Faculty of Law

The civil partnership is not a new legal institution in Hungary, but the regulation of it is quite modern. The marriage is the traditional form of relationships, but nowadays people do not need the traditional alternatives while working up their emotional-economical community anymore, they try to find other solutions. The regulation system of the civil partnership was always a little bit complicated in Hungary, so in my study I would like to introduce the most important characteristic of this system and call your attention to some current problematic points. The civil partnership was part of the Roman Law, "Concubinatus" was the form of not married relationships and connect to that, it exist the rights of illegitimate child. Later emperor Augustus oblige the people that they must live in marriage relation in lex Iulia de maritandis ordinibus and in lex Papia Poppaea, so concubinatus became immoral and illegal. [1] The rules of Roman Law had huge effect in the Middle Ages too, but another factor became important for the people, and that was the religion. The rules of religion dominated in the rules of law too, so the traditional way, the marriage became the only one relationship form. For a long time the marriage was the only option for the couples to live together, and we can found the first sign of other relationships form just in 1946. In Act XXIX. of 1946 the legislator declared, that a child-who was born from a not-married relationshiphas equal rights as a child from marriage. I think this is the first sign of the civil partner's legal acknowledgement in Hungary. In 1977 the legislator modified the Act IV of 1959 (previous Hungarian Civil Code), and the civil partners had some legal protection. It was an interesting situation, because the orders of civil partnershipboth two sentencesbelonged to contract law. In the draft of Act V of 2013 (current Hungarian Civil Code) the legislator wanted to plant the rules of civil partnership in the family law, but despite that the result became a divided regulation. Some orders you can find in family law and some are in the contract law. The explanation was simple, if the couple's civil partnership existed for at least one year and it produced a child, it needs more protection, so they belong under the effect of contract law and family law. But the other couplese.g. who have not a child-are under the effect of contract law. The maintenance obligations and the right of tenancy are found in family law book, the termination, the property questions and the contractual arrangement of the right of tenancy are found in contract law. In this study I would like to introduce some problematic points of the civil partner's property relation.

A tanulmány lényege az EFOP-3.6.1-16-2016-00011 azonosító számú, „Fiatalodó és megújuló Egyetem Innovatív Tudásváros, A Miskolci Egyetem intelligens szakosodást szolgáló intézményfejlesztése” elnevezésű projektben végzett egyéni kutatómunka összefoglalása. Ahogy az a tanulmány címéből is látható, interdiszciplináris megközelítésből került elemzésre a családi kapcsolatok jogi szabályozásának rendszere, előtérbe helyezve a gazdaságban és a társadalomban végbemenő innovációs folyamatok leképződését és hatásait.

A gazdasági válság rámutatott arra, hogy az európai bankok problémája az, hogy a felügyelet nem figyelmeztette a bankokat az esetleges pénzügyi következményekkel, krízisekkel kapcsolatban. Az EU pénzügyi felügyeleti struktúrája két csoportra osztható, egyrészt lehet makroprudenciális, illetve mikroprudenciális. A makroprudenciális felügyelet élén az Európai Rendszerkockázati Tanács áll (ERKT-ESRB), ez az ami figyelemmel kíséri, illetve értékeli a makrogazdaság és a pénzügyi rendszer alakulásából lévő pénzügyi stabilitási kockázatokat, figyelmeztet a kockázatokról, és ha szükséges, akkor ajánlatokat tesz a kockázatok kezelésére, kiküszöbölésére. A mikroprudenciális felügyeletért a Pénzügyi Felügyeletek Európai Rendszere (ESFS) felel, ami három hatósággal együttműködve látja el a pénzügyi intézmények felügyeletét. A három hatóság: Európai Bankhatóság (EBA), Európai Biztosítás és Foglalkoztatási Nyugdíj Hatóság (EIOPA), Európai Értékpapír-piaci Hatóság (ESMA). Az Európai Rendszerkockázati Tanács székhelye Frankfurt. Az ESRB része a Pénzügyi Felügyeletek Európai Rendszerének, az ESRB hozzájárul a belső piac zavartalan működéséhez, és ezáltal biztosítja a pénzügyi szektor gazdasági növekedéséhez való fenntartható hozzájárulását. Igazgatótanácsból, irányítóbizottságból, tudományos tanácsadó bizottságból, és szakmai tanácsadó bizottságból áll. Az irányítóbizottság az igazgatótanács üléseinek előkészítésével, a megvitatásra kerülő dokumentumok áttekintésével és az Rendszerkockázati Tanács munkájának nyomon követésével támogatja a Tanács döntéshozatali folyamatait. A napi működésért a titkárság felel. Az első alelnököt az EKB Általános Tanácsának tagjai közül a Tanács tagjai ötéves időre választják meg, tekintettel valamennyi tagállam, és az államok közötti képviselet szükségességére, aminek a pénzneme az euro, illetve amelynek nem pénzneme az euro. Az első alelnök egyszer újraválasztható. Az elnök elnököl az igazgatótanács és az irányítóbizottság ülésein. Az elnök távollétében az alelnökök rangsor szerint elnökölnek az igazgatótanács és/vagy az irányítóbizottság ülésein.

We have studied invasion processes in two-strategy evolutionary games on a square lattice for imitation rule when the players interact with their nearest neighbors. Monte Carlo simulations are performed for systems where the pair interactions are composed of a unit strength coordination game when varying the strengths of the self-dependent and cross-dependent components at a fixed noise level. The visualization of strategy distributions has clearly indicated that circular homogeneous domains evolve into squares with an orientation dependent on the composition. This phenomenon is related to the anisotropy of invasion velocities along the interfaces separating the two homogeneous regions. The quantified invasion velocities indicate the existence of a parameter region in which the invasions are opposite for the horizontal (or vertical) and the tilted interfaces. In this parameter region faceted islands of both strategies shrink and the system evolves from a random initial state into th...

Starting from the genealogical and philosophical meaning of the notion
of sovereignty, in this paper we study its evolution and legal-political foundation through different periods in history. The aim of the paper is to bring the audience closer to the original meaning of the notion of sovereignty, which is based on human biology and communication, and which exists today as such, but has received various legal evaluations, given the legal and political ideology that supported it. We have tried to deconstruct certain factors that contributed to this notion undergoing a transformation that, as we discuss, returned it to the initial impulse from which it originated.

The world of the workers is changing. In Europe, the national social protection systems have been developed basically to protect the workers in standard employment. But, this protecting system based on the old dogmatic framework of the labour law can’t handle those persons, who are the so called employee-like persons, or globally, the new forms of employment. In Hungary, the legislation has so far guaranteed labour law protection fundamentally to persons having employment status. But, as we have seen it, economic and social changes have, therefore, induced new working patterns that have led to the formation of different forms of employment. A significant part of
these forms is the issue of economically dependent self-employment, that is, a status of employee-like persons, which is one of the most important employment policy issues both in Hungary and worldwide. I mainly examine labour law protection for employee-like persons. There is a need to clarify the category of employee-like persons since as a stratum they are economically dependent on one or few clients and therefore have a demand for social protection, yet since their work is not
characterized by personal dependence, it is not considered as an employment relationship, therefore it is excluded from labour law protection. In this article I write about this topic, and how the stiuation is for these people in Hungary

The present article is to examine the similarities and differences in the methods for regulating product liability issues within very differing countries, owing different legal culture and located in distant geographical areas, namely USA, Japan and Türkiye. These countries have a decisive economic influence on the world market that is growing with the effect of mass production worldwide. The USA was the cradle of product liability law, and now, it has spread to all countries. As a result of the global development and the national reception or adoption of existing legal solutions, a rich body of sources is available for a comparative analysis, which was the main research method used for preparing this work. This study analyses these above-mentioned adaptation processes. In addition, the analysis of these national regulations or legislative approaches may also provide insights into the future developments. The aim is to examine whether the additions made by the countries concerned to the law of another country can preserve the originality of their national law. Contrasting these product liability national regimes, this study scrutinizes how the chosen countries can maintain the originality of their national law during the adaptation of foreign legal solutions and phenomena.

The ethical guidelines for the manufacturers of the autonomous vehicles have a great importance, because the behaviour of the car and its future critical decisions will not be determined by the users but by ones who had programmed it. As the computer of the autonomous car keeps learning from its environment, from the users, and from other vehicles its algorithm will change and will make unique decisions to solve unique situations within the limits determined by the developer in advance. The regulatory framework of liability for use of autonomous cars should give appropriate answers to the questions emerging from programming choices. The programming choices are one type of the new risks which are not explicitly addressed by current EU or member state legislation on motor vehicles. The classical strict liability rules such as product liability or liability for highly dangerous activity in Hungarian Civil Code have shortcomings in application.

In the present article, we analyse the regulation of the topic of abuse of rights in general in the field of civil law, and in particular the possibility and consequences of such abuse during the unilateral termination of contractual relationships. We follow the historical development of different theoretical foundations by which legislators aimed to define proper use and abuse of rights in different legal systems, distinguishing between solutions inspired by French and German legal models. We then contrast these solutions with the ones adopted by the Hungarian legislator in the past and also in the present. We then analyse the contractual and legal means by which unilateral termination of a contract is barred or discouraged, with special emphasis on the abusive exercise of a discretionary right of the party to that effect. We conclude that during its application the solution adopted by the Hungarian legislator to deal with possible situations of abuse of rights, the 'venire contra factum proprium' rule, shall result in the application of sanctions specific to abuse of rights even if the contractual party acted in good faith, but his/her actions caused damages to the other party .