Konsep Pasar
Diunggah oleh
Muhammad IrwansyahKonsep Pasar
Diunggah oleh
Muhammad IrwansyahCommon questions
Didukung oleh AIAbstract markets, such as e-commerce or stock exchanges, offer the advantages of accessibility from any location, wide selection, and operational efficiency, benefiting both buyers and sellers with reduced overhead logistics . These markets enable transactions without the need for physical presence, providing convenience and often a broader market reach. However, they have the disadvantage of preventing direct inspection of goods, relying on third-party logistics which can introduce delivery issues. Conversely, physical markets allow direct interaction and immediate product assessment, reducing misunderstandings related to product expectations, but may require more time and resources to physically visit and engage in transactions .
Markets support economies by providing a platform for individuals to find and acquire necessary goods, serving as a source of livelihood for producers who exchange goods for money, which in turn boosts their economic status . They enhance the economic standing of a community or nation through enabling trade, which increases prosperity and may contribute to national economic parameters, such as GDP . Markets also offer socio-economic stability as they provide legal means for fulfilling needs, thereby potentially reducing illegal activities arising from unmet demands . Furthermore, they maintain economic balance by allowing standard interactions between buyers and sellers .
'Market meeting points' refer to the conceptual or physical intersections where buyers and sellers engage in exchanges facilitated by agreed terms . These meeting points are central to various definitions of markets, as they embody the essential purpose of bringing together demand and supply. Contextually, they operate not just in physical spaces but also through digital platforms where these economic exchanges occur. This fundamental interaction enables the functionality of different market structures, from traditional to modern, monopoly to perfect competition, highlighting their role in satisfying needs and transferring goods, services, or financial instruments, regardless of physical presence or direct interaction .
Different economists define a market with unique emphases. According to William J. Stanton, a market involves a collection of people aiming to achieve satisfaction through exchanging money for desired goods . Simamora highlights the market as a group with the desire and capability to purchase specific products, focusing on the exchange facilitated by means of payment . Kotler and Amstrong view the market as an interaction space between potential buyers and sellers offering products or services, emphasizing the potential aspects of exchange . Handri Ma’aruf and Atep Adya Barata both describe the market as a meeting place for demand and supply, with Ma'aruf focusing on the transaction aspect and Barata allowing for mediated or indirect exchanges, hence considering market transactions not necessarily requiring direct physical interactions . This shows varied focus on the satisfaction from goods, transactional capabilities, buyer-seller potential interactions, and the mediation or directness of these interactions.
An oligopoly involves multiple sellers dominating a market, where a few large firms exert significant control, often found in industries needing substantial capital investment, like the auto industry . These sellers may set prices and output decisions, influencing consumer choices and market entry barriers. An oligopsony, in contrast, features a market dominated by a few buyers with significant purchasing power, such as large retailers purchasing agricultural products . This suppresses seller pricing power and can lead to lower average prices paid to producers. Both structures create competitive imbalances, with oligopolies affecting seller dynamics and oligopsonies impacting sellers through concentrated buying power.
A monopoly exists when a single producer dominates the market, controlling a vital resource or product supply, exemplified by state enterprises like PLN in Indonesia . This market form affects dynamics by limiting competition, potentially allowing the monopolist to set higher prices or offer reduced choices. Conversely, a monopsony occurs when one buyer extensively influences the market, such as a large consumer or corporation setting the purchasing conditions for numerous suppliers . This impacts market dynamics by suppressing supplier pricing power, often leading to lower prices received by producers. Each uniquely shifts the balance of market power, affecting pricing, product availability, and overall competition.
Traditional markets operate through direct, face-to-face interactions and often function with negotiable prices, offering basic goods at lower costs . They provide a diverse range of primary necessities and a tangible customer experience characterized by personal interaction and the opportunity to inspect goods before purchase. In contrast, modern markets are typically cleaner, with digital payment options, standardized pricing, and often better-organized layouts . They focus on convenience and hygiene, exemplified by supermarkets where goods are pre-packaged and laid out for ease of selection. These operational and experiential differences highlight traditional markets' cultural richness, whereas modern markets focus on efficiency and broader accessibility.
Traditional markets can remain relevant by capitalizing on strengths such as offering fresh, locally-sourced products and unique, cultural shopping experiences that digital markets cannot . They can adopt hybrid models by engaging in digital platforms for broader reach while maintaining in-person advantages. Ideas include holding events like pop-up markets or participating in community events to attract visitors who enjoy tangible shopping experiences . Additionally, incorporating digital payment systems can improve convenience, catering to modern consumer expectations while preserving their traditional appeal.
In traditional markets, economic exchanges occur through direct negotiation and tangible currency, impacting consumer behavior by fostering interpersonal relationships and price flexibility . This creates a value perception that goes beyond the mere transaction, affecting loyalty and choice based on trust and personal reassurance. Modern markets rely on standardized pricing and digital payment systems, shifting consumer behavior towards efficiency, reduced interaction, and convenience . This impact includes a willingness to pay for streamlined processes and reduced search costs, demonstrating a trade-off between personal involvement and transactional efficiency.
A perfectly competitive market is characterized by numerous buyers and sellers, homogenous products, free market entry and exit, and perfect information, ensuring both parties have equal bargaining power, theoretically leading to optimal resource allocation . Achieving this in macroeconomic terms today is challenging due to market imperfections, such as information asymmetry, entry barriers, and product differentiation, alongside external influences like regulations and oligarchic market control . The proliferation of digital markets shows glimpses of perfect competition but falls short due to these factors. In reality, perfect competition remains an idealized scenario rarely observed in full form.
