A tool to harmonise data collection on knowledge, attitude and practices This tool has been prepa... more A tool to harmonise data collection on knowledge, attitude and practices This tool has been prepared with the support of the Livestock Health flagship of the CGIAR research program (CRP) on Livestock and the Improving Human Health flagship of the CRP Agriculture for Nutrition and Health
In Eastern Africa, small-scale pig keeping has emerged as a popular activity to generate addition... more In Eastern Africa, small-scale pig keeping has emerged as a popular activity to generate additional household income. Infections of pigs with gastrointestinal helminths can limit production output, increase production costs, and pose zoonotic risks. A cross-sectional, community-based study in three districts in Eastern and Central Uganda examined the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes and associated risk factors in 932 randomly sampled pigs. Using the combined sedimentation-flotation method, 61.4 % (58.2-64.5 %, 95 % confidence interval [CI]) tested positive for one or more gastrointestinal helminths, namely, strongyles (57.1 %, 95 % CI), Metastrongylus spp. (7.6 %, 95 % CI), Ascaris suum (5.9 %, 95 % CI), Strongyloides ransomi (4.2 %, 95 % CI), and Trichuris suis (3.4 %, 95 % CI). Coccidia oocysts were found in 40.7 % of all pigs sampled (37.5-44.0 %, 95 % CI). Significant differences across the three districts were observed for the presence of A. suum (p < 0.001), Metastrongylus spp. (p = 0.001), S. ransomi (p = 0.002), and coccidia oocysts (p = 0.05). All animals tested negative for Fasciola spp. and Balantidium coli. Thirty-five variables were included in univariable analyses with helminth infection as the outcome of interest. A causal model was generated to identify relationships among the potential predictors, and consequently, seven variables with p ≤ 0.15 were included in a multivariable analysis for helminth infection. The final regression models showed that routine management factors had a greater impact on the prevalence of infection than regular, preventive medical treatment or the level of confinement. Factors that negatively correlated with gastrointestinal infection were the routine removal of manure and litter from pig pens (p ≤ 0.05, odds ratio [OR] = 0.667) and the routine use of disinfectants (p ≤ 0.05, OR = 0.548).
ObjectivesThe degree of One-Healthiness of a system relates to the effectiveness of an institutio... more ObjectivesThe degree of One-Healthiness of a system relates to the effectiveness of an institution to operate within the six main dimensions which identify to what extent it complies with One Health concept. This paper evaluates institutional compliance with One Health concept in 14 institutions from eight African countries.MethodsWe utilised the adapted Network for the Evaluation of One Health (NEOH) tool. The institutions included six national One Health platforms and eight other institutions utilizing One Health approaches. Semi-quantitative evaluation of One Health platforms' competencies in six aspects/dimensions concerning One Health operations and infrastructure: Systems Thinking, Planning, Transdisciplinary working, Sharing, Learning and Systemic Organization, was conducted.ResultsThe evaluation revealed that although all aspects of One Health scored above average, systemic organization and working in One Health were the strongest areas where tremendous gains had been made across the evaluated countries. The aspects of planning, sharing, learning, and thinking should be optimized to achieve gains emanating from One Health approaches in Africa. Cultural and social balance, and integrated health approach were the strongest areas under working and thinking respectively. Thinking was particularly challenged in areas of dimensions coverage and balance, while planning was challenged in the areas of capacity for detection, identification, monitoring of infectious diseases; biosafety and quality management; skills through taught and distance-learning programmes; information and communication technologies to support learning and skills through research apprenticeships.ConclusionWe conclude that although One Health has gained momentum in Africa, there still exists room for improvement. The revealed strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and gaps in One Health implementation provide an opportunity for prioritization and refocusing of efforts and resources to strengthen the identified weak areas.
Revue d'élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux, Sep 9, 2018
Swine erysipelas is an economically significant disease affecting all stages of pork production. ... more Swine erysipelas is an economically significant disease affecting all stages of pork production. The biggest losses may occur in growers-finishers because of sudden death or acute septicemia. Survivors often suffer from chronic lameness, arthritis and endocarditis leading to poor body growth. The causative agent is the ubiquitous bacterium Erysipelothrix (E.) rhusiopathiae, which is also able to enter the skin of people handling infected animals and meat and cause infection. In order to show the presence of E. rhusiopathiae in pigs, serum samples from 426 randomly selected pigs were collected in four subcounties (Bugulumbya, Butansi, Kitayunjwa and Namwendwa) in Kamuli District in Uganda, as part of a multipathogen survey conducted by the International Livestock Research Institute in 2013. Subsequently, 100 samples of fresh pork were collected from all 67-pork slaughterhouses operating in the same subcounties for isolation and bacterial culture. Overall, 308/460 (67%) of the pig sera carried antibodies against E. rhusiopathiae and 45/100 (45%) of the fresh pork samples were contaminated with E. rhusiopathiae. This is the first ever report of E. rhusiopathiae in pigs and pork in Uganda.
Previous research on trichinellosis in Africa focused on isolating Trichinella from wildlife whil... more Previous research on trichinellosis in Africa focused on isolating Trichinella from wildlife while the role of domestic pigs has remained highly under-researched. Pig keeping in Uganda is historically recent, and evidence on zoonotic pig diseases, including infection with Trichinella species, is scarce. A cross-sectional survey on Trichinella seroprevalence in pigs was conducted in three districts in Central and Eastern Uganda from April 2013 to January 2015. Serum from a random sample of 1125 pigs from 22 villages in Eastern and Central Uganda was examined to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) against any Trichinella spp. using a commercially available ELISA based on excretory-secretory antigen. ELISA positive samples were confirmed using Western Blot based on somatic antigen of Trichinella spiralis as recommended in previous validation studies. Diaphragm pillar muscle samples (at least 5 g each) of 499 pigs from areas with high ELISA positivity were examined using the artificial digestion method. Overall, 78 of all 1125 animals (6.9%, 95% CI: 5.6-8.6%) tested positive for antibodies against Trichinella spp. in the ELISA at significantly higher levels in Kamuli district compared to Masaka and Mukono districts. Thirty-one percent of the ELISA positive samples were confirmed IgG positive by the Western Blot leading to an overall seroprevalence of 2.1% (95% CI: 1.4-3.2%). The large proportion of ELISA positive samples that could not be confirmed using Western blot may be the result of cross-reactivity with other gastrointestinal helminth infections or unknown host-specific immune response mechanisms in local pig breeds in Uganda. Attempts to isolate muscle larvae for species determination using the artificial digestion method were unsuccessful. Due to the large number of muscle samples examined we are confident that even if pigs are infected, the larval burden in pork is too low to pose a major risk to consumers of developing trichinellosis. This was the first large systematic field investigation of Trichinella infection in domestic pigs in Uganda PLOS ONE |
Introduction“What people worry about, and what makes them sick and kills them, are not the same” ... more Introduction“What people worry about, and what makes them sick and kills them, are not the same” is maxim for risk communication experts. In Burkina Faso, pesticides are used by vegetable producers to improve productivity. However, consumer concern over pesticide use is high. Of course, if over-used pesticides could have serious health consequences for producers and consumers and also cause ecological damage.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted to detect and quantify the levels of residues of pesticides in tomatoes sold in urban markets of Ouagadougou. Two samples were collected from each vendor (n = 328 vendors) making a total of 656 tomato samples from 26 markets. Samples were subjected to High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for detection and quantification of six pesticide residues commonly used in West Africa including acetamiprid, chlorpyrifos, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and permethrin.ResultsOverall, 62.2% of tom...
Vaccination is considered as the main tool for the Global Control and Eradication Strategy for pe... more Vaccination is considered as the main tool for the Global Control and Eradication Strategy for peste des petits ruminants (PPR), and the efficacity of the PPR-vaccine in conferring long-life immunity has been established. Despite this, previous studies asserted that vaccination can be expensive and consequently, the effectiveness of disease control may not necessarily translate to overall profit for farmers. Also, the consequences of PPR control on socioeconomic indicators like food and nutrition security at a macro-national level have not been explored thoroughly. Therefore, this study seeks to assess ex-ante the impact of PPR control strategies on farm-level profitability and the socioeconomic consequences concerning food and nutrition security at a national level in Senegal. A bi-level system dynamics model, compartmentalised into five modules consisting of integrated production-epidemiological, economics, disease control, marketing, and policy modules, was developed with the STE...
BackgroundFoodborne disease (FBD) affects millions of people each year, posing a health burden si... more BackgroundFoodborne disease (FBD) affects millions of people each year, posing a health burden similar to malaria, tuberculosis or HIV. A recent World Bank study estimated the productivity losses alone attributed to unsafe food within Africa at $20 billion in 2016, and the cost of treating these illnesses at an additional $3.5 billion. Ethiopia faces multiple food safety challenges due to lack of infrastructure and basic pre-requisites for food safety such as clean water and environment, washing facilities, compounded by limited implementation of food safety regulations, and a lack of incentives for producers to improve food safety. A consolidation of our understanding and evidence of the source, nature and scale of FBD in Ethiopia is needed to inform policy and future research. We performed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of publications on FBD occurrence in Ethiopia including hazard presence and impact.MethodThe SLR followed Cochrane and PRISMA guidelines. We searched PubMed ...
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal disease of pigs. It is a threat to the pig industry a... more African swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal disease of pigs. It is a threat to the pig industry as it lowers production and significantly impacts on livelihoods. ASF has no cure and a vaccine against it is yet to be developed. Outbreaks continue to be reported in Africa and Asia, where the setting of the pig value chain (farm, market, and slaughter practices) coupled with the risky behaviors of actors, contribute to persistence of the virus in pig populations. The role of these factors in the epidemiology of the disease is reviewed with a focus on smallholder pig systems in Africa. Biosecurity at the farm level is particularly emphasized, and factors influencing its adoption highlighted. Socio-cultural factors and weaknesses at the disease control policy level are critical and should not be ignored. Gender and equity are important aspects and ought to be considered in discussions to improve the sector. The findings are expected to define priorities for interventions to improve pig p...
A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify factors for infections of pigs with key respira... more A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify factors for infections of pigs with key respiratory pathogens: porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PPRSv), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) and gastro-intestinal (GIT) parasites in Uganda. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on management practices associated with infections. Ninety (90) farms and 259 pigs were sampled. Sera were screened against 4 pathogens using commercial ELISA tests. The Baerman’s method was used to identify parasite species in faecal samples. Logistic regression was done to identify risk factors for infections. Cluster analysis was done using a hierarchical K-means partitioning algorithm. Results showed individual animal seroprevalence of PCV2 was 6.9% (95% CI 3.7–11.1), PRRSv 13.8% (95% CI 8.8–19.6), M. hyo 6.4% (95% CI 3.5–10.5) and App 30.4% (95% CI 24.8–36.5). The prevalences of Ascaris spp was 12.7% (9...
Every year the government organizes country-wide vaccination campaigns targeting peste des petits... more Every year the government organizes country-wide vaccination campaigns targeting peste des petits ruminants (PPR) for small ruminants (sheep and goats). Despite the heavy investment in vaccination, no study has either rigorously estimated or described the cost of vaccine delivery. This study aimed to fill this gap by assessing and describing the cost of delivery of vaccines against PPR using the 2020 vaccination campaign data. The microcosting approach based on the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines to construct comprehensive multiyear plans (cMYP) for human immunization programs was used. The cost data is presented for the public and private vaccine delivery channels separately and analyzed using three approaches considering activity lines, inputs, and nature of cost (fixed versus variable). Results show that the unit cost of vaccinating a sheep or goat is estimated at XOF 169 (USD 0.3) and XOF 103 (USD 0.18) through the public and private channels, respectively. Using the ...
The impact of the International Livestock Research Institute, 2020
Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) are highly contagious epidemics with the potential for very ... more Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) are highly contagious epidemics with the potential for very rapid spread, causing serious economic and sometimes public health consequences while threatening farmers' livelihoods. TADs often cause high morbidity and mortality in susceptible animal populations. Some TADs are also emerging infectious diseases, food-borne diseases and/or zoonoses: these are covered in other chapters. This chapter covers those high-impact, highly contagious animal diseases, such as foot-andmouth disease (FMD), that do not infect humans but do affect food and nutrition security and trade that the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) has been working on since the 1990s. These are: African swine fever (ASF), mycoplasma disease (both contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP)), peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and Newcastle disease (ND). Other TADs, which were to a lesser degree the focus of ILRI research, are ...
The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) works to improve food security and reduce p... more The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) works to improve food security and reduce poverty in developing countries through research for better and more sustainable use of livestock. ILRI is a member of the CGIAR Consortium, a global research partnership of 15 centres working with many partners for a food-secure future. ILRI has two main campuses in East Africa and other hubs in East, West and Southern Africa and South, Southeast and East Asia. ilri.org
Michel Dione†∗, Robert Ochago , Emily Ouma‡, Peter Lule‡, Mary Jo Kakinda◦, Robinah Nyapendi◦, Ro... more Michel Dione†∗, Robert Ochago , Emily Ouma‡, Peter Lule‡, Mary Jo Kakinda◦, Robinah Nyapendi◦, Rosemirta Birungi‡ & Rhiannon Pyburn§ †International Livestock Research Institute, c/o AfricaRice, B.P. 24265, Ouakam, Dakar, Senegal. Makerere University, School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Extension and Innovation Studies, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. ? Wageningen University & Research, Social Sciences Group, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen, The Netherlands. ‡International Livestock Research Institute, c/o Bioversity International, P.O. Box 24384, Kampala, Uganda. ◦ Independent consultant, Kampala, Uganda. § KIT Royal Tropical Institute, Mauritskade 63, 1092 AD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Conclusions and Recommendations 2 Smallholder pig value chains in Uganda: An introduction 2.1 Pig... more Conclusions and Recommendations 2 Smallholder pig value chains in Uganda: An introduction 2.1 Pig production demographics 2.2 Importance of pig keeping 2.3 Pig population density and geographic distribution 2.4 Pig production systems 2.4.1 Pig production types 2.4.2 Pig Keeping systems 2.4.3 Pig husbandry practices 2.4.4 Pig disease burden 2.4.5 Animal health service suppliers 2.5 Marketing and value chain governance 2.6 Animal health service delivery and extension services 2.7 Gender and pig production 2.8 Pig slaughter and pork consumption 2.9 Pig value chain's constraints 2.9.1 Production level 2.9.2 Health input supply level 2.9.3 Trading/Marketing 2.9.4 Quality control 2.9.5 Policy 3 Porcine cysticercosis in Uganda: Background and status 3.1 Prevalence and risk factors of porcine cysticercosis in Uganda 3.2 Human health perspectives on porcine cysticercosis 3.3 Control measures for porcine cysticercosis 9 Discussion 9.1 Methods to support adoption of the TSOL18 vaccine-oxfendazole combination 9.1.1 Willingness to pay 9.1.2 Product distribution 9.1.3 Cost of the product 6 9.1.4 Formulation of the vaccine 9.1.5 Public or private good? 9.2 Roles of sensitisation in the uptake of the product 9.3 Actors' roles in creating a cost-effective, sustainable process 10 Recommendations 10.1 Marketing the vaccine as a private or public good 10.2 Marketing opportunities and barriers 10.2.1 Market entry points 10.2.2 Barriers to market entry 10.3 Sensitisation approaches and materials needed 10.4 Key opportunities and challenges 10.5 Key interventions to improve livelihoods for resource-limited stakeholders 10.6 Relevant policy issues that enhance or hamper TSOL18 vaccine delivery Annex 1: Distribution of 90% of the pig population per district Annex 2: Prevalence studies on porcine cysticercosis in Uganda Annex 3: Cards with pictorial profiles describing the differences in traits and the levels to demonstrate each choice set to survey respondents-pig farmers Annex 4: Questionnaire covered socioeconomic aspects such as location of the farm and other household and farm level characteristics Annex 5: Questionnaire on pig farmer's willingness to pay for porcine cysticercosis vaccine (TSOL 18 vaccine-oxfendazole) Annex 6: Questionnaire on Uganda pig traders willingness to pay for porcine cysticercosis vaccinated pigs Annex 7: Guideline for Focus Group Discussion on Uganda consumers' perceptions on animal source foods safety Annex 8: Guideline for Focus Group Discussion on Uganda pork consumers' perceptions on pork safety, with a focus on porcine cysticercosis-free pork Annex 9: Questionnaire for animal health service providers on pig farmer use of wormers and willingness to sell TSOL 18 and oxfendazole Annex 10: Tool for product profiling (TSOL 18 vaccine and oxfendazole 10% (PARANTHIC) Annex 11: Tool for key informant interviews with veterinary drug and vaccine importers in Uganda Annex 12: Guideline for stakeholder discussion on recommendations on the potential for large scale sustainable private sector distribution mechanisms of TSOL 18 vaccines in Uganda. Annex 13: Study consent forms Annex 14: Images and photos References • For the TSOL18 vaccine-oxfendazole combination to be competitive (if viewed simply as a de-wormer), it should be priced between US$1.62 and US$6.11, per the drug stockist scoping study. • Even though oxfendazole is comparatively expensive, there is an opportunity for it to capture some market share because it is a broad-spectrum de-wormer on top of being effective against porcine cysticercosis. However, the fact that the vaccine and de-wormers are not packaged together makes the combination unattractive to distributors because of anticipated challenges in acquiring both products at the same time when needed. Conclusions and Recommendations Insights from the market scoping study shows that obtaining a premium price for immunized pigs is a strong incentive for farmers to vaccinate pigs for porcine cysticercosis. Additionally, the demonstrated preference for the TSOL18 vaccine with low administration costs (US$0.90 per pig) underscores a communal approach and preference for a one-dose TSOL18 vaccine. However, quality assurance is a concern for pig farmers, as expressed in their preference for a viability detector; the product manufacturer should take this into account. The TSOL18 vaccine-oxfendazole combination as presented is less likely to succeed as a private good. In addition, there is need for mass sensitisation about the control of T. solium cysticerciosis amongst stakeholders at all levels (including veterinarians, farmers, traders, butchers, consumers, animal health service providers, and policymakers). Necessary accompanying intervention measures along the value chain would include: Animal health service providers: They are the major source of information for farmers. So, they represent an important channel for information dissemination to farmers. During awareness campaigns, the animal health service providers should be involved. They should also be trained in disease recognition and management of carcasses that are affected. Farmers: The product packaging and cost of the TSOL18 vaccine-oxfendazole combination should be addressed so that farmers can easily purchase it. Farmers should be sensitised about the effects of the disease on pigs and its public health importance.
Background A cross-sectional study of slaughtered pigs was conducted in Lira district, Uganda, to... more Background A cross-sectional study of slaughtered pigs was conducted in Lira district, Uganda, to (1) determine the prevalence and severity of pneumonia and (2) establish relationships between pneumonia types and the serological status for key respiratory pathogens. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), sera were screened for antibodies against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Postmortem, lungs were grossly scored for pneumonia types and pneumonic lesions. Pneumonia types were characterized as catarrhal purulent bronchopneumonia (CPBP), pleuropneumonia (PLP) and pleuritis. The percent of lung surface affected by pneumonia was determined by estimating the affected surface area of each lung lobe. Each lobe was assigned scores based on the approximate volume represented and the total percentage of lung surface affected obtained as a sum...
Over the last two decades, the pig population in Africa has grown rapidly, reflecting the increas... more Over the last two decades, the pig population in Africa has grown rapidly, reflecting the increased adoption of pig production as an important economic activity. Of all species, pigs are likely to constitute a greater share of the growth in the livestock subsector. However, constraints such as respiratory infectious diseases cause significant economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Compared to industrialized countries, the occurrence and impacts of respiratory diseases on pig production in Africa is under-documented. Hence, knowledge on prevalence and incidence of economically important swine respiratory pathogens in pigs in Africa is necessary to guide interventions for prevention and control. The purpose of this review was to document the current status of research on five important respiratory pathogens of swine in Africa to inform future research and interventions. The pathogens included were porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PPRSv), porcine circovirus ...
A tool to harmonise data collection on knowledge, attitude and practices This tool has been prepa... more A tool to harmonise data collection on knowledge, attitude and practices This tool has been prepared with the support of the Livestock Health flagship of the CGIAR research program (CRP) on Livestock and the Improving Human Health flagship of the CRP Agriculture for Nutrition and Health
In Eastern Africa, small-scale pig keeping has emerged as a popular activity to generate addition... more In Eastern Africa, small-scale pig keeping has emerged as a popular activity to generate additional household income. Infections of pigs with gastrointestinal helminths can limit production output, increase production costs, and pose zoonotic risks. A cross-sectional, community-based study in three districts in Eastern and Central Uganda examined the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes and associated risk factors in 932 randomly sampled pigs. Using the combined sedimentation-flotation method, 61.4 % (58.2-64.5 %, 95 % confidence interval [CI]) tested positive for one or more gastrointestinal helminths, namely, strongyles (57.1 %, 95 % CI), Metastrongylus spp. (7.6 %, 95 % CI), Ascaris suum (5.9 %, 95 % CI), Strongyloides ransomi (4.2 %, 95 % CI), and Trichuris suis (3.4 %, 95 % CI). Coccidia oocysts were found in 40.7 % of all pigs sampled (37.5-44.0 %, 95 % CI). Significant differences across the three districts were observed for the presence of A. suum (p < 0.001), Metastrongylus spp. (p = 0.001), S. ransomi (p = 0.002), and coccidia oocysts (p = 0.05). All animals tested negative for Fasciola spp. and Balantidium coli. Thirty-five variables were included in univariable analyses with helminth infection as the outcome of interest. A causal model was generated to identify relationships among the potential predictors, and consequently, seven variables with p ≤ 0.15 were included in a multivariable analysis for helminth infection. The final regression models showed that routine management factors had a greater impact on the prevalence of infection than regular, preventive medical treatment or the level of confinement. Factors that negatively correlated with gastrointestinal infection were the routine removal of manure and litter from pig pens (p ≤ 0.05, odds ratio [OR] = 0.667) and the routine use of disinfectants (p ≤ 0.05, OR = 0.548).
ObjectivesThe degree of One-Healthiness of a system relates to the effectiveness of an institutio... more ObjectivesThe degree of One-Healthiness of a system relates to the effectiveness of an institution to operate within the six main dimensions which identify to what extent it complies with One Health concept. This paper evaluates institutional compliance with One Health concept in 14 institutions from eight African countries.MethodsWe utilised the adapted Network for the Evaluation of One Health (NEOH) tool. The institutions included six national One Health platforms and eight other institutions utilizing One Health approaches. Semi-quantitative evaluation of One Health platforms' competencies in six aspects/dimensions concerning One Health operations and infrastructure: Systems Thinking, Planning, Transdisciplinary working, Sharing, Learning and Systemic Organization, was conducted.ResultsThe evaluation revealed that although all aspects of One Health scored above average, systemic organization and working in One Health were the strongest areas where tremendous gains had been made across the evaluated countries. The aspects of planning, sharing, learning, and thinking should be optimized to achieve gains emanating from One Health approaches in Africa. Cultural and social balance, and integrated health approach were the strongest areas under working and thinking respectively. Thinking was particularly challenged in areas of dimensions coverage and balance, while planning was challenged in the areas of capacity for detection, identification, monitoring of infectious diseases; biosafety and quality management; skills through taught and distance-learning programmes; information and communication technologies to support learning and skills through research apprenticeships.ConclusionWe conclude that although One Health has gained momentum in Africa, there still exists room for improvement. The revealed strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and gaps in One Health implementation provide an opportunity for prioritization and refocusing of efforts and resources to strengthen the identified weak areas.
Revue d'élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux, Sep 9, 2018
Swine erysipelas is an economically significant disease affecting all stages of pork production. ... more Swine erysipelas is an economically significant disease affecting all stages of pork production. The biggest losses may occur in growers-finishers because of sudden death or acute septicemia. Survivors often suffer from chronic lameness, arthritis and endocarditis leading to poor body growth. The causative agent is the ubiquitous bacterium Erysipelothrix (E.) rhusiopathiae, which is also able to enter the skin of people handling infected animals and meat and cause infection. In order to show the presence of E. rhusiopathiae in pigs, serum samples from 426 randomly selected pigs were collected in four subcounties (Bugulumbya, Butansi, Kitayunjwa and Namwendwa) in Kamuli District in Uganda, as part of a multipathogen survey conducted by the International Livestock Research Institute in 2013. Subsequently, 100 samples of fresh pork were collected from all 67-pork slaughterhouses operating in the same subcounties for isolation and bacterial culture. Overall, 308/460 (67%) of the pig sera carried antibodies against E. rhusiopathiae and 45/100 (45%) of the fresh pork samples were contaminated with E. rhusiopathiae. This is the first ever report of E. rhusiopathiae in pigs and pork in Uganda.
Previous research on trichinellosis in Africa focused on isolating Trichinella from wildlife whil... more Previous research on trichinellosis in Africa focused on isolating Trichinella from wildlife while the role of domestic pigs has remained highly under-researched. Pig keeping in Uganda is historically recent, and evidence on zoonotic pig diseases, including infection with Trichinella species, is scarce. A cross-sectional survey on Trichinella seroprevalence in pigs was conducted in three districts in Central and Eastern Uganda from April 2013 to January 2015. Serum from a random sample of 1125 pigs from 22 villages in Eastern and Central Uganda was examined to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) against any Trichinella spp. using a commercially available ELISA based on excretory-secretory antigen. ELISA positive samples were confirmed using Western Blot based on somatic antigen of Trichinella spiralis as recommended in previous validation studies. Diaphragm pillar muscle samples (at least 5 g each) of 499 pigs from areas with high ELISA positivity were examined using the artificial digestion method. Overall, 78 of all 1125 animals (6.9%, 95% CI: 5.6-8.6%) tested positive for antibodies against Trichinella spp. in the ELISA at significantly higher levels in Kamuli district compared to Masaka and Mukono districts. Thirty-one percent of the ELISA positive samples were confirmed IgG positive by the Western Blot leading to an overall seroprevalence of 2.1% (95% CI: 1.4-3.2%). The large proportion of ELISA positive samples that could not be confirmed using Western blot may be the result of cross-reactivity with other gastrointestinal helminth infections or unknown host-specific immune response mechanisms in local pig breeds in Uganda. Attempts to isolate muscle larvae for species determination using the artificial digestion method were unsuccessful. Due to the large number of muscle samples examined we are confident that even if pigs are infected, the larval burden in pork is too low to pose a major risk to consumers of developing trichinellosis. This was the first large systematic field investigation of Trichinella infection in domestic pigs in Uganda PLOS ONE |
Introduction“What people worry about, and what makes them sick and kills them, are not the same” ... more Introduction“What people worry about, and what makes them sick and kills them, are not the same” is maxim for risk communication experts. In Burkina Faso, pesticides are used by vegetable producers to improve productivity. However, consumer concern over pesticide use is high. Of course, if over-used pesticides could have serious health consequences for producers and consumers and also cause ecological damage.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted to detect and quantify the levels of residues of pesticides in tomatoes sold in urban markets of Ouagadougou. Two samples were collected from each vendor (n = 328 vendors) making a total of 656 tomato samples from 26 markets. Samples were subjected to High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for detection and quantification of six pesticide residues commonly used in West Africa including acetamiprid, chlorpyrifos, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and permethrin.ResultsOverall, 62.2% of tom...
Vaccination is considered as the main tool for the Global Control and Eradication Strategy for pe... more Vaccination is considered as the main tool for the Global Control and Eradication Strategy for peste des petits ruminants (PPR), and the efficacity of the PPR-vaccine in conferring long-life immunity has been established. Despite this, previous studies asserted that vaccination can be expensive and consequently, the effectiveness of disease control may not necessarily translate to overall profit for farmers. Also, the consequences of PPR control on socioeconomic indicators like food and nutrition security at a macro-national level have not been explored thoroughly. Therefore, this study seeks to assess ex-ante the impact of PPR control strategies on farm-level profitability and the socioeconomic consequences concerning food and nutrition security at a national level in Senegal. A bi-level system dynamics model, compartmentalised into five modules consisting of integrated production-epidemiological, economics, disease control, marketing, and policy modules, was developed with the STE...
BackgroundFoodborne disease (FBD) affects millions of people each year, posing a health burden si... more BackgroundFoodborne disease (FBD) affects millions of people each year, posing a health burden similar to malaria, tuberculosis or HIV. A recent World Bank study estimated the productivity losses alone attributed to unsafe food within Africa at $20 billion in 2016, and the cost of treating these illnesses at an additional $3.5 billion. Ethiopia faces multiple food safety challenges due to lack of infrastructure and basic pre-requisites for food safety such as clean water and environment, washing facilities, compounded by limited implementation of food safety regulations, and a lack of incentives for producers to improve food safety. A consolidation of our understanding and evidence of the source, nature and scale of FBD in Ethiopia is needed to inform policy and future research. We performed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of publications on FBD occurrence in Ethiopia including hazard presence and impact.MethodThe SLR followed Cochrane and PRISMA guidelines. We searched PubMed ...
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal disease of pigs. It is a threat to the pig industry a... more African swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal disease of pigs. It is a threat to the pig industry as it lowers production and significantly impacts on livelihoods. ASF has no cure and a vaccine against it is yet to be developed. Outbreaks continue to be reported in Africa and Asia, where the setting of the pig value chain (farm, market, and slaughter practices) coupled with the risky behaviors of actors, contribute to persistence of the virus in pig populations. The role of these factors in the epidemiology of the disease is reviewed with a focus on smallholder pig systems in Africa. Biosecurity at the farm level is particularly emphasized, and factors influencing its adoption highlighted. Socio-cultural factors and weaknesses at the disease control policy level are critical and should not be ignored. Gender and equity are important aspects and ought to be considered in discussions to improve the sector. The findings are expected to define priorities for interventions to improve pig p...
A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify factors for infections of pigs with key respira... more A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify factors for infections of pigs with key respiratory pathogens: porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PPRSv), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) and gastro-intestinal (GIT) parasites in Uganda. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on management practices associated with infections. Ninety (90) farms and 259 pigs were sampled. Sera were screened against 4 pathogens using commercial ELISA tests. The Baerman’s method was used to identify parasite species in faecal samples. Logistic regression was done to identify risk factors for infections. Cluster analysis was done using a hierarchical K-means partitioning algorithm. Results showed individual animal seroprevalence of PCV2 was 6.9% (95% CI 3.7–11.1), PRRSv 13.8% (95% CI 8.8–19.6), M. hyo 6.4% (95% CI 3.5–10.5) and App 30.4% (95% CI 24.8–36.5). The prevalences of Ascaris spp was 12.7% (9...
Every year the government organizes country-wide vaccination campaigns targeting peste des petits... more Every year the government organizes country-wide vaccination campaigns targeting peste des petits ruminants (PPR) for small ruminants (sheep and goats). Despite the heavy investment in vaccination, no study has either rigorously estimated or described the cost of vaccine delivery. This study aimed to fill this gap by assessing and describing the cost of delivery of vaccines against PPR using the 2020 vaccination campaign data. The microcosting approach based on the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines to construct comprehensive multiyear plans (cMYP) for human immunization programs was used. The cost data is presented for the public and private vaccine delivery channels separately and analyzed using three approaches considering activity lines, inputs, and nature of cost (fixed versus variable). Results show that the unit cost of vaccinating a sheep or goat is estimated at XOF 169 (USD 0.3) and XOF 103 (USD 0.18) through the public and private channels, respectively. Using the ...
The impact of the International Livestock Research Institute, 2020
Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) are highly contagious epidemics with the potential for very ... more Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) are highly contagious epidemics with the potential for very rapid spread, causing serious economic and sometimes public health consequences while threatening farmers' livelihoods. TADs often cause high morbidity and mortality in susceptible animal populations. Some TADs are also emerging infectious diseases, food-borne diseases and/or zoonoses: these are covered in other chapters. This chapter covers those high-impact, highly contagious animal diseases, such as foot-andmouth disease (FMD), that do not infect humans but do affect food and nutrition security and trade that the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) has been working on since the 1990s. These are: African swine fever (ASF), mycoplasma disease (both contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP)), peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and Newcastle disease (ND). Other TADs, which were to a lesser degree the focus of ILRI research, are ...
The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) works to improve food security and reduce p... more The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) works to improve food security and reduce poverty in developing countries through research for better and more sustainable use of livestock. ILRI is a member of the CGIAR Consortium, a global research partnership of 15 centres working with many partners for a food-secure future. ILRI has two main campuses in East Africa and other hubs in East, West and Southern Africa and South, Southeast and East Asia. ilri.org
Michel Dione†∗, Robert Ochago , Emily Ouma‡, Peter Lule‡, Mary Jo Kakinda◦, Robinah Nyapendi◦, Ro... more Michel Dione†∗, Robert Ochago , Emily Ouma‡, Peter Lule‡, Mary Jo Kakinda◦, Robinah Nyapendi◦, Rosemirta Birungi‡ & Rhiannon Pyburn§ †International Livestock Research Institute, c/o AfricaRice, B.P. 24265, Ouakam, Dakar, Senegal. Makerere University, School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Extension and Innovation Studies, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. ? Wageningen University & Research, Social Sciences Group, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen, The Netherlands. ‡International Livestock Research Institute, c/o Bioversity International, P.O. Box 24384, Kampala, Uganda. ◦ Independent consultant, Kampala, Uganda. § KIT Royal Tropical Institute, Mauritskade 63, 1092 AD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Conclusions and Recommendations 2 Smallholder pig value chains in Uganda: An introduction 2.1 Pig... more Conclusions and Recommendations 2 Smallholder pig value chains in Uganda: An introduction 2.1 Pig production demographics 2.2 Importance of pig keeping 2.3 Pig population density and geographic distribution 2.4 Pig production systems 2.4.1 Pig production types 2.4.2 Pig Keeping systems 2.4.3 Pig husbandry practices 2.4.4 Pig disease burden 2.4.5 Animal health service suppliers 2.5 Marketing and value chain governance 2.6 Animal health service delivery and extension services 2.7 Gender and pig production 2.8 Pig slaughter and pork consumption 2.9 Pig value chain's constraints 2.9.1 Production level 2.9.2 Health input supply level 2.9.3 Trading/Marketing 2.9.4 Quality control 2.9.5 Policy 3 Porcine cysticercosis in Uganda: Background and status 3.1 Prevalence and risk factors of porcine cysticercosis in Uganda 3.2 Human health perspectives on porcine cysticercosis 3.3 Control measures for porcine cysticercosis 9 Discussion 9.1 Methods to support adoption of the TSOL18 vaccine-oxfendazole combination 9.1.1 Willingness to pay 9.1.2 Product distribution 9.1.3 Cost of the product 6 9.1.4 Formulation of the vaccine 9.1.5 Public or private good? 9.2 Roles of sensitisation in the uptake of the product 9.3 Actors' roles in creating a cost-effective, sustainable process 10 Recommendations 10.1 Marketing the vaccine as a private or public good 10.2 Marketing opportunities and barriers 10.2.1 Market entry points 10.2.2 Barriers to market entry 10.3 Sensitisation approaches and materials needed 10.4 Key opportunities and challenges 10.5 Key interventions to improve livelihoods for resource-limited stakeholders 10.6 Relevant policy issues that enhance or hamper TSOL18 vaccine delivery Annex 1: Distribution of 90% of the pig population per district Annex 2: Prevalence studies on porcine cysticercosis in Uganda Annex 3: Cards with pictorial profiles describing the differences in traits and the levels to demonstrate each choice set to survey respondents-pig farmers Annex 4: Questionnaire covered socioeconomic aspects such as location of the farm and other household and farm level characteristics Annex 5: Questionnaire on pig farmer's willingness to pay for porcine cysticercosis vaccine (TSOL 18 vaccine-oxfendazole) Annex 6: Questionnaire on Uganda pig traders willingness to pay for porcine cysticercosis vaccinated pigs Annex 7: Guideline for Focus Group Discussion on Uganda consumers' perceptions on animal source foods safety Annex 8: Guideline for Focus Group Discussion on Uganda pork consumers' perceptions on pork safety, with a focus on porcine cysticercosis-free pork Annex 9: Questionnaire for animal health service providers on pig farmer use of wormers and willingness to sell TSOL 18 and oxfendazole Annex 10: Tool for product profiling (TSOL 18 vaccine and oxfendazole 10% (PARANTHIC) Annex 11: Tool for key informant interviews with veterinary drug and vaccine importers in Uganda Annex 12: Guideline for stakeholder discussion on recommendations on the potential for large scale sustainable private sector distribution mechanisms of TSOL 18 vaccines in Uganda. Annex 13: Study consent forms Annex 14: Images and photos References • For the TSOL18 vaccine-oxfendazole combination to be competitive (if viewed simply as a de-wormer), it should be priced between US$1.62 and US$6.11, per the drug stockist scoping study. • Even though oxfendazole is comparatively expensive, there is an opportunity for it to capture some market share because it is a broad-spectrum de-wormer on top of being effective against porcine cysticercosis. However, the fact that the vaccine and de-wormers are not packaged together makes the combination unattractive to distributors because of anticipated challenges in acquiring both products at the same time when needed. Conclusions and Recommendations Insights from the market scoping study shows that obtaining a premium price for immunized pigs is a strong incentive for farmers to vaccinate pigs for porcine cysticercosis. Additionally, the demonstrated preference for the TSOL18 vaccine with low administration costs (US$0.90 per pig) underscores a communal approach and preference for a one-dose TSOL18 vaccine. However, quality assurance is a concern for pig farmers, as expressed in their preference for a viability detector; the product manufacturer should take this into account. The TSOL18 vaccine-oxfendazole combination as presented is less likely to succeed as a private good. In addition, there is need for mass sensitisation about the control of T. solium cysticerciosis amongst stakeholders at all levels (including veterinarians, farmers, traders, butchers, consumers, animal health service providers, and policymakers). Necessary accompanying intervention measures along the value chain would include: Animal health service providers: They are the major source of information for farmers. So, they represent an important channel for information dissemination to farmers. During awareness campaigns, the animal health service providers should be involved. They should also be trained in disease recognition and management of carcasses that are affected. Farmers: The product packaging and cost of the TSOL18 vaccine-oxfendazole combination should be addressed so that farmers can easily purchase it. Farmers should be sensitised about the effects of the disease on pigs and its public health importance.
Background A cross-sectional study of slaughtered pigs was conducted in Lira district, Uganda, to... more Background A cross-sectional study of slaughtered pigs was conducted in Lira district, Uganda, to (1) determine the prevalence and severity of pneumonia and (2) establish relationships between pneumonia types and the serological status for key respiratory pathogens. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), sera were screened for antibodies against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Postmortem, lungs were grossly scored for pneumonia types and pneumonic lesions. Pneumonia types were characterized as catarrhal purulent bronchopneumonia (CPBP), pleuropneumonia (PLP) and pleuritis. The percent of lung surface affected by pneumonia was determined by estimating the affected surface area of each lung lobe. Each lobe was assigned scores based on the approximate volume represented and the total percentage of lung surface affected obtained as a sum...
Over the last two decades, the pig population in Africa has grown rapidly, reflecting the increas... more Over the last two decades, the pig population in Africa has grown rapidly, reflecting the increased adoption of pig production as an important economic activity. Of all species, pigs are likely to constitute a greater share of the growth in the livestock subsector. However, constraints such as respiratory infectious diseases cause significant economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Compared to industrialized countries, the occurrence and impacts of respiratory diseases on pig production in Africa is under-documented. Hence, knowledge on prevalence and incidence of economically important swine respiratory pathogens in pigs in Africa is necessary to guide interventions for prevention and control. The purpose of this review was to document the current status of research on five important respiratory pathogens of swine in Africa to inform future research and interventions. The pathogens included were porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PPRSv), porcine circovirus ...
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