In the last decade, distraction detection of a driver gained a lot of significance due to increas... more In the last decade, distraction detection of a driver gained a lot of significance due to increases in the number of accidents. Many solutions, such as feature based, statistical, holistic, etc., have been proposed to solve this problem. With the advent of high processing power at cheaper costs, deep learning-based driver distraction detection techniques have shown promising results. The study proposes ReSVM, an approach combining deep features of ResNet-50 with the SVM classifier, for distraction detection of a driver. ReSVM is compared with six state-of-the-art approaches on four datasets, namely: State Farm Distracted Driver Detection, Boston University, DrivFace, and FT-UMT. Experiments demonstrate that ReSVM outperforms the existing approaches and achieves a classification accuracy as high as 95.5%. The study also compares ReSVM with its variants on the aforementioned datasets.
Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information... more Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.
Rice is a high valued subsistence crop that feeds more than 3.5 billion of the world population. ... more Rice is a high valued subsistence crop that feeds more than 3.5 billion of the world population. Its importance can be gauged from the fact that the top five rice exporting countries had a combined net export worth of around 19 billion dollars in 2018. A robust rice grain analysis and classification system can significantly improve performance both in terms of accuracy as well as time. In recent decades, this research area has garnered a lot of attention due to its socioeconomic impact. In this paper, we reviewed the work done in image-based rice classification and gradation. The contribution of this study is threefold. First, it divides the algorithms and techniques of this area into five different approaches namely; geometric, statistical, supervised, unsupervised, and deep learning. Among these, deep learning techniques have shown more promising results and gained attention for future research. Secondly, it divides the rice grain literature historically into three different eras. Thirdly, it summarizes various algorithms and techniques related to rice quality grading and rice disease identification.
Datacenter applications (e.g., web search, recommendation systems, and social networking) are des... more Datacenter applications (e.g., web search, recommendation systems, and social networking) are designed to have a high fanout for the purpose of achieving scalable performance. Frequent fabric congestion (e.g., due to incast, imperfect hashing) is a corollary of such a design. This is true even when the network utilization is low. Such fabric congestion exhibits both temporal as well as spatial (intra-rack and inter-rack) variations. There exist two basic design paradigms which are used to address this issue. Current solutions lie somewhere between the two. On one hand we have arbiter based approaches where senders poll a centralized arbiter and collectively obey global scheduling decisions. On the other end of the spectrum, we have self adjusting end point based approaches where senders independently adjust transmission rate based on network congestion. The former incurs greater overhead, compared to the latter which trades off complexity for sub-optimality. Our work seeks a middle ground-optimality of arbiter based approaches with the simplicity of self adjusting end point based approaches. Our key design principle is that since the receiver has complete information regarding the flows destined for it, rather than having a centralized arbiter schedule flows or the senders making independent scheduling decisions, the receiver can orchestrate the various flows destined for it. Since multiple receivers may be using a bottleneck link, datapath visibility should be used to ensure fair sharing of the bottleneck capacity between receivers with minimum overhead. We propose RecFlow, which is a receiver-based proactive congestion control scheme. RecFlow employs OpenFlow provided path visibility to track changing bottlenecks on the fly. It spaces TCP acknowledgements to prevent traffic bursts and ensure that no receiver exceeds its fair share of the bottleneck capacity. The goal is to reduce buffer overflows while maintaining fairness among flows and high link utilization. Using extensive simulation results and real testbed evaluation, we show that compared to the state-of-the-art, RecFlow achieves up to 69 improvement in the inter-rack scenario and 1.59 in the intra-rack scenario while sharing the link capacity fairly between all flows.
Improvements in cancer survival mean that long-term toxicities, which contribute to the morbidity... more Improvements in cancer survival mean that long-term toxicities, which contribute to the morbidity of cancer survivorship, are being increasingly recognized. Late adverse effects (LAEs) in normal tissues after radiotherapy (RT) are characterized by vascular dysfunction and fibrosis causing volume loss and tissue contracture, for example, in the free flaps used for immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy. We evaluated the efficacy of lentivirally delivered superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) overexpression and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) knockdown by short hairpin RNA in reducing the severity of LAEs in an animal model of free flap LAEs. Vectors were delivered by intra-arterial injection, ex vivo, to target the vascular compartment. LVSOD2 and LVshCTGF monotherapy before irradiation resulted in preservation of flap volume or reduction in skin contracture, respectively. Flaps transduced with combination therapy experienced improvements in both volume loss and skin contrac...
Concurrent cisplatin radiotherapy (CCRT) is a current standard-of-care for locally advanced head ... more Concurrent cisplatin radiotherapy (CCRT) is a current standard-of-care for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, CCRT is frequently ineffective in patients with advanced disease. It has previously been shown that HSP90 inhibitors act as radiosensitizers, but these studies have not focused on CCRT in HNSCC. Here, we evaluated the HSP90 inhibitor, AUY922, combined with CCRT. The ability of AUY922 to sensitize to CCRT was assessed in p53 mutant head and neck cell lines by clonogenic assay. Modulation of the CCRT induced DNA damage response (DDR) by AUY922 was characterized by confocal image analysis of RAD51, BRCA1, 53BP1, ATM and mutant p53 signaling. The role of FANCA depletion by AUY922 was examined using shRNA. Cell cycle checkpoint abrogation and chromosomal fragmentation was assessed by western blot, FACS and confocal. The role of ATM was also assessed by shRNA. AUY922 in combination with CCRT was assessed in vivo. The combination of AUY922 with...
Advanced extremity melanoma and sarcoma present a significant therapeutic challenge, requiring mu... more Advanced extremity melanoma and sarcoma present a significant therapeutic challenge, requiring multimodality therapy to treat or even palliate disease. These aggressive tumours are relatively chemo-resistant, therefore new treatment approaches are urgently required. We have previously reported on the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy (OV) delivered by isolated limb perfusion. In this report, we have improved therapeutic outcomes by combining OV with radiotherapy. In vitro, the combination of oncolytic vaccinia virus (GLV-1h68) and radiotherapy demonstrated synergistic cytotoxicity. This effect was not due to increased viral replication, but mediated through induction of intrinsic apoptosis. GLV-1h68 therapy downregulated the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins (MCL-1 and BCL-XL) and the downstream inhibitors of apoptosis, resulting in cleavage of effector caspases 3 and 7. In an in vivo ILP model, the combination of OV and radiotherapy significantly delayed tumour growth and prolonged sur...
The management of locally advanced or recurrent extremity sarcoma often necessitates multimodal t... more The management of locally advanced or recurrent extremity sarcoma often necessitates multimodal therapy to preserve a limb, of which isolated limb perfusion (ILP) is a key component. However, with standard chemotherapeutic agents used in ILP, the duration of response is limited. Novel agents or treatment combinations are urgently needed to improve outcomes. Previous work in an animal model has demonstrated the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy when delivered by ILP and, in this study, we report further improvements from combining ILP-delivered oncolytic virotherapy with radiation and surgical resection. In vitro, the combination of radiation with an oncolytic vaccinia virus (GLV-1h68) and melphalan demonstrated increased cytotoxicity in a panel of sarcoma cell lines. The effects were mediated through activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. In vivo, combinations of radiation, oncolytic virotherapy and standard ILP resulted in delayed tumour growth and prolonged survival when c...
Introduction-Free flap gene therapy exploits a novel therapeutic window when viral vectors can be... more Introduction-Free flap gene therapy exploits a novel therapeutic window when viral vectors can be delivered to the flap ex vivo. We investigated the therapeutic potential of the thymidine kinase (TK)/ganciclovir pro-drug system in treating residual disease when delivered into a free flap by intra-arterial injection of an adenoviral vector (Ad.TK). Methods-We demonstrated direct in vitro efficacy of the Ad.TK/ganciclovir system by treating a panel of malignant cell lines with Ad.TK/ganciclovir to show significant cell kill proportional to the multiplicity of infection (MOI) of Ad.TK. Indirect (bystander) cytotoxicity was demonstrated by transferring conditioned medium from Ad.TK-infected malignant, or non-malignant, producer cells to uninfected tumour cells. We investigated the effect of Ad.TK/ganciclovir therapy in vivo, using models of microscopic (MiRD) and macroscopic (MaRD) residual disease in a rodent superficial inferior epigastric artery flap model. Results-We observed retardation of tumour volume growth in both MiRD and MaRD models (p<0.05) and improvements in animal survival (MiRD median survival: MOI10 = 28 days, MOI 50 = 25 days, control = 18.5 days, p=0.0004; MaRD median survival: MOI 50 = 30 days, control = 18 days, p=0.0005). Gene expression studies demonstrated that viral genomic material was found predominantly in flap tissues but declined over time. Conclusion-In summary, we describe the utility of virally-delivered enzyme/pro-drug therapy (VDEPT), using a free flap as a vehicle for delivery. We discuss the merits and limitations of this approach and the unique role of therapeutic free flaps in the reconstructive armamentarium.
Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, 2014
Conclusion(s): AFG is a potentially useful tool within the armamentarium of those performing brea... more Conclusion(s): AFG is a potentially useful tool within the armamentarium of those performing breast reconstruction. The need for long-term follow up is underscored by this review. High quality research is required to demonstrate long-term oncological ramifications and to determine the potential for AFG as a total breast reconstruction method post-mastectomy.
Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy, Jan 26, 2015
Reovirus type 3 (Dearing) (RT3D) infection is selective for cells harbouring a mutated/activated ... more Reovirus type 3 (Dearing) (RT3D) infection is selective for cells harbouring a mutated/activated RAS pathway. Therefore, in a panel of melanoma cell lines (including RAS mutant, BRAF mutant and RAS/BRAF wild-type), we assessed therapeutic combinations that enhance/suppress ERK1/2 signaling through use of BRAF/MEK inhibitors. In RAS mutant cells, the combination of RT3D with the BRAF inhibitor PLX4720 (paradoxically increasing ERK1/2 signaling in this context) did not enhance reoviral cytotoxicity. Instead, and somewhat surprisingly, RT3D and BRAF inhibition led to enhanced cell kill in BRAF mutated cell lines. Likewise, ERK1/2 inhibition, using the MEK inhibitor PD184352, in combination with RT3D resulted in enhanced cell kill in the entire panel. Interestingly, TCID50 assays showed that BRAF and MEK inhibitors did not affect viral replication. Instead, enhanced efficacy was mediated through ER stress-induced apoptosis, induced by the combination of ERK1/2 inhibition and reovirus in...
In the last decade, distraction detection of a driver gained a lot of significance due to increas... more In the last decade, distraction detection of a driver gained a lot of significance due to increases in the number of accidents. Many solutions, such as feature based, statistical, holistic, etc., have been proposed to solve this problem. With the advent of high processing power at cheaper costs, deep learning-based driver distraction detection techniques have shown promising results. The study proposes ReSVM, an approach combining deep features of ResNet-50 with the SVM classifier, for distraction detection of a driver. ReSVM is compared with six state-of-the-art approaches on four datasets, namely: State Farm Distracted Driver Detection, Boston University, DrivFace, and FT-UMT. Experiments demonstrate that ReSVM outperforms the existing approaches and achieves a classification accuracy as high as 95.5%. The study also compares ReSVM with its variants on the aforementioned datasets.
Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information... more Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.
Rice is a high valued subsistence crop that feeds more than 3.5 billion of the world population. ... more Rice is a high valued subsistence crop that feeds more than 3.5 billion of the world population. Its importance can be gauged from the fact that the top five rice exporting countries had a combined net export worth of around 19 billion dollars in 2018. A robust rice grain analysis and classification system can significantly improve performance both in terms of accuracy as well as time. In recent decades, this research area has garnered a lot of attention due to its socioeconomic impact. In this paper, we reviewed the work done in image-based rice classification and gradation. The contribution of this study is threefold. First, it divides the algorithms and techniques of this area into five different approaches namely; geometric, statistical, supervised, unsupervised, and deep learning. Among these, deep learning techniques have shown more promising results and gained attention for future research. Secondly, it divides the rice grain literature historically into three different eras. Thirdly, it summarizes various algorithms and techniques related to rice quality grading and rice disease identification.
Datacenter applications (e.g., web search, recommendation systems, and social networking) are des... more Datacenter applications (e.g., web search, recommendation systems, and social networking) are designed to have a high fanout for the purpose of achieving scalable performance. Frequent fabric congestion (e.g., due to incast, imperfect hashing) is a corollary of such a design. This is true even when the network utilization is low. Such fabric congestion exhibits both temporal as well as spatial (intra-rack and inter-rack) variations. There exist two basic design paradigms which are used to address this issue. Current solutions lie somewhere between the two. On one hand we have arbiter based approaches where senders poll a centralized arbiter and collectively obey global scheduling decisions. On the other end of the spectrum, we have self adjusting end point based approaches where senders independently adjust transmission rate based on network congestion. The former incurs greater overhead, compared to the latter which trades off complexity for sub-optimality. Our work seeks a middle ground-optimality of arbiter based approaches with the simplicity of self adjusting end point based approaches. Our key design principle is that since the receiver has complete information regarding the flows destined for it, rather than having a centralized arbiter schedule flows or the senders making independent scheduling decisions, the receiver can orchestrate the various flows destined for it. Since multiple receivers may be using a bottleneck link, datapath visibility should be used to ensure fair sharing of the bottleneck capacity between receivers with minimum overhead. We propose RecFlow, which is a receiver-based proactive congestion control scheme. RecFlow employs OpenFlow provided path visibility to track changing bottlenecks on the fly. It spaces TCP acknowledgements to prevent traffic bursts and ensure that no receiver exceeds its fair share of the bottleneck capacity. The goal is to reduce buffer overflows while maintaining fairness among flows and high link utilization. Using extensive simulation results and real testbed evaluation, we show that compared to the state-of-the-art, RecFlow achieves up to 69 improvement in the inter-rack scenario and 1.59 in the intra-rack scenario while sharing the link capacity fairly between all flows.
Improvements in cancer survival mean that long-term toxicities, which contribute to the morbidity... more Improvements in cancer survival mean that long-term toxicities, which contribute to the morbidity of cancer survivorship, are being increasingly recognized. Late adverse effects (LAEs) in normal tissues after radiotherapy (RT) are characterized by vascular dysfunction and fibrosis causing volume loss and tissue contracture, for example, in the free flaps used for immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy. We evaluated the efficacy of lentivirally delivered superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) overexpression and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) knockdown by short hairpin RNA in reducing the severity of LAEs in an animal model of free flap LAEs. Vectors were delivered by intra-arterial injection, ex vivo, to target the vascular compartment. LVSOD2 and LVshCTGF monotherapy before irradiation resulted in preservation of flap volume or reduction in skin contracture, respectively. Flaps transduced with combination therapy experienced improvements in both volume loss and skin contrac...
Concurrent cisplatin radiotherapy (CCRT) is a current standard-of-care for locally advanced head ... more Concurrent cisplatin radiotherapy (CCRT) is a current standard-of-care for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, CCRT is frequently ineffective in patients with advanced disease. It has previously been shown that HSP90 inhibitors act as radiosensitizers, but these studies have not focused on CCRT in HNSCC. Here, we evaluated the HSP90 inhibitor, AUY922, combined with CCRT. The ability of AUY922 to sensitize to CCRT was assessed in p53 mutant head and neck cell lines by clonogenic assay. Modulation of the CCRT induced DNA damage response (DDR) by AUY922 was characterized by confocal image analysis of RAD51, BRCA1, 53BP1, ATM and mutant p53 signaling. The role of FANCA depletion by AUY922 was examined using shRNA. Cell cycle checkpoint abrogation and chromosomal fragmentation was assessed by western blot, FACS and confocal. The role of ATM was also assessed by shRNA. AUY922 in combination with CCRT was assessed in vivo. The combination of AUY922 with...
Advanced extremity melanoma and sarcoma present a significant therapeutic challenge, requiring mu... more Advanced extremity melanoma and sarcoma present a significant therapeutic challenge, requiring multimodality therapy to treat or even palliate disease. These aggressive tumours are relatively chemo-resistant, therefore new treatment approaches are urgently required. We have previously reported on the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy (OV) delivered by isolated limb perfusion. In this report, we have improved therapeutic outcomes by combining OV with radiotherapy. In vitro, the combination of oncolytic vaccinia virus (GLV-1h68) and radiotherapy demonstrated synergistic cytotoxicity. This effect was not due to increased viral replication, but mediated through induction of intrinsic apoptosis. GLV-1h68 therapy downregulated the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins (MCL-1 and BCL-XL) and the downstream inhibitors of apoptosis, resulting in cleavage of effector caspases 3 and 7. In an in vivo ILP model, the combination of OV and radiotherapy significantly delayed tumour growth and prolonged sur...
The management of locally advanced or recurrent extremity sarcoma often necessitates multimodal t... more The management of locally advanced or recurrent extremity sarcoma often necessitates multimodal therapy to preserve a limb, of which isolated limb perfusion (ILP) is a key component. However, with standard chemotherapeutic agents used in ILP, the duration of response is limited. Novel agents or treatment combinations are urgently needed to improve outcomes. Previous work in an animal model has demonstrated the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy when delivered by ILP and, in this study, we report further improvements from combining ILP-delivered oncolytic virotherapy with radiation and surgical resection. In vitro, the combination of radiation with an oncolytic vaccinia virus (GLV-1h68) and melphalan demonstrated increased cytotoxicity in a panel of sarcoma cell lines. The effects were mediated through activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. In vivo, combinations of radiation, oncolytic virotherapy and standard ILP resulted in delayed tumour growth and prolonged survival when c...
Introduction-Free flap gene therapy exploits a novel therapeutic window when viral vectors can be... more Introduction-Free flap gene therapy exploits a novel therapeutic window when viral vectors can be delivered to the flap ex vivo. We investigated the therapeutic potential of the thymidine kinase (TK)/ganciclovir pro-drug system in treating residual disease when delivered into a free flap by intra-arterial injection of an adenoviral vector (Ad.TK). Methods-We demonstrated direct in vitro efficacy of the Ad.TK/ganciclovir system by treating a panel of malignant cell lines with Ad.TK/ganciclovir to show significant cell kill proportional to the multiplicity of infection (MOI) of Ad.TK. Indirect (bystander) cytotoxicity was demonstrated by transferring conditioned medium from Ad.TK-infected malignant, or non-malignant, producer cells to uninfected tumour cells. We investigated the effect of Ad.TK/ganciclovir therapy in vivo, using models of microscopic (MiRD) and macroscopic (MaRD) residual disease in a rodent superficial inferior epigastric artery flap model. Results-We observed retardation of tumour volume growth in both MiRD and MaRD models (p<0.05) and improvements in animal survival (MiRD median survival: MOI10 = 28 days, MOI 50 = 25 days, control = 18.5 days, p=0.0004; MaRD median survival: MOI 50 = 30 days, control = 18 days, p=0.0005). Gene expression studies demonstrated that viral genomic material was found predominantly in flap tissues but declined over time. Conclusion-In summary, we describe the utility of virally-delivered enzyme/pro-drug therapy (VDEPT), using a free flap as a vehicle for delivery. We discuss the merits and limitations of this approach and the unique role of therapeutic free flaps in the reconstructive armamentarium.
Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, 2014
Conclusion(s): AFG is a potentially useful tool within the armamentarium of those performing brea... more Conclusion(s): AFG is a potentially useful tool within the armamentarium of those performing breast reconstruction. The need for long-term follow up is underscored by this review. High quality research is required to demonstrate long-term oncological ramifications and to determine the potential for AFG as a total breast reconstruction method post-mastectomy.
Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy, Jan 26, 2015
Reovirus type 3 (Dearing) (RT3D) infection is selective for cells harbouring a mutated/activated ... more Reovirus type 3 (Dearing) (RT3D) infection is selective for cells harbouring a mutated/activated RAS pathway. Therefore, in a panel of melanoma cell lines (including RAS mutant, BRAF mutant and RAS/BRAF wild-type), we assessed therapeutic combinations that enhance/suppress ERK1/2 signaling through use of BRAF/MEK inhibitors. In RAS mutant cells, the combination of RT3D with the BRAF inhibitor PLX4720 (paradoxically increasing ERK1/2 signaling in this context) did not enhance reoviral cytotoxicity. Instead, and somewhat surprisingly, RT3D and BRAF inhibition led to enhanced cell kill in BRAF mutated cell lines. Likewise, ERK1/2 inhibition, using the MEK inhibitor PD184352, in combination with RT3D resulted in enhanced cell kill in the entire panel. Interestingly, TCID50 assays showed that BRAF and MEK inhibitors did not affect viral replication. Instead, enhanced efficacy was mediated through ER stress-induced apoptosis, induced by the combination of ERK1/2 inhibition and reovirus in...
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Papers by Aadil Khan