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IMPLEMENTATION OF TANZIMAT REFORM ON HÜKÜMET SANJAKS: THE CASE OF PALU (1845-1852)

Sultanın Yurtluk-Ocaklık ve Hükümet Sancakları, 2024

In the struggle for dominance of the Ottomans with the Safavids in Eastern Anatolia, the tribal b... more In the struggle for dominance of the Ottomans with the
Safavids in Eastern Anatolia, the tribal beys, who generally
ruled in a castle and its vicinity, resulted in the victory of the
Ottomans, and the administration of their homeland, which
they ruled before, was given to these beys as a sanjak. It stands
out as an application that has been frequently discussed in
historiography recently. This practice, which should be handled
by considering its period and conditions, has been included
in Kurdish nationalist historiography with increasing
intensity and the practice has been tried to be carried to the present day. It was a clear historical mistake to use the application
of sanjak assignment by means of ocaklık as a basis
for the use of a certain region (Eastern Anatolia) or certain
segment (Kurds) for autonomy/independence demands.
This historical error is largely based on the assumption that
such sanjaks were applied unchanged from the 19th century,
when they were created, until the Republic. However, as in
many fields such as political, social, economic and administrative,
the application of the sanjak has gradually changed
over time. Therefore, to argue that this administrative structure
has been applied consistently for centuries without undergoing
a fundamental change, based only on the period
in which they were created and by looking at their status in
the provisions of the code of laws, means that history is distorted
for current political debates. There are countless examples
of these being open to the direct intervention of the
state, even when they are not changed.
In our research, we have clearly determined that the application
of sanjak allocation by means ocaklık system was
abandoned over time, the application areas decreased, and
the sanjak preference by yurtluk-ocaklık was almost completely
abandoned until the pre-Tanzimat period, while the
hükümet sanjak system method continued partially.
It is clear that the application of hükümet sanjak allocation,
which reached the pre-Tanzimat period, was discontinued
with the Tanzimat. The methods by which this is done
have been explained in detail with the studies we have done.
For this reason, at the first stage, such sanjaks were transformed
into townships as an administrative unit, and these
sanjak beys were assigned as the district director (müdür).
In the second stage, the assignment of beys to this type of
the district directorship (müdürlük) was terminated, and the
qualifications of beys to be managers of an administrative unit (sanjak/township) were abolished. For those whose managerial
qualifications have disappeared but the right to save
land by means of yurtluk-ocaklık, that is, to collect the revenues
of a certain region, in the third stage, the income they
saved was confiscated by the treasury and a salary was paid
in return.
We think that making different interpretations by ignoring
the developments we have expressed in the study dealing
with the consignment of sanjak and land savings by means
of ocaklık in the Ottomans is a blunder if it is well-intentioned,
and if it is not, it is a mistake in understanding and
telling about history.

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