necessity to accommodate higher number of user and applicat... more Migration of frequencies has become a necessity to accommodate higher number of user and applications for future technology advancement. In Malaysia, the migration of C-band to accommodate fixed satellite services (FSS) has been made by the Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Commissions (MCMC) by the migration from MEASAT 1 to MEASAT 3. The frequencies range assignment has changed from between 3700 MHz to 4200 MHz and 5925 MHz to 6425MHz; to the frequency range of between 3400MHz to 3700MHz and 6425MHz and 6725MHz; an expansion of 300MHz. At the same time, the number of transponder has also increased from 12 transponders to 24 transponders. With changes in frequency range and number of transponders, the Received Coverage Area (RCA) is also changed. This is because RCA is directly influence by changes in the minimum elevation angle caused by change in the satellite altitude. The deployment of new satellite also introduces an economic impact in relation of the environment at which...
Indeed in the process of history, several authors or theorist have attempted to find higher goals... more Indeed in the process of history, several authors or theorist have attempted to find higher goals, during the middle ages most of the authors agreed that there is only one goals for all human activities, the religious salvation of man, all the arts and architecture were supposed to serve this purpose, eventually the theorist perhaps succeeds in presenting theories of architecture that have shifted from one paradigm to another. The aim of this study is to trace and review some theories of regionalism from medieval period of renaissance architecture to the period of modern architecture by highlighting the existence and goals of regionalism down to global level. The study also intends to use a review approach of research; it involves the review of past and related research on the theories of regionalism. However, the study reveals that Modern architecture and architects challenge traditional ideas, values and local materials, about the types of structures suitable for architectural des...
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