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ratna patel

International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Public Health and Mortality, Graduate Student

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Ratna Patel is currently a Ph.D. research scholar at International Institute of Population Sciences, Mumbai, India. She received an Honour and Master degree in Economics from Banaras Hindu University, India. She also received Master and M.Phil degree in Population Studies from International Institute of Population Studies, Mumbai, India. Her research interests include Health Economics, Health Care Management, Catastrophic Health Expenditure, Gender, Adolescent, and Aging. Currently, she is working on social capital and impact on educational outcome of young adolescent girls: a state-based analysis in India.
Address: International Institute for Population Sciences , Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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Jadsada Thinkhamrop

Shekhar Chauhan

International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai

Rahul Bawankule

Dr. Om Raj Katoch

University of Jammu

Siddharth Agarwal

Dr. Amitava Pal

City College,Kolkata

Tata Institute of Social Sciences

Meera Chatterjee

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Papers by ratna patel

Effects of sanitation practices on adverse pregnancy outcomes in India: a conducive finding from recent Indian demographic health survey

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2019

Background Several risk factors predisposing women and their live-borns to adverse outcomes durin... more Background Several risk factors predisposing women and their live-borns to adverse outcomes during pregnancy have been documented. Little is known about sanitation being a factor contributing to adverse pregnancy outcomes in India. The role of sanitation in adverse pregnancy outcomes remains largely unexplored in the Indian context. This study is an attempt to bring the focus on sanitation as a factor in adverse pregnancy outcome. Along with the sanitation factors, few confounder variables have also been studied in order to understand the adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods The study is based on the fourth round of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-IV) covering 26,972 married women in the age-group 15–49. The study variables include the mother’s age, Body Mass Index (BMI), education, anemia, and Antenatal care (ANC) visits during their last pregnancy. The household level variable includes place of residence, religion, caste, wealth index, access to toilet, type of toilet, availabi...

Experience of gender-based violence and its effect on depressive symptoms among Indian adolescent girls: Evidence from UDAYA survey

PLOS ONE

Background Violence against women has been one of the most prominent issue and a major public hea... more Background Violence against women has been one of the most prominent issue and a major public health concern. It is a principle violation of basic human rights and has both physical and mental effect on the victim. This study focuses on married and unmarried girls aged 15 to 19 years, belonging to Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, India. This study attempts to examine depression level among married and unmarried girls who have faced violence against them. With the unprecedented growth in social networking, online digital platform and its accessibility, the study also brings out the pertinent aspect of internet based violence and its psychological outcome on adolescent girls. Hence, the study can be seen as an important and needed value addition to the existing pool of knowledge on the subject. Methods The study uses Understanding the lives of adolescents and young adults (UDAYA) project data for Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Depressive symptoms among adolescent girl is the outcome variable of the...

Does land possession among working women empower them and improve their child health: A study based on National Family Health Survey-4

Children and Youth Services Review

Does Change in Family Structure Affect the Household Headship among Older Adults in India? A Gendered Perspective

Ageing International

Is There Any Link Between Death of Preceding Child and Child Health Care Services Utilization for Subsequent Birth?

The Indian Journal of Pediatrics

An important line of inquiry is to find an association between death of preceding child and Child... more An important line of inquiry is to find an association between death of preceding child and Child Health Care (CHC) services utilization for subsequent births. Study hypothesized that there was no difference in CHC services utilization for subsequent birth by previous child survival status. Data from National Family Health Survey, 2015-16, was used. Bivariate analysis and logistic regression were used to assess the results. Result found that if previous child were alive, then 60% and 26% of the succeeding child would get full immunization and postnatal care (PNC), respectively, whereas, if preceding child were dead, then 64% and 28% of the succeeding child would receive full immunization and PNC, respectively. Further results found that odds for full immunization [AOR: 1.21; p &lt; 0.05; CI: 1.09-1.34] and PNC [AOR: 1.09, p &lt; 0.05, CI: 1.03-1.15] were higher for the succeeding child if the preceding child was dead. Multiple approaches are required to increase awareness about the benefits of CHC services.

Change in socio-economic inequality of tobacco consumption among men in India: evidence from National Family Health Survey 2005-06 to 2015-16

Journal of Substance Use

Why Women Choose to Delivery at Home in India: A Study of Prevalence, Factors, and Socio-Economic Inequality

Background: Most of childbirth complications usually arise during the time of delivery and are di... more Background: Most of childbirth complications usually arise during the time of delivery and are difficult to predict, but can be effectively managed through delivery at the health facility equipped with skilled birth attendants placed in an enabling environment. Despite many efforts put by the Government to reduce maternal and neonatal deaths through institutional birth deliveries, statistics suggest that these deaths are still very high in India. This study sought to determine the prevalence of home births and identifying the factors influencing women choice.Methods: Data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) conducted during 2005-06 and 2015-16 was used in the study. The respondents were women 15-49 years, a sample of 36,850 and 1, 90,898 women from two time period were included in the study. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the factors influencing home delivery. Results: Women’s who give birth at home has reduced by 39.6% from 58.5%. As compared to wo...

Dynamics of chronic diseases in metro and non-metro regions of India: evidence from India Human Development Survey I and II

International Journal of Scientific Reports

Background: The growth of metropolitan cities had significantly contributed to the process of urb... more Background: The growth of metropolitan cities had significantly contributed to the process of urbanization in India. About two-fifth of the urban population, out of total India’s urban population, live in 35 metropolitan cities. It is important to look into the disease dynamics in the population of metro and non-metro regions of India. The study aims to find the differences in the distribution of chronic diseases in metro and non-metro regions of India and depicts the contributions of background factors causing a change in the prevalence of chronic diseases in metro and non-metro regions of India.Methods: Data from India Human Development Survey (IHDS) I and II conducted in 2004 and 2012 respectively have been used. Bivariate analysis has been performed to find the association between independent variables and chronic diseases, and logistic regression has been used to find the effect of predictor variables on chronic diseases by metro and non-metro regions. Fairlie decomposition tec...

Does socio-economic inequality in infant mortality still exists in India? An analysis based on National Family Health Survey 2005–06 and 2015–16

Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health

Prevalence, determinants and socio-economic inequality of early marriage among men in India

Children and Youth Services Review

Factors associated with double burden of malnutrition among mother-child pairs in India: A study based on National Family Health Survey 2015-16

Children and Youth Services Review, 2020

Sustainable Development goal 2 focusses on preventing all forms of malnutrition by 2030. Therefor... more Sustainable Development goal 2 focusses on preventing all forms of malnutrition by 2030. Therefore, it is important to understand the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) in mother-child pairs in India. This study attempted to explore the coexistence of DBM among mother-child pairs in India. Also, this study tries to explore various factors associated with DBM in India. The study utilized data from national representative cross-sectional fourth round of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) conducted in 2015-16. The study used anthropometric indices such as height-forage , weight-for-height, and weight-forage to examine the nutritional status of children aged 0-59 months. Further, the study used body mass index (BMI) of women and classified according to WHO cutoff values (normal BMI: 18.5 to < 24.99 kg/m 2 and overweight/obesity: ≥25.0 kg/m 2). The bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were applied to assess the factors associated with DBM. It was found that 4.1...

Interaction of substance use with physical activity and its effect on depressive symptoms among adolescents

by T. Muhammad and ratna patel

Objective: The present paper examined the association of physical activity and substance use with... more Objective: The present paper examined the association of physical activity and substance use with depressive symptoms among adolescents in lower socioeconomic settings in India. We hypothesized that physical activity would be positively associated with lower depression levels and that the relationship would be inverse in case of substance use. Methods: We utilized data from the Understanding the lives of adolescents and young adults (UDAYA) survey. The depression level was assessed by combining nine questions on symptoms, having a higher internal validity (Cronbach alpha value: 0.86), and adopting a negative binomial regression model. Results: The study demonstrated a higher mean depression score among educated, girls, and adolescents who consumed substance and were not involved in physical activity. Adolescents who are physically inactive (IRR: 1.33; CI: 1.25-1.41) and use substance (IRR-1.26; CI: 1.11-1.43) were more likely to have depressive symptoms compared to their counterparts. However, after controlling the effect of background variables, the incidence rate ratio (IRR) decreased for physical activities (IRR: 0.88; CI: 0.81-0.94) and increased for substance use (IRR: 1.39; CI: 1.22-1.58). Conclusion: Substance use predisposes adolescents toward depression; therefore, educating teens on the effects of substance use is important as it would control possible substance use among adolescents.

Socio-Economic Inequalities in the Prevalence of Poor Self-Rated Health among Older Adults in India from 2004 to 2014: A Decomposition Analysis

by Shobhit Srivastava, Shekhar Chauhan, and ratna patel

Ageing International, 2020

The older population in India has increased significantly from 24.71 million in 1961 to 43.98 mil... more The older population in India has increased significantly from 24.71 million in 1961 to 43.98 million in 1981 and further to 104 million in 2011. There is an urgent need to study the health conditions of older adults and also a need to examine factors contributing to poor self-rated health (SRH). This study determines the decadal difference for poor self-rated health among older adults in India. It also explores whether decadal variations in poor SRH can be attributed to the socioeconomic context in which older adults live. This study used two rounds of the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) data; 60th round (2004) and 71st round (2014). Logistic regression and Wagstaff's decomposition analysis were used to carve out the results. The study found a significant decrease in the relative decadal difference of 5.2% in reporting poor self-rated health among older adults in India over the two time-periods. Older adults who were economically dependent and were living alone had higher odds of reporting poor SRH than their counterparts. There is a negligible difference in the value of concentration index from 2004 (0.0183) to 2014 (0.0177) for poor self-rated health among older adults. Additionally, place of residence, education, and below poverty line status were the main contributory factors explaining the socioeconomic inequality for poor SRH among older adults in 2004 and 2014. These findings suggest that an effective way to reduce socioeconomic inequality in poor SRH is not only to have access to education but also to focus on improvements in health-related infrastructure in rural areas.

Academic and Law Serials ROLE AND IMPACT OF SOCIAL CAPITAL ON HEALTH OF OLDER ADULT IN INDIA

Indian Journal of Social Research, 2019

India has a signifi cant proportion of the elderly population. Even though, many studies have bee... more India has a signifi cant proportion of the elderly population. Even though, many studies have been conducted to focus on the issue of the health of aged persons. But very few of them have drawn att ention to the social capital of old persons. In this study, along with some health outcome, the social capital of the aged person is also taken to study.

Gender Differential in Health Care Utilisation in India

Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 2019

Objective: Choices in healthcare utilisation are affected by a variety of factors related to both... more Objective: Choices in healthcare utilisation are affected by a variety of factors related to both individuals and healthcare. There are many factors affecting health care utilisation including physical, socio-economic, cultural, and political factors. One of the most critical factors that is affecting the health care utilisation is gender differential. The objective is to assess the gender differential in health care utilisation and the gender differential in health seeking behaviour for selected chronic diseases among tobacco and alcohol users in India. Methods:

Effects of sanitation practices on adverse pregnancy outcomes in India: a conducive finding from recent Indian demographic health survey

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2019

Background: Several risk factors predisposing women and their live-borns to adverse outcomes duri... more Background: Several risk factors predisposing women and their live-borns to adverse outcomes during pregnancy have been documented. Little is known about sanitation being a factor contributing to adverse pregnancy outcomes in India. The role of sanitation in adverse pregnancy outcomes remains largely unexplored in the Indian context. This study is an attempt to bring the focus on sanitation as a factor in adverse pregnancy outcome. Along with the sanitation factors, few confounder variables have also been studied in order to understand the adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods: The study is based on the fourth round of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-IV) covering 26,972 married women in the age-group 15-49. The study variables include the mother's age, Body Mass Index (BMI), education, anemia, and Antenatal care (ANC) visits during their last pregnancy. The household level variable includes place of residence, religion, caste, wealth index, access to toilet, type of toilet, availability of water within toilet premises, and facility of hand wash near the toilet. Children study variables include Low Birth Weight (LBW), the order of birth (Parity), and the death of the children of the women in the last 5 years. The target variable Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (APO) was constructed using children born with low birth weight or died during the last pregnancy. Results: We calculated both adjusted as well as unadjusted odds ratios for a better understanding of the association between sanitation and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Findings from the study showed that women who did not have access to a toilet within the house had a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcome. In the multivariable model, no association was observed for adverse pregnancy outcome among women who did not have access to toilet and women who used shared toilet. Teenage (15-19 years), uneducated, underweight and anemic mothers were more likely to face APO as compare to other mothers in similar characteristics group. Conclusions: Our findings contribute to the decidedly less available literature on maternal sanitation behaviour and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Our results support that sanitation is a very significant aspect for women who are about to deliver a baby as there was an association between sanitation and adverse pregnancy outcome. Education on sanitation practices is the need of the hour as much as it needs to follow.

Age, period and birth cohort effects on prevalence of obesity among reproductive-age women in India

SSM - Population Health, 2019

Are we ignoring the Importance of Sanitation while Mourning the Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes

by Shekhar Chauhan and ratna patel

Clinics in Mother and Child Health, 2020

There is enough literature available in the public domain in defining risk factors for the predic... more There is enough literature available in the public domain in defining risk factors for the prediction of adverse pregnancy outcomes; hardly a few discuss sanitation as a risk factor. Sanitation is under-researched to adverse pregnancy outcomes. The consequences of maternal sanitation behavior during the period of pregnancy has never received the required attention. With the revelation of Swatch Bharat Mission in 2014, India would unquestionably outhouse one of its stickiest blemishes of open defecation by providing individual latrines to every household, what remains is the need to promote the usage of those latrines by bringing a change in people ' s behavior and understanding the cultural barriers. We tried to shed some light on the importance of sanitation in the follow up of adverse pregnancy outcomes in India. The result found that sanitation is one of the crucial facets for women who are either planning to have a baby or are about to deliver a baby as findings suggest evidence between sanitation and adverse pregnancy outcome. There is a need to study this aspect more rigorously as this is still an under-researched area. Further studies in this dimension will help policymakers in designing the appropriate interventions to reduce the adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with poor sanitation.

The Correlates of Violence against Women in India: Findings from the Recent National Demographic Health Survey

by Shekhar Chauhan and ratna patel

The Research Publication, 2018

Violence against women is a serious human rights abuse and public health issue in India. The Inti... more Violence against women is a serious human rights abuse and public health issue in India. The Intimate Partner violence (IPV) cases among Indian couples are very high. This article aims to find the determinant of Intimate Partner Violence in India. The data are drawn from the fourth round of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-IV). According to Demographic Health Survey guidelines, IPV is measured using 13-item questions in women questionnaire. This section is analysed to fulfil the objective of the study. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression is used to find out the unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio. The analysis is carried out using STATA version 14. The prevalence of IPV, emotional violence (EV), physical violence (PV) and sexual violence (SV) is 33.15, 13.23, 29.68 and 6.60 respectively. The likelihood of IPV increases with the increase in marital duration. All kind of violence is less likely to occur in rural areas (IPV: AOR=0.86, p<0.01; EV: AOR=0.81, p<0.01; PV: AOR=0.85, p<0.01; & SV: AOR=0.92, p=0.09). Hindu women are more likely to face all kind of violence than women in other religion. Alcohol consumption is one of the predominant factors for IPV in India (AOR=3.08, CI=2.96-3.21, p<0.01). From this study, we find that marital duration, the age difference of spouses, number of children, place of residence, caste, religion, and education of couple, alcohol consumption and wealth index are some of the important predictors of IPV in India.

Risk of low birth weight and exposure to type of cooking fuel in India

by Shekhar Chauhan and ratna patel

International Journal of Pregnancy & Child Birth, 2020

Introduction: Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the health effects of exposure t... more Introduction: Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the health effects of exposure to biomass smoke. Despite significant improvements in child health measures, low birth weight is still a pragmatic issue. We aimed to examine the association between household use of unhygienic fuels for cooking and birth weight.
Data and methods: Using national Family Health Survey-IV, this study aimed at quantifying the determinants of low birth weight in India. Cross-tabulation and logistic regression have been used to carry out this study.
Results: The result found that the availability of separate kitchen and use of hygienic fuel decreases the odds of low birth weight. The result further found that various background characteristics like mother’s age, education, anaemic status, ANC visits, and BMI also have an impact on low birth weight.
Conclusion: After launching Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana to provide the LPG connection to poor families, the government shall now focus on promoting the use of these cylinders.

Effects of sanitation practices on adverse pregnancy outcomes in India: a conducive finding from recent Indian demographic health survey

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2019

Background Several risk factors predisposing women and their live-borns to adverse outcomes durin... more Background Several risk factors predisposing women and their live-borns to adverse outcomes during pregnancy have been documented. Little is known about sanitation being a factor contributing to adverse pregnancy outcomes in India. The role of sanitation in adverse pregnancy outcomes remains largely unexplored in the Indian context. This study is an attempt to bring the focus on sanitation as a factor in adverse pregnancy outcome. Along with the sanitation factors, few confounder variables have also been studied in order to understand the adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods The study is based on the fourth round of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-IV) covering 26,972 married women in the age-group 15–49. The study variables include the mother’s age, Body Mass Index (BMI), education, anemia, and Antenatal care (ANC) visits during their last pregnancy. The household level variable includes place of residence, religion, caste, wealth index, access to toilet, type of toilet, availabi...

Experience of gender-based violence and its effect on depressive symptoms among Indian adolescent girls: Evidence from UDAYA survey

PLOS ONE

Background Violence against women has been one of the most prominent issue and a major public hea... more Background Violence against women has been one of the most prominent issue and a major public health concern. It is a principle violation of basic human rights and has both physical and mental effect on the victim. This study focuses on married and unmarried girls aged 15 to 19 years, belonging to Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, India. This study attempts to examine depression level among married and unmarried girls who have faced violence against them. With the unprecedented growth in social networking, online digital platform and its accessibility, the study also brings out the pertinent aspect of internet based violence and its psychological outcome on adolescent girls. Hence, the study can be seen as an important and needed value addition to the existing pool of knowledge on the subject. Methods The study uses Understanding the lives of adolescents and young adults (UDAYA) project data for Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Depressive symptoms among adolescent girl is the outcome variable of the...

Does land possession among working women empower them and improve their child health: A study based on National Family Health Survey-4

Children and Youth Services Review

Does Change in Family Structure Affect the Household Headship among Older Adults in India? A Gendered Perspective

Ageing International

Is There Any Link Between Death of Preceding Child and Child Health Care Services Utilization for Subsequent Birth?

The Indian Journal of Pediatrics

An important line of inquiry is to find an association between death of preceding child and Child... more An important line of inquiry is to find an association between death of preceding child and Child Health Care (CHC) services utilization for subsequent births. Study hypothesized that there was no difference in CHC services utilization for subsequent birth by previous child survival status. Data from National Family Health Survey, 2015-16, was used. Bivariate analysis and logistic regression were used to assess the results. Result found that if previous child were alive, then 60% and 26% of the succeeding child would get full immunization and postnatal care (PNC), respectively, whereas, if preceding child were dead, then 64% and 28% of the succeeding child would receive full immunization and PNC, respectively. Further results found that odds for full immunization [AOR: 1.21; p &lt; 0.05; CI: 1.09-1.34] and PNC [AOR: 1.09, p &lt; 0.05, CI: 1.03-1.15] were higher for the succeeding child if the preceding child was dead. Multiple approaches are required to increase awareness about the benefits of CHC services.

Change in socio-economic inequality of tobacco consumption among men in India: evidence from National Family Health Survey 2005-06 to 2015-16

Journal of Substance Use

Why Women Choose to Delivery at Home in India: A Study of Prevalence, Factors, and Socio-Economic Inequality

Background: Most of childbirth complications usually arise during the time of delivery and are di... more Background: Most of childbirth complications usually arise during the time of delivery and are difficult to predict, but can be effectively managed through delivery at the health facility equipped with skilled birth attendants placed in an enabling environment. Despite many efforts put by the Government to reduce maternal and neonatal deaths through institutional birth deliveries, statistics suggest that these deaths are still very high in India. This study sought to determine the prevalence of home births and identifying the factors influencing women choice.Methods: Data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) conducted during 2005-06 and 2015-16 was used in the study. The respondents were women 15-49 years, a sample of 36,850 and 1, 90,898 women from two time period were included in the study. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the factors influencing home delivery. Results: Women’s who give birth at home has reduced by 39.6% from 58.5%. As compared to wo...

Dynamics of chronic diseases in metro and non-metro regions of India: evidence from India Human Development Survey I and II

International Journal of Scientific Reports

Background: The growth of metropolitan cities had significantly contributed to the process of urb... more Background: The growth of metropolitan cities had significantly contributed to the process of urbanization in India. About two-fifth of the urban population, out of total India’s urban population, live in 35 metropolitan cities. It is important to look into the disease dynamics in the population of metro and non-metro regions of India. The study aims to find the differences in the distribution of chronic diseases in metro and non-metro regions of India and depicts the contributions of background factors causing a change in the prevalence of chronic diseases in metro and non-metro regions of India.Methods: Data from India Human Development Survey (IHDS) I and II conducted in 2004 and 2012 respectively have been used. Bivariate analysis has been performed to find the association between independent variables and chronic diseases, and logistic regression has been used to find the effect of predictor variables on chronic diseases by metro and non-metro regions. Fairlie decomposition tec...

Does socio-economic inequality in infant mortality still exists in India? An analysis based on National Family Health Survey 2005–06 and 2015–16

Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health

Prevalence, determinants and socio-economic inequality of early marriage among men in India

Children and Youth Services Review

Factors associated with double burden of malnutrition among mother-child pairs in India: A study based on National Family Health Survey 2015-16

Children and Youth Services Review, 2020

Sustainable Development goal 2 focusses on preventing all forms of malnutrition by 2030. Therefor... more Sustainable Development goal 2 focusses on preventing all forms of malnutrition by 2030. Therefore, it is important to understand the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) in mother-child pairs in India. This study attempted to explore the coexistence of DBM among mother-child pairs in India. Also, this study tries to explore various factors associated with DBM in India. The study utilized data from national representative cross-sectional fourth round of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) conducted in 2015-16. The study used anthropometric indices such as height-forage , weight-for-height, and weight-forage to examine the nutritional status of children aged 0-59 months. Further, the study used body mass index (BMI) of women and classified according to WHO cutoff values (normal BMI: 18.5 to < 24.99 kg/m 2 and overweight/obesity: ≥25.0 kg/m 2). The bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were applied to assess the factors associated with DBM. It was found that 4.1...

Interaction of substance use with physical activity and its effect on depressive symptoms among adolescents

by T. Muhammad and ratna patel

Objective: The present paper examined the association of physical activity and substance use with... more Objective: The present paper examined the association of physical activity and substance use with depressive symptoms among adolescents in lower socioeconomic settings in India. We hypothesized that physical activity would be positively associated with lower depression levels and that the relationship would be inverse in case of substance use. Methods: We utilized data from the Understanding the lives of adolescents and young adults (UDAYA) survey. The depression level was assessed by combining nine questions on symptoms, having a higher internal validity (Cronbach alpha value: 0.86), and adopting a negative binomial regression model. Results: The study demonstrated a higher mean depression score among educated, girls, and adolescents who consumed substance and were not involved in physical activity. Adolescents who are physically inactive (IRR: 1.33; CI: 1.25-1.41) and use substance (IRR-1.26; CI: 1.11-1.43) were more likely to have depressive symptoms compared to their counterparts. However, after controlling the effect of background variables, the incidence rate ratio (IRR) decreased for physical activities (IRR: 0.88; CI: 0.81-0.94) and increased for substance use (IRR: 1.39; CI: 1.22-1.58). Conclusion: Substance use predisposes adolescents toward depression; therefore, educating teens on the effects of substance use is important as it would control possible substance use among adolescents.

Socio-Economic Inequalities in the Prevalence of Poor Self-Rated Health among Older Adults in India from 2004 to 2014: A Decomposition Analysis

by Shobhit Srivastava, Shekhar Chauhan, and ratna patel

Ageing International, 2020

The older population in India has increased significantly from 24.71 million in 1961 to 43.98 mil... more The older population in India has increased significantly from 24.71 million in 1961 to 43.98 million in 1981 and further to 104 million in 2011. There is an urgent need to study the health conditions of older adults and also a need to examine factors contributing to poor self-rated health (SRH). This study determines the decadal difference for poor self-rated health among older adults in India. It also explores whether decadal variations in poor SRH can be attributed to the socioeconomic context in which older adults live. This study used two rounds of the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) data; 60th round (2004) and 71st round (2014). Logistic regression and Wagstaff's decomposition analysis were used to carve out the results. The study found a significant decrease in the relative decadal difference of 5.2% in reporting poor self-rated health among older adults in India over the two time-periods. Older adults who were economically dependent and were living alone had higher odds of reporting poor SRH than their counterparts. There is a negligible difference in the value of concentration index from 2004 (0.0183) to 2014 (0.0177) for poor self-rated health among older adults. Additionally, place of residence, education, and below poverty line status were the main contributory factors explaining the socioeconomic inequality for poor SRH among older adults in 2004 and 2014. These findings suggest that an effective way to reduce socioeconomic inequality in poor SRH is not only to have access to education but also to focus on improvements in health-related infrastructure in rural areas.

Academic and Law Serials ROLE AND IMPACT OF SOCIAL CAPITAL ON HEALTH OF OLDER ADULT IN INDIA

Indian Journal of Social Research, 2019

India has a signifi cant proportion of the elderly population. Even though, many studies have bee... more India has a signifi cant proportion of the elderly population. Even though, many studies have been conducted to focus on the issue of the health of aged persons. But very few of them have drawn att ention to the social capital of old persons. In this study, along with some health outcome, the social capital of the aged person is also taken to study.

Gender Differential in Health Care Utilisation in India

Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 2019

Objective: Choices in healthcare utilisation are affected by a variety of factors related to both... more Objective: Choices in healthcare utilisation are affected by a variety of factors related to both individuals and healthcare. There are many factors affecting health care utilisation including physical, socio-economic, cultural, and political factors. One of the most critical factors that is affecting the health care utilisation is gender differential. The objective is to assess the gender differential in health care utilisation and the gender differential in health seeking behaviour for selected chronic diseases among tobacco and alcohol users in India. Methods:

Effects of sanitation practices on adverse pregnancy outcomes in India: a conducive finding from recent Indian demographic health survey

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2019

Background: Several risk factors predisposing women and their live-borns to adverse outcomes duri... more Background: Several risk factors predisposing women and their live-borns to adverse outcomes during pregnancy have been documented. Little is known about sanitation being a factor contributing to adverse pregnancy outcomes in India. The role of sanitation in adverse pregnancy outcomes remains largely unexplored in the Indian context. This study is an attempt to bring the focus on sanitation as a factor in adverse pregnancy outcome. Along with the sanitation factors, few confounder variables have also been studied in order to understand the adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods: The study is based on the fourth round of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-IV) covering 26,972 married women in the age-group 15-49. The study variables include the mother's age, Body Mass Index (BMI), education, anemia, and Antenatal care (ANC) visits during their last pregnancy. The household level variable includes place of residence, religion, caste, wealth index, access to toilet, type of toilet, availability of water within toilet premises, and facility of hand wash near the toilet. Children study variables include Low Birth Weight (LBW), the order of birth (Parity), and the death of the children of the women in the last 5 years. The target variable Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (APO) was constructed using children born with low birth weight or died during the last pregnancy. Results: We calculated both adjusted as well as unadjusted odds ratios for a better understanding of the association between sanitation and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Findings from the study showed that women who did not have access to a toilet within the house had a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcome. In the multivariable model, no association was observed for adverse pregnancy outcome among women who did not have access to toilet and women who used shared toilet. Teenage (15-19 years), uneducated, underweight and anemic mothers were more likely to face APO as compare to other mothers in similar characteristics group. Conclusions: Our findings contribute to the decidedly less available literature on maternal sanitation behaviour and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Our results support that sanitation is a very significant aspect for women who are about to deliver a baby as there was an association between sanitation and adverse pregnancy outcome. Education on sanitation practices is the need of the hour as much as it needs to follow.

Age, period and birth cohort effects on prevalence of obesity among reproductive-age women in India

SSM - Population Health, 2019

Are we ignoring the Importance of Sanitation while Mourning the Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes

by Shekhar Chauhan and ratna patel

Clinics in Mother and Child Health, 2020

There is enough literature available in the public domain in defining risk factors for the predic... more There is enough literature available in the public domain in defining risk factors for the prediction of adverse pregnancy outcomes; hardly a few discuss sanitation as a risk factor. Sanitation is under-researched to adverse pregnancy outcomes. The consequences of maternal sanitation behavior during the period of pregnancy has never received the required attention. With the revelation of Swatch Bharat Mission in 2014, India would unquestionably outhouse one of its stickiest blemishes of open defecation by providing individual latrines to every household, what remains is the need to promote the usage of those latrines by bringing a change in people ' s behavior and understanding the cultural barriers. We tried to shed some light on the importance of sanitation in the follow up of adverse pregnancy outcomes in India. The result found that sanitation is one of the crucial facets for women who are either planning to have a baby or are about to deliver a baby as findings suggest evidence between sanitation and adverse pregnancy outcome. There is a need to study this aspect more rigorously as this is still an under-researched area. Further studies in this dimension will help policymakers in designing the appropriate interventions to reduce the adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with poor sanitation.

The Correlates of Violence against Women in India: Findings from the Recent National Demographic Health Survey

by Shekhar Chauhan and ratna patel

The Research Publication, 2018

Violence against women is a serious human rights abuse and public health issue in India. The Inti... more Violence against women is a serious human rights abuse and public health issue in India. The Intimate Partner violence (IPV) cases among Indian couples are very high. This article aims to find the determinant of Intimate Partner Violence in India. The data are drawn from the fourth round of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-IV). According to Demographic Health Survey guidelines, IPV is measured using 13-item questions in women questionnaire. This section is analysed to fulfil the objective of the study. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression is used to find out the unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio. The analysis is carried out using STATA version 14. The prevalence of IPV, emotional violence (EV), physical violence (PV) and sexual violence (SV) is 33.15, 13.23, 29.68 and 6.60 respectively. The likelihood of IPV increases with the increase in marital duration. All kind of violence is less likely to occur in rural areas (IPV: AOR=0.86, p<0.01; EV: AOR=0.81, p<0.01; PV: AOR=0.85, p<0.01; & SV: AOR=0.92, p=0.09). Hindu women are more likely to face all kind of violence than women in other religion. Alcohol consumption is one of the predominant factors for IPV in India (AOR=3.08, CI=2.96-3.21, p<0.01). From this study, we find that marital duration, the age difference of spouses, number of children, place of residence, caste, religion, and education of couple, alcohol consumption and wealth index are some of the important predictors of IPV in India.

Risk of low birth weight and exposure to type of cooking fuel in India

by Shekhar Chauhan and ratna patel

International Journal of Pregnancy & Child Birth, 2020

Introduction: Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the health effects of exposure t... more Introduction: Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the health effects of exposure to biomass smoke. Despite significant improvements in child health measures, low birth weight is still a pragmatic issue. We aimed to examine the association between household use of unhygienic fuels for cooking and birth weight.
Data and methods: Using national Family Health Survey-IV, this study aimed at quantifying the determinants of low birth weight in India. Cross-tabulation and logistic regression have been used to carry out this study.
Results: The result found that the availability of separate kitchen and use of hygienic fuel decreases the odds of low birth weight. The result further found that various background characteristics like mother’s age, education, anaemic status, ANC visits, and BMI also have an impact on low birth weight.
Conclusion: After launching Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana to provide the LPG connection to poor families, the government shall now focus on promoting the use of these cylinders.

Banned by the law, practiced by the society: The study of factors associated with dowry payments among adolescent girls in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, India

by ratna patel, Strong P Marbaniang, and Pradeep Kumar

Plos One, 2021

Background Despite the prohibition by the law in 1961, dowry is widely prevalent in India. Dowry ... more Background Despite the prohibition by the law in 1961, dowry is widely prevalent in India. Dowry stems from the early concept of 'Stridhana,' in which gifts were given to the bride by her family to secure some personal wealth for her when she married. However, with the transition of time, the practice of dowry is becoming more common, and the demand for a higher dowry becomes a burden to the bride's family. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the factors associated with the practice of dowry in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.