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AMIR SHAHZAD

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Albert Bastardas-Boada

Universitat de Barcelona

Kansas State University

Fatiha Djemili Tolba

Badji Mokhtar - Annaba University

Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic

Praxis Business School

Md Kafiul Islam

Independent University, Bangladesh

Journal of Computer Science IJCSIS

Aderemi A . Atayero

Covenant University Canaanland, Ota.

Ali Ashraf Sadeghi

University of Tehran

Bruno Boulanger

Université de Liège

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Papers by AMIR SHAHZAD

Complexity Analysis of Benes Network and Its Derived Classes via Information Functional Based Entropies

Symmetry

The use of information–theoretical methodologies to assess graph-based systems has received a sig... more The use of information–theoretical methodologies to assess graph-based systems has received a significant amount of attention. Evaluating a graph’s structural information content is a classic issue in fields such as cybernetics, pattern recognition, mathematical chemistry, and computational physics. Therefore, conventional methods for determining a graph’s structural information content rely heavily on determining a specific partitioning of the vertex set to obtain a probability distribution. A network’s entropy based on such a probability distribution is obtained from vertex partitioning. These entropies produce the numeric information about complexity and information processing which, as a consequence, increases the understanding of the network. In this paper, we study the Benes network and its novel-derived classes via different entropy measures, which are based on information functionals. We construct different partitions of vertices of the Benes network and its novel-derived cl...

DSP-Based Fault Tolerant Grid Side Converter in PMSG Wind Turbine Using Improved Vector Current Control with Modified SVPWM

2022 5th International Conference on Energy Conservation and Efficiency (ICECE)

In permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based wind turbine system, back-to-back converte... more In permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based wind turbine system, back-to-back converter i.e., Machine side converter (MSC) and Grid side converter (GSC) is essential sub-assembly that develop interface between wind power generated and utility grid however, GSC of PMSG based wind turbine suffer from voltage suppression at DC-link, reactive current injection and active power fluctuation under fault condition which deteriorate overall system efficiency and causes system shut-down. To overcome the aforesaid issues and avoid system shutdown, in this paper modified SVPWM based improve vector current control (VCC) is proposed that is developed from direct power control (DPC) and open-switched fault tolerant control. Compared with the conventional VCC that employ complex phase lock loop (PLL) to extract voltage angle of grid, the proposed PLL-free improved VCC (IVCC) based on DPC, uses Clarke’s transformation and instantaneous active and reactive power that simplifies control scheme. Furthermore, under fault condition (grid side distortion), conventional VCC fails to tract grid voltage angle due to inability of PLL and poor transient stability whereas in proposed IVCC based on DPC (IVCC-DPC), PLL-free inner close loop is utilized to control GSC. To show the effectiveness of proposed IVCC-DPC based on modified eight-sector SVPWM based, a 2-level GSC is modelled and simulated via MATLAB-Simulink. Simulated model is examined for fault-tolerant capability (in context of low voltage ride through) and power quality. Finally, DSP based 1.8 kVA experimentally test platform using IVCC-DPC based on modified SVPWM is designed to validate the proposed developed model.

Cyber-Terrorism Law, Implementation and Ways Forward

International Journal for Electronic Crime Investigation, 2019

This research paper is concerned with focused critical analysis of cyber terrorism laws in Pakist... more This research paper is concerned with focused critical analysis of cyber terrorism laws in Pakistan. Cyberspace is now becoming a battlefield where terrorists are active on dark net and using digital tunnel for which every country of the world has to take necessary steps for global peace, in the same way Pakistan needs an effective legislation and its efficient implementation. We explore here some crucial questions regarding cyberterrorism threats, cyber terrorism laws, implementation challenges and some recommendations based on current situation as well as a slight glance on future perspective of the topic Cyber terrorism law, implementation and the ways forward

New optimization methods in predictive control

This thesis is mainly concerned with the efficient solution of a linear discrete-time finite hori... more This thesis is mainly concerned with the efficient solution of a linear discrete-time finite horizon optimal control problem (FHOCP) with quadratic cost and linear constraints on the states and inputs. In predictive control, such a FHOCP needs to be solved online at each sampling instant. In order to solve such a FHOCP, it is necessary to solve a quadratic programming (QP) problem. Interior point methods (IPMs) have proven to be an efficient way of solving quadratic programming problems. A linear system of equations needs to be solved in each iteration of an IPM. The ill-conditioning of this linear system in the later iterations of the IPM prevents the use of an iterative method in solving the linear system due to a very slow rate of convergence; in some cases the solution never reaches the desired accuracy. A new well-conditioned IPM, which increases the rate of convergence of the iterative method is proposed. The computational advantage is obtained by the use of an inexact Newton ...

An integrated geotechnical and geophysical investigation of a catastrophic landslide in the Northeast Himalayas of Pakistan

Geological Journal, 2021

Landslides are a complex geohazard, and the key parameters that have a prominent effect on their ... more Landslides are a complex geohazard, and the key parameters that have a prominent effect on their nature are variations in slope angle and fluctuations in groundwater. The focus of this research was to analyse the prevailing conditions of the Danna‐Sahotar landslide in the south of Muzaffarabad district, Sub‐Himalayas, Pakistan, and evaluating how different conditions effect the stability of the landslide with the integration of geotechnical, geophysical, and slope stability analysis. The geotechnical investigations revealed that the surface layer is mainly sandy with clayey and silty content. The two‐dimensional (2D) electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) demarcated the presence of a possible slip surface situated in the portion where the resistivity values clearly change. The ERT of the crown is characterized by low resistivity due to the presence of water seepages, which increase the degree of saturation and pore water pressure hence, leading to the slope failure. It was proved that the presence of high moisture content has played an influential role in triggering the landslide. Thorough analysis of integrated research yielded reliable and accurate information on the geotechnical and geological aspects of the landslide. The outcomes were used in slope stability limit equilibrium method (LEM) analysis using GeoStudio software. The slip surface predicted from the LEM was almost circular, which was confirmed by the geotechnical and ERT method. The factor of safety Fs (0.830) along the longitudinal profile of the landslide was calculated, indicating that the slopes along the profile are unstable. The geotechnical survey in combination with ERT and slope stability analysis helped to understand the failure mechanism of the landslide and to improve the layout of the future monitoring experiment, which may be used as a key for the observation of similar slope investigation.

Geotechnical investigation and landslide susceptibility assessment along the Neelum road: a case study from Lesser Himalayas, Pakistan

Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2021

Globally, and in Pakistan, among natural hazards, landslides are considered one of the most dange... more Globally, and in Pakistan, among natural hazards, landslides are considered one of the most dangerous and frequently occurring events having devastating impacts on society and economy. The present study deals with the susceptibility mapping and detailed geological and geotechnical investigations on two large-scale landslides named Shahkot and Sandok, Lesser Himalayas, Pakistan. Inventory of 74 landslides was developed by SPOT-5 images and further classified in the field. The goodness of developed landslide susceptibility map was assessed by success rate curve (SRC) and prediction rate curve (PRC) which were 83.1% and 79.2%, respectively. Geotechnical investigations of selected landslides were carried out to identify the causative factors and landslide triggering mechanism. The Shahkot landslide is classified as complex (debris slide and slump failure), whereas the Sandok landslide is classified as rockslide. Laboratory testing, i.e., sieve analysis, Atterberg limits, specific gravity, and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis of the disturbed soil samples, reveal that the soils of Shahkot landslide are silty sand to clayey silty sand with plasticity index (PI) ranging from 2.05 to 14.96%. Petrographic studies showed that the schist and granite of the Shahkot and Sandok landslides contain quartz and feldspar with fair amounts of flaky minerals like chlorite, biotite, and muscovite. The XRD analysis showed mineral composition of quartz, muscovite, kaolinite, goethite, aragonite, hematite, plagioclase, siderite, montmorillonite, calcite, gypsum, orthoclase, dolomite, and illite. Intense jointing and fracturing in granite due to close proximity to faults imparts low unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values which holds the major cause of Sandok landslide beside other geomorphological and geological causes. The study depicts that drainage network, anthropogenic activities along steep slopes, fragile geology, active faults, freeze, and thaw action are influential parameters which significantly contribute to the landslide events.

Preconditioners for inexact interior point methods for predictive control

Proceedings of the 2010 American Control Conference, 2010

This paper presents a new method for solving a linear discrete-time finite horizon optimal contro... more This paper presents a new method for solving a linear discrete-time finite horizon optimal control problem (FHOCP) with quadratic cost and linear constraints on the states and inputs. Such a FHOCP needs to be solved online, at each sampling instant, in predictive control. In order to solve such a FHOCP, it is necessary to solve a quadratic programming (QP) problem. The proposed technique uses an inexact interior-point method (IIPM) to solve the QP problem. This new technique is computationally more efficient than the Riccati Recursion method of Rao, Wright and Rawlings (Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 1998), when measured in terms of the number of floating point operations. The computational advantage is obtained by the use of an inexact Newton method, and with the use of novel preconditioners in the minimum residual (MINRES) method. The computational performance of this method is demonstrated by numerical results.

A warm-start interior-point method for predictive control

UKACC International Conference on CONTROL 2010, 2010

In predictive control, a quadratic program (QP) needs to be solved at each sampling instant. We p... more In predictive control, a quadratic program (QP) needs to be solved at each sampling instant. We present a new warm-start strategy to solve a QP with an interior-point method whose data is slightly perturbed from the previous QP. In this strategy, an initial guess of the unknown variables in the perturbed problem is determined from the computed solution of the previous problem. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our warm-start strategy to a number of online benchmark problems. Numerical results indicate that the proposed technique depends upon the size of perturbation and it leads to a reduction of 30-74% in floating point operations compared to a cold-start interior-point method.

Synthetic routes of azo derivatives: A brief overview

Journal of Molecular Structure, 2021

Abstract Azo compounds are important class of compounds because of their broad range of applicati... more Abstract Azo compounds are important class of compounds because of their broad range of applications. So it is necessary to have versatile methods of synthesis to get new and effective azo derivatives. This review covers the synthetic methodology with emphasis on the classical and versatile ones. The overall feasible methods for azo compounds synthesis mentioned in this review include, diazotization/azo coupling, solvent free-silica supported boron trifluoride, methyl nitrite-active iron based-Japp-Kalingemann, Novartis/Ciba-Geigy-Cupric chloride catalyzed-Mild one-pot two step-nitroamatics and anilines-deoxygenation of nitrobenzene-decomposition of N,N, Ortho para benzoquinonediimines dioxide dehydrogenation, arylhydrazines dimerization reaction of diazonium salts-metal catalyzed coupling, Opening of benzotriazoles-Oxidation of anilines-arylcalcium and nitrous oxide-quinone acetals and arylhydrazines-quinones, reduction of azoxybenzenes and azo-MOFs, etc, which yield azo compounds in good to moderate yields and not commonly used now a day. The most widely used methods to synthesize azo compounds are by Mills reaction and azo coupling which are important in industrial point of view. Though there are various reported methods to get azo compounds but they have limitations as well. So above mentioned methods are reliable and yield azo compounds in good to moderate yield but there is still a need to have latest and efficient methods keeping in view the advantages and disadvantages of above mentioned compounds. Therefore, it is compulsory to have innovative and more efficient method for synthesis of azo compounds.

Effect of Elastane Parameters on the Dimensional and Mechanical Properties of Stretchable Denim Fabrics

Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 2020

Denim is one of the most popular casual apparel all over the globe due to a variety of available ... more Denim is one of the most popular casual apparel all over the globe due to a variety of available looks, comfort, and convenience. Comfort and performance properties of stretched denim fabrics depend on the elastane content, which can be controlled through the linear density of elastane and draft-ratio in the core of the cotton yarn. Optimization of both of linear density and draft-ratio of elastane for the better performance of denim fabric were focused upon in this study. The results indicated that the elastane content inside the core of yarn affects the dimensional and mechanical properties of denim fabrics. Regression analysis indicated that elastane linear-density and draft-ratio had an almost equal significance on contraction after washing, stretchability, stiffness, skewness, and bow of fabric. However, the elastic properties of fabric were mainly dependent on the elastane draft-ratio. This study will be an endeavor for industry personnel to achieve more durable and dimensiona...

“Transfusion Associated Diseases and Complications of Blood Transfusion in Thalassaemia Patients”

Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020

Background: Transfusion Transmitted Infections (TTIs) are going to hit as a major risk factor in ... more Background: Transfusion Transmitted Infections (TTIs) are going to hit as a major risk factor in overpopulated regions of the world comprising thalassaemia as a main concern. The variety of infectious diseases that transfer from blood donors to thalassaemia patients leading complications which result in delay hemolytic transfusion reactions and different types of infections whose causative agents may be HBV, HCV, HIV and Syphilis etc. Epidemiology: The thalassaemia affects almost 4.4 of every 10000 births worldwide although its rate in Pakistan is 5000 to 10000 births per year with 5-7 % estimated carrier rate. The blood transfusion and transmissible infections ratio in low income countries is as, HIV presence is from 0.33% to 1.66%, HBV presence is from 2.00% to 4.50%, HCV presence is from 0.50% to2.23% and Syphilis presence is from 0.60% to 1.81%. Diagnostics: The Immuno-chromatographic tests are affordable and can be valid to be used for blood screening throughout world. Blood samples should be processed for a counter check via ELISA/ CLIA and NAT technique to eliminate risk of HBV, HCV, HIV and syphilis deadly infections. Treatment: Patients must be provided regular blood transfusion to keep average hemoglobin level at 10-12 g/dl. Other treatments include Iron Chelation therapy which is mandatory for better life expectancy as well as splenectomy, stem cell transplant and gene therapy. Conclusion: The blood transfusion infections based on ICT (Immuno-chromatographic technique) prove unreliable while CLIA (ChemiluminescenceImmunoassay) is reliable comparatively due to capturing weak positive and low titer infectious agents. In order to avoid the delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions it is enforced to detect the subgroups of blood like A (A1 and A2) and AB (A1B and A2B).

Development of Kapok/Recycled-PET Blended Needle-Punched Thermal Waddings

Journal of Natural Fibers, 2020

Kapok fiber is emerging as a cheaper natural fiber having excellent thermal insulation properties... more Kapok fiber is emerging as a cheaper natural fiber having excellent thermal insulation properties. Recycled polyester/kapok blended needle punched nonwoven waddings are prepared where the effect of kapok fiber %, sheet areal density, and needle punch density on thermal resistance and air permeability is measured and analyzed with the help of MINITAB®18.1. Three percentages of kapok fiber (20, 40, 60%), four levels of fabric areal density (150, 300, 450, 600 g.m-2) and two levels of punch density (15, 20 punches. cm-2) were chosen. The statistical analysis revealed that kapok fiber % and areal density had a significant effect on both thermal resistance and air permeability of nonwovens. The thermal resistance was decreased significantly with the increase in kapok fiber %, especially at higher punch density. A significant interaction between kapok fiber % and areal density was observed for air permeability. It may be concluded that, in the selected range of input variables, recycled PET/kapok nonwovens with less % of kapok fibers and punch density display better thermal insulation performance, especially at higher areal density. The prepared nonwovens may find applications in winter coats and wadding layers for quilts, etc., and will also help to reduce the pollution from the environment.

Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke

The Professional Medical Journal, Feb 10, 2019

Material and Methods: This study was a hospital based study in which sampling was done through a ... more Material and Methods: This study was a hospital based study in which sampling was done through a purposive sampling technique. A total of 160 patients admitted with stroke were included in our study. After taking informed consent patient's relevant history and examination were carried out. CT-Scan was done to confirm and different between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. SPSS version 17.0 was used to analyze the collected data. Results: Ischemic stroke was observed in 105 (66%) patients and 55 (34%) were suffered hemorrhagic stroke. Hypertension was 100% in both types of storks in ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. Rate of diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and smoking were significantly high in hemorrhagic stroke than ischemic stroke (p<0.01). Conclusion: We found a high prevalence of ischemic stroke than hemorrhagic stroke in our population. Among associated factors gender, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes and smoking were prevalent in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients.

Electrically and electrohydrodynamically driven phase transition and structural color switching of oligomer tethered 2D colloid

RSC Advances, 2018

The structural color in 2D nanoparticle colloid photonic crystal can be switched by using both el... more

Fabrication of Antibacterial Nanofibers Composites by Functionalizing the Surface of Cellulose Acetate Nanofibers

ChemistrySelect, 2020

The surface modification of nanofibers web enables the invention of wound dressings by using the ... more The surface modification of nanofibers web enables the invention of wound dressings by using the simple materials substrate without altering the mechanical properties of foundation materials or nanofibers web. Herein, authors fabricated the novel antibacterial wound dressings by functionalizing the surface of cellulose acetate (CA) nanofibers. This surface treatment was done through facile method. The silver sulfadiazine (SSD) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized on the surface of cellulose acetate nanofibers web by in-situ facile method in which nanofibers webs were immersed in the solution of sodium sulfadiazine salt and silver nitrate (AgNO 3) for three different interval of times (hrs). The resultant CA/SSD nanofibers were characterized by scan electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, FT-IR, XPS, XRD, water contact angle and antibacterial agar disc diffusion test. All characterization results supported that this composite can be used for antibacterial wound dressings, especially for gram negative E. Coli bacteria because SSD has great potential against E. Coli bacteria.

Electrical resistive heating characterization of conductive hybrid staple spun yarns

The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2019

Abstract Development of heating fabrics has a great potential in numerous applications. Heating f... more Abstract Development of heating fabrics has a great potential in numerous applications. Heating fabrics can be developed by various approaches each having its own strengths and weaknesses. Incorporating staple fibre spun conductive yarn in the development of lightweight heating pads offers the advantage of obtaining required heating effect while maintaining flexibility, durability and comfort of the developed fabric. This study aimed at developing a conductive hybrid spun yarn composed of polyester and stainless staple fibers and characterizing its thermal behaviour in response to changes in its structural and procedural parameters. The effect of three variables namely yarn twist coefficient, applied voltage and tension on the yarn during testing, was investigated on thermal behavior of the yarn. Among the three, the applied voltage was found to dominantly control the temperature and hence the heating effect of the hybrid yarn. Yarn twist coefficient, which makes the yarn structure of the same fineness more compact at higher twist levels, was found to improve the heating effect at increased twist level at an applied voltage. However, changes in the tension on the yarn during the test was found to be not affecting the yarn temperature, thus producing a steady heating effect under varying tensions. The study shows that other than changing the applied voltage, the heating effect of the yarn can be improved by changing its twist level which controls the compactness of the yarn and thus different products with required thermal behavior can be tailored.

Statistical analysis of yarn to metal frictional coefficient of cotton spun yarn using Taguchi design of experiment

The Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design, 2018

Yarn’s surface to metal friction is an important consideration in the subsequent process of knitt... more Yarn’s surface to metal friction is an important consideration in the subsequent process of knitting and weaving as it influences mainly the ends down rate, fly generation, process efficiency, wear and tear of machine parts, and production rate of the process. These frictional properties are measured in terms of the coefficient of friction of yarn. The effect of cotton type, yarn twist, yarn linear density, process type, and finishing treatment was studied on the surface to the metal friction coefficient of cotton spun yarn using Taguchi experimental design. The experiments were conducted with Pakistani and Indian cotton using combed and carded ring spinning processes. Using Taguchi design of experiment, a total of 36 samples of cotton ring-spun yarns were produced. The coefficient of friction between the yarn’s surface and metal’s surface is measured in compliance with ASTM D3108. The outcome of the Taguchi model to predict the coefficient of friction of yarns with a predefined com...

The Use of Stratigraphic Section in Recording Quagmire of Information for the Fluvial Depositional Environment – a Worked Example in District Poonch, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

Pakistan Journal of Geology, 2017

The tape-compass-clinometer method was used in gauging the thickness of stratigraphic units on to... more The tape-compass-clinometer method was used in gauging the thickness of stratigraphic units on topographic bevels by taping the intercepts. The dips of the beds and slope's inclinations were determined. The appropriate formula was used in the thickness estimation. The graphic columnar section was finally compiled on the Sed. Log 3.0 version to display the geology. The worked example includes the measurement of stratigraphic section of rocks in the District Poonch, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. The study was helpful in understanding the fluvial depositional environment of the Nagri Formation in the region and favours meandering and braided fluvial depositional pattern in continental environment.

Biostratigraphy of Early Eocene Margala Hill Limestone in the Muzaffarabad Area (Kashmir Basin, Azad Jammu and Kashmir)

Pakistan Journal of Geology, 2017

The Early Eocene Margalla Hill Limestone is well exposed in core of Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis. A se... more The Early Eocene Margalla Hill Limestone is well exposed in core of Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis. A section at Battlian is measured and sampled for paleontological studies, where its lower contact with Patala Formation and upper contact with Chorgali Formation is transitional and conformable. The total observed thickness is 73 meters and 60 samples were collected from bottom to top at different levels, 50 thin sections were studied. 19 species of larger forams including age diagnostic Nummulites mamillatus, Nummulites atacicus,

Preparation and In-Vitro Assessment of Hierarchal Organized Antibacterial Breath Mask Based on Polyacrylonitrile/Silver (PAN/AgNPs) Nanofiber

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), Jan 25, 2018

In this report, we designed and synthesized polyacrylonitrile/silver (PAN/AgNPs) nanofibers via a... more In this report, we designed and synthesized polyacrylonitrile/silver (PAN/AgNPs) nanofibers via an in-situ method to obtain a washable with high-dispersed silver nanoparticles membrane to form the hierarchically organized antibacterial mask to prevent the two-way effect of bacteria from person to environment and environment to person. For this objective, the electrospun PAN nanofibers were stabilized via the heating method. Different amounts of AgNPs were loaded into the PAN nanofibers by using silver nitrate and sodium hydroxide solutions. The basic results showed that AgNPs was homogenously loaded in PAN nanofiber matrixes. Furthermore, the release profile based on two-stage release theory showed that when the negligible amount of AgNPs was loaded into the nanofibers, the release significantly decreased, whereas antibacterial activity increased. The greatest potential antibacterial activity of the lowest amount of AgNPs showed controllable AgNPs release from PAN nanofibers that ha...

Complexity Analysis of Benes Network and Its Derived Classes via Information Functional Based Entropies

Symmetry

The use of information–theoretical methodologies to assess graph-based systems has received a sig... more The use of information–theoretical methodologies to assess graph-based systems has received a significant amount of attention. Evaluating a graph’s structural information content is a classic issue in fields such as cybernetics, pattern recognition, mathematical chemistry, and computational physics. Therefore, conventional methods for determining a graph’s structural information content rely heavily on determining a specific partitioning of the vertex set to obtain a probability distribution. A network’s entropy based on such a probability distribution is obtained from vertex partitioning. These entropies produce the numeric information about complexity and information processing which, as a consequence, increases the understanding of the network. In this paper, we study the Benes network and its novel-derived classes via different entropy measures, which are based on information functionals. We construct different partitions of vertices of the Benes network and its novel-derived cl...

DSP-Based Fault Tolerant Grid Side Converter in PMSG Wind Turbine Using Improved Vector Current Control with Modified SVPWM

2022 5th International Conference on Energy Conservation and Efficiency (ICECE)

In permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based wind turbine system, back-to-back converte... more In permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based wind turbine system, back-to-back converter i.e., Machine side converter (MSC) and Grid side converter (GSC) is essential sub-assembly that develop interface between wind power generated and utility grid however, GSC of PMSG based wind turbine suffer from voltage suppression at DC-link, reactive current injection and active power fluctuation under fault condition which deteriorate overall system efficiency and causes system shut-down. To overcome the aforesaid issues and avoid system shutdown, in this paper modified SVPWM based improve vector current control (VCC) is proposed that is developed from direct power control (DPC) and open-switched fault tolerant control. Compared with the conventional VCC that employ complex phase lock loop (PLL) to extract voltage angle of grid, the proposed PLL-free improved VCC (IVCC) based on DPC, uses Clarke’s transformation and instantaneous active and reactive power that simplifies control scheme. Furthermore, under fault condition (grid side distortion), conventional VCC fails to tract grid voltage angle due to inability of PLL and poor transient stability whereas in proposed IVCC based on DPC (IVCC-DPC), PLL-free inner close loop is utilized to control GSC. To show the effectiveness of proposed IVCC-DPC based on modified eight-sector SVPWM based, a 2-level GSC is modelled and simulated via MATLAB-Simulink. Simulated model is examined for fault-tolerant capability (in context of low voltage ride through) and power quality. Finally, DSP based 1.8 kVA experimentally test platform using IVCC-DPC based on modified SVPWM is designed to validate the proposed developed model.

Cyber-Terrorism Law, Implementation and Ways Forward

International Journal for Electronic Crime Investigation, 2019

This research paper is concerned with focused critical analysis of cyber terrorism laws in Pakist... more This research paper is concerned with focused critical analysis of cyber terrorism laws in Pakistan. Cyberspace is now becoming a battlefield where terrorists are active on dark net and using digital tunnel for which every country of the world has to take necessary steps for global peace, in the same way Pakistan needs an effective legislation and its efficient implementation. We explore here some crucial questions regarding cyberterrorism threats, cyber terrorism laws, implementation challenges and some recommendations based on current situation as well as a slight glance on future perspective of the topic Cyber terrorism law, implementation and the ways forward

New optimization methods in predictive control

This thesis is mainly concerned with the efficient solution of a linear discrete-time finite hori... more This thesis is mainly concerned with the efficient solution of a linear discrete-time finite horizon optimal control problem (FHOCP) with quadratic cost and linear constraints on the states and inputs. In predictive control, such a FHOCP needs to be solved online at each sampling instant. In order to solve such a FHOCP, it is necessary to solve a quadratic programming (QP) problem. Interior point methods (IPMs) have proven to be an efficient way of solving quadratic programming problems. A linear system of equations needs to be solved in each iteration of an IPM. The ill-conditioning of this linear system in the later iterations of the IPM prevents the use of an iterative method in solving the linear system due to a very slow rate of convergence; in some cases the solution never reaches the desired accuracy. A new well-conditioned IPM, which increases the rate of convergence of the iterative method is proposed. The computational advantage is obtained by the use of an inexact Newton ...

An integrated geotechnical and geophysical investigation of a catastrophic landslide in the Northeast Himalayas of Pakistan

Geological Journal, 2021

Landslides are a complex geohazard, and the key parameters that have a prominent effect on their ... more Landslides are a complex geohazard, and the key parameters that have a prominent effect on their nature are variations in slope angle and fluctuations in groundwater. The focus of this research was to analyse the prevailing conditions of the Danna‐Sahotar landslide in the south of Muzaffarabad district, Sub‐Himalayas, Pakistan, and evaluating how different conditions effect the stability of the landslide with the integration of geotechnical, geophysical, and slope stability analysis. The geotechnical investigations revealed that the surface layer is mainly sandy with clayey and silty content. The two‐dimensional (2D) electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) demarcated the presence of a possible slip surface situated in the portion where the resistivity values clearly change. The ERT of the crown is characterized by low resistivity due to the presence of water seepages, which increase the degree of saturation and pore water pressure hence, leading to the slope failure. It was proved that the presence of high moisture content has played an influential role in triggering the landslide. Thorough analysis of integrated research yielded reliable and accurate information on the geotechnical and geological aspects of the landslide. The outcomes were used in slope stability limit equilibrium method (LEM) analysis using GeoStudio software. The slip surface predicted from the LEM was almost circular, which was confirmed by the geotechnical and ERT method. The factor of safety Fs (0.830) along the longitudinal profile of the landslide was calculated, indicating that the slopes along the profile are unstable. The geotechnical survey in combination with ERT and slope stability analysis helped to understand the failure mechanism of the landslide and to improve the layout of the future monitoring experiment, which may be used as a key for the observation of similar slope investigation.

Geotechnical investigation and landslide susceptibility assessment along the Neelum road: a case study from Lesser Himalayas, Pakistan

Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2021

Globally, and in Pakistan, among natural hazards, landslides are considered one of the most dange... more Globally, and in Pakistan, among natural hazards, landslides are considered one of the most dangerous and frequently occurring events having devastating impacts on society and economy. The present study deals with the susceptibility mapping and detailed geological and geotechnical investigations on two large-scale landslides named Shahkot and Sandok, Lesser Himalayas, Pakistan. Inventory of 74 landslides was developed by SPOT-5 images and further classified in the field. The goodness of developed landslide susceptibility map was assessed by success rate curve (SRC) and prediction rate curve (PRC) which were 83.1% and 79.2%, respectively. Geotechnical investigations of selected landslides were carried out to identify the causative factors and landslide triggering mechanism. The Shahkot landslide is classified as complex (debris slide and slump failure), whereas the Sandok landslide is classified as rockslide. Laboratory testing, i.e., sieve analysis, Atterberg limits, specific gravity, and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis of the disturbed soil samples, reveal that the soils of Shahkot landslide are silty sand to clayey silty sand with plasticity index (PI) ranging from 2.05 to 14.96%. Petrographic studies showed that the schist and granite of the Shahkot and Sandok landslides contain quartz and feldspar with fair amounts of flaky minerals like chlorite, biotite, and muscovite. The XRD analysis showed mineral composition of quartz, muscovite, kaolinite, goethite, aragonite, hematite, plagioclase, siderite, montmorillonite, calcite, gypsum, orthoclase, dolomite, and illite. Intense jointing and fracturing in granite due to close proximity to faults imparts low unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values which holds the major cause of Sandok landslide beside other geomorphological and geological causes. The study depicts that drainage network, anthropogenic activities along steep slopes, fragile geology, active faults, freeze, and thaw action are influential parameters which significantly contribute to the landslide events.

Preconditioners for inexact interior point methods for predictive control

Proceedings of the 2010 American Control Conference, 2010

This paper presents a new method for solving a linear discrete-time finite horizon optimal contro... more This paper presents a new method for solving a linear discrete-time finite horizon optimal control problem (FHOCP) with quadratic cost and linear constraints on the states and inputs. Such a FHOCP needs to be solved online, at each sampling instant, in predictive control. In order to solve such a FHOCP, it is necessary to solve a quadratic programming (QP) problem. The proposed technique uses an inexact interior-point method (IIPM) to solve the QP problem. This new technique is computationally more efficient than the Riccati Recursion method of Rao, Wright and Rawlings (Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 1998), when measured in terms of the number of floating point operations. The computational advantage is obtained by the use of an inexact Newton method, and with the use of novel preconditioners in the minimum residual (MINRES) method. The computational performance of this method is demonstrated by numerical results.

A warm-start interior-point method for predictive control

UKACC International Conference on CONTROL 2010, 2010

In predictive control, a quadratic program (QP) needs to be solved at each sampling instant. We p... more In predictive control, a quadratic program (QP) needs to be solved at each sampling instant. We present a new warm-start strategy to solve a QP with an interior-point method whose data is slightly perturbed from the previous QP. In this strategy, an initial guess of the unknown variables in the perturbed problem is determined from the computed solution of the previous problem. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our warm-start strategy to a number of online benchmark problems. Numerical results indicate that the proposed technique depends upon the size of perturbation and it leads to a reduction of 30-74% in floating point operations compared to a cold-start interior-point method.

Synthetic routes of azo derivatives: A brief overview

Journal of Molecular Structure, 2021

Abstract Azo compounds are important class of compounds because of their broad range of applicati... more Abstract Azo compounds are important class of compounds because of their broad range of applications. So it is necessary to have versatile methods of synthesis to get new and effective azo derivatives. This review covers the synthetic methodology with emphasis on the classical and versatile ones. The overall feasible methods for azo compounds synthesis mentioned in this review include, diazotization/azo coupling, solvent free-silica supported boron trifluoride, methyl nitrite-active iron based-Japp-Kalingemann, Novartis/Ciba-Geigy-Cupric chloride catalyzed-Mild one-pot two step-nitroamatics and anilines-deoxygenation of nitrobenzene-decomposition of N,N, Ortho para benzoquinonediimines dioxide dehydrogenation, arylhydrazines dimerization reaction of diazonium salts-metal catalyzed coupling, Opening of benzotriazoles-Oxidation of anilines-arylcalcium and nitrous oxide-quinone acetals and arylhydrazines-quinones, reduction of azoxybenzenes and azo-MOFs, etc, which yield azo compounds in good to moderate yields and not commonly used now a day. The most widely used methods to synthesize azo compounds are by Mills reaction and azo coupling which are important in industrial point of view. Though there are various reported methods to get azo compounds but they have limitations as well. So above mentioned methods are reliable and yield azo compounds in good to moderate yield but there is still a need to have latest and efficient methods keeping in view the advantages and disadvantages of above mentioned compounds. Therefore, it is compulsory to have innovative and more efficient method for synthesis of azo compounds.

Effect of Elastane Parameters on the Dimensional and Mechanical Properties of Stretchable Denim Fabrics

Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 2020

Denim is one of the most popular casual apparel all over the globe due to a variety of available ... more Denim is one of the most popular casual apparel all over the globe due to a variety of available looks, comfort, and convenience. Comfort and performance properties of stretched denim fabrics depend on the elastane content, which can be controlled through the linear density of elastane and draft-ratio in the core of the cotton yarn. Optimization of both of linear density and draft-ratio of elastane for the better performance of denim fabric were focused upon in this study. The results indicated that the elastane content inside the core of yarn affects the dimensional and mechanical properties of denim fabrics. Regression analysis indicated that elastane linear-density and draft-ratio had an almost equal significance on contraction after washing, stretchability, stiffness, skewness, and bow of fabric. However, the elastic properties of fabric were mainly dependent on the elastane draft-ratio. This study will be an endeavor for industry personnel to achieve more durable and dimensiona...

“Transfusion Associated Diseases and Complications of Blood Transfusion in Thalassaemia Patients”

Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020

Background: Transfusion Transmitted Infections (TTIs) are going to hit as a major risk factor in ... more Background: Transfusion Transmitted Infections (TTIs) are going to hit as a major risk factor in overpopulated regions of the world comprising thalassaemia as a main concern. The variety of infectious diseases that transfer from blood donors to thalassaemia patients leading complications which result in delay hemolytic transfusion reactions and different types of infections whose causative agents may be HBV, HCV, HIV and Syphilis etc. Epidemiology: The thalassaemia affects almost 4.4 of every 10000 births worldwide although its rate in Pakistan is 5000 to 10000 births per year with 5-7 % estimated carrier rate. The blood transfusion and transmissible infections ratio in low income countries is as, HIV presence is from 0.33% to 1.66%, HBV presence is from 2.00% to 4.50%, HCV presence is from 0.50% to2.23% and Syphilis presence is from 0.60% to 1.81%. Diagnostics: The Immuno-chromatographic tests are affordable and can be valid to be used for blood screening throughout world. Blood samples should be processed for a counter check via ELISA/ CLIA and NAT technique to eliminate risk of HBV, HCV, HIV and syphilis deadly infections. Treatment: Patients must be provided regular blood transfusion to keep average hemoglobin level at 10-12 g/dl. Other treatments include Iron Chelation therapy which is mandatory for better life expectancy as well as splenectomy, stem cell transplant and gene therapy. Conclusion: The blood transfusion infections based on ICT (Immuno-chromatographic technique) prove unreliable while CLIA (ChemiluminescenceImmunoassay) is reliable comparatively due to capturing weak positive and low titer infectious agents. In order to avoid the delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions it is enforced to detect the subgroups of blood like A (A1 and A2) and AB (A1B and A2B).

Development of Kapok/Recycled-PET Blended Needle-Punched Thermal Waddings

Journal of Natural Fibers, 2020

Kapok fiber is emerging as a cheaper natural fiber having excellent thermal insulation properties... more Kapok fiber is emerging as a cheaper natural fiber having excellent thermal insulation properties. Recycled polyester/kapok blended needle punched nonwoven waddings are prepared where the effect of kapok fiber %, sheet areal density, and needle punch density on thermal resistance and air permeability is measured and analyzed with the help of MINITAB®18.1. Three percentages of kapok fiber (20, 40, 60%), four levels of fabric areal density (150, 300, 450, 600 g.m-2) and two levels of punch density (15, 20 punches. cm-2) were chosen. The statistical analysis revealed that kapok fiber % and areal density had a significant effect on both thermal resistance and air permeability of nonwovens. The thermal resistance was decreased significantly with the increase in kapok fiber %, especially at higher punch density. A significant interaction between kapok fiber % and areal density was observed for air permeability. It may be concluded that, in the selected range of input variables, recycled PET/kapok nonwovens with less % of kapok fibers and punch density display better thermal insulation performance, especially at higher areal density. The prepared nonwovens may find applications in winter coats and wadding layers for quilts, etc., and will also help to reduce the pollution from the environment.

Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke

The Professional Medical Journal, Feb 10, 2019

Material and Methods: This study was a hospital based study in which sampling was done through a ... more Material and Methods: This study was a hospital based study in which sampling was done through a purposive sampling technique. A total of 160 patients admitted with stroke were included in our study. After taking informed consent patient's relevant history and examination were carried out. CT-Scan was done to confirm and different between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. SPSS version 17.0 was used to analyze the collected data. Results: Ischemic stroke was observed in 105 (66%) patients and 55 (34%) were suffered hemorrhagic stroke. Hypertension was 100% in both types of storks in ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. Rate of diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and smoking were significantly high in hemorrhagic stroke than ischemic stroke (p<0.01). Conclusion: We found a high prevalence of ischemic stroke than hemorrhagic stroke in our population. Among associated factors gender, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes and smoking were prevalent in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients.

Electrically and electrohydrodynamically driven phase transition and structural color switching of oligomer tethered 2D colloid

RSC Advances, 2018

The structural color in 2D nanoparticle colloid photonic crystal can be switched by using both el... more

Fabrication of Antibacterial Nanofibers Composites by Functionalizing the Surface of Cellulose Acetate Nanofibers

ChemistrySelect, 2020

The surface modification of nanofibers web enables the invention of wound dressings by using the ... more The surface modification of nanofibers web enables the invention of wound dressings by using the simple materials substrate without altering the mechanical properties of foundation materials or nanofibers web. Herein, authors fabricated the novel antibacterial wound dressings by functionalizing the surface of cellulose acetate (CA) nanofibers. This surface treatment was done through facile method. The silver sulfadiazine (SSD) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized on the surface of cellulose acetate nanofibers web by in-situ facile method in which nanofibers webs were immersed in the solution of sodium sulfadiazine salt and silver nitrate (AgNO 3) for three different interval of times (hrs). The resultant CA/SSD nanofibers were characterized by scan electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, FT-IR, XPS, XRD, water contact angle and antibacterial agar disc diffusion test. All characterization results supported that this composite can be used for antibacterial wound dressings, especially for gram negative E. Coli bacteria because SSD has great potential against E. Coli bacteria.

Electrical resistive heating characterization of conductive hybrid staple spun yarns

The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2019

Abstract Development of heating fabrics has a great potential in numerous applications. Heating f... more Abstract Development of heating fabrics has a great potential in numerous applications. Heating fabrics can be developed by various approaches each having its own strengths and weaknesses. Incorporating staple fibre spun conductive yarn in the development of lightweight heating pads offers the advantage of obtaining required heating effect while maintaining flexibility, durability and comfort of the developed fabric. This study aimed at developing a conductive hybrid spun yarn composed of polyester and stainless staple fibers and characterizing its thermal behaviour in response to changes in its structural and procedural parameters. The effect of three variables namely yarn twist coefficient, applied voltage and tension on the yarn during testing, was investigated on thermal behavior of the yarn. Among the three, the applied voltage was found to dominantly control the temperature and hence the heating effect of the hybrid yarn. Yarn twist coefficient, which makes the yarn structure of the same fineness more compact at higher twist levels, was found to improve the heating effect at increased twist level at an applied voltage. However, changes in the tension on the yarn during the test was found to be not affecting the yarn temperature, thus producing a steady heating effect under varying tensions. The study shows that other than changing the applied voltage, the heating effect of the yarn can be improved by changing its twist level which controls the compactness of the yarn and thus different products with required thermal behavior can be tailored.

Statistical analysis of yarn to metal frictional coefficient of cotton spun yarn using Taguchi design of experiment

The Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design, 2018

Yarn’s surface to metal friction is an important consideration in the subsequent process of knitt... more Yarn’s surface to metal friction is an important consideration in the subsequent process of knitting and weaving as it influences mainly the ends down rate, fly generation, process efficiency, wear and tear of machine parts, and production rate of the process. These frictional properties are measured in terms of the coefficient of friction of yarn. The effect of cotton type, yarn twist, yarn linear density, process type, and finishing treatment was studied on the surface to the metal friction coefficient of cotton spun yarn using Taguchi experimental design. The experiments were conducted with Pakistani and Indian cotton using combed and carded ring spinning processes. Using Taguchi design of experiment, a total of 36 samples of cotton ring-spun yarns were produced. The coefficient of friction between the yarn’s surface and metal’s surface is measured in compliance with ASTM D3108. The outcome of the Taguchi model to predict the coefficient of friction of yarns with a predefined com...

The Use of Stratigraphic Section in Recording Quagmire of Information for the Fluvial Depositional Environment – a Worked Example in District Poonch, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

Pakistan Journal of Geology, 2017

The tape-compass-clinometer method was used in gauging the thickness of stratigraphic units on to... more The tape-compass-clinometer method was used in gauging the thickness of stratigraphic units on topographic bevels by taping the intercepts. The dips of the beds and slope's inclinations were determined. The appropriate formula was used in the thickness estimation. The graphic columnar section was finally compiled on the Sed. Log 3.0 version to display the geology. The worked example includes the measurement of stratigraphic section of rocks in the District Poonch, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. The study was helpful in understanding the fluvial depositional environment of the Nagri Formation in the region and favours meandering and braided fluvial depositional pattern in continental environment.

Biostratigraphy of Early Eocene Margala Hill Limestone in the Muzaffarabad Area (Kashmir Basin, Azad Jammu and Kashmir)

Pakistan Journal of Geology, 2017

The Early Eocene Margalla Hill Limestone is well exposed in core of Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis. A se... more The Early Eocene Margalla Hill Limestone is well exposed in core of Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis. A section at Battlian is measured and sampled for paleontological studies, where its lower contact with Patala Formation and upper contact with Chorgali Formation is transitional and conformable. The total observed thickness is 73 meters and 60 samples were collected from bottom to top at different levels, 50 thin sections were studied. 19 species of larger forams including age diagnostic Nummulites mamillatus, Nummulites atacicus,

Preparation and In-Vitro Assessment of Hierarchal Organized Antibacterial Breath Mask Based on Polyacrylonitrile/Silver (PAN/AgNPs) Nanofiber

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), Jan 25, 2018

In this report, we designed and synthesized polyacrylonitrile/silver (PAN/AgNPs) nanofibers via a... more In this report, we designed and synthesized polyacrylonitrile/silver (PAN/AgNPs) nanofibers via an in-situ method to obtain a washable with high-dispersed silver nanoparticles membrane to form the hierarchically organized antibacterial mask to prevent the two-way effect of bacteria from person to environment and environment to person. For this objective, the electrospun PAN nanofibers were stabilized via the heating method. Different amounts of AgNPs were loaded into the PAN nanofibers by using silver nitrate and sodium hydroxide solutions. The basic results showed that AgNPs was homogenously loaded in PAN nanofiber matrixes. Furthermore, the release profile based on two-stage release theory showed that when the negligible amount of AgNPs was loaded into the nanofibers, the release significantly decreased, whereas antibacterial activity increased. The greatest potential antibacterial activity of the lowest amount of AgNPs showed controllable AgNPs release from PAN nanofibers that ha...