Papers by Toni Ñaco del Hoyo
Even when much of the available evidence for the Sertorian War points at
other areas of the far W... more Even when much of the available evidence for the Sertorian War points at
other areas of the far West such as Lusitania, the Ebro valley, the south-east of the Iberian Peninsula or even the north African coast, it is thought-provoking to divert our attention more specifically to the north-western Mediterranean in search for new clues about this conflict, and ultimately its strategic confrontation.7 In sum, a crucial episode of the Roman civil wars that mostly took place in the Iberian peninsula and its surroundings can hardly be comprehended unless we look at the bigger picture of
a fully interconnected Mediterranean.
No one will deny that the Principate meant an overall rearrangement of the
Roman traditional powe... more No one will deny that the Principate meant an overall rearrangement of the
Roman traditional power structures, particularly for the political and social
actors who needed to relate themselves to the new regime after surviving the bloodshed of the civil wars. Through tradition and custom, some wealthy women deserved social appreciation for their discreet involvement in certain activities which also contributed to the stability and survival of Rome. The new political and diplomatic visibility shown by the women from the Augustan household somehow echoed the position progressively acquired by the matronae since the beginning of Rome’s history. Although female mediation became a new resource at the disposal of such influential women who successfully used it, this was hardly an invention from the Augustan Age, but a reinvention mostly based upon tradition.
CEDANT avails itself of an international Scholarly Advisory Board and carries out its activities ... more CEDANT avails itself of an international Scholarly Advisory Board and carries out its activities in collaboration with specialists who are selected as appropriate according to the theme under study, and with respect for the broadest participation of the scholarly community and for the wide range of different methodologies.
In Republican Rome there seemed to be a symbiotic relationship between apparently different phen... more In Republican Rome there seemed to be a symbiotic relationship between apparently different phenomena: the results of ad hoc pillaging (i.e. spoils), both public and private supply requirements, and finally the compensation for the military personnel involved in such actions. In this chapter, however, the accent will be placed on the relationship between those three factors in a single geographical setting – the Iberian Peninsula – during the first fifty years of Roman military intervention.
With this volume, we aim to achieve pushing the historical and archaeological debates on Rome’s e... more With this volume, we aim to achieve pushing the historical and archaeological debates on Rome’s expansion to the West beyond the traditional boundaries. It is felt that the approximately 80 years of Roman history from c. 150 to 70 BC and also of the wider history of the western Mediterranean, encapsulate a concatenation of long-run processes and
more casual events which can hardly be explained unless they are addressed by using the entire micro-region as a case study.
To date, Rome's intervention to the West from the mid-second century BC, has not really been look... more To date, Rome's intervention to the West from the mid-second century BC, has not really been looked at with any sense of overview. Instead, there has been an unconnected series of micro-regional studies looking at particular areas, from the river Ebro in Spain round to Italy on the land front, and from the Balearic Islands to Corsica, Sardinia and even Sicily as regards the seaborne aspect. In contrast, the aim of this volume is to push the historical and archaeological debates about Rome's expansion, beyond these traditional geographical boundaries and the discipline-based previous research. The entire northwestern Mediterranean is treated as a micro-region, and is addressed using various interdisciplinary approaches. The result, is to provide an innovative and comprehensive overview of the northwestern Mediterranean in a period of historical crossroads, aided particularly by focusing on the connectivity and integration within this region as two interrelated issues. While Republican Rome enforced itself as an expansive power towards the West, all sorts of polities, military operations and individuals also played a signifi cant role in creating interconnectivity and integration of the northwestern Mediterranean into a new hybrid reality. In order to uncover such processes of hybridisation, contributors to this volume were encouraged to focus on the historical, archaeological and numismatic material from several areas within the region, and to incorporate aspects of interdisciplinary methodologies, in order to address the region's military, political, social and economic interconnections with Italy, Rome and each other, within the overall period.
https://edipuglia.it/catalogo/economia-e-frontiera-nellimpero-romano-a-cura-di-dario-nappo-e-giovanna-d-merola/
In 125 BC a major natural catastrophe struck Numidia and the Roman
province of Africa, according ... more In 125 BC a major natural catastrophe struck Numidia and the Roman
province of Africa, according to several accounts appearing in the literary sources. Ergo, the intention of this chapter is to enquire into its eventual repercussions not only for North Africa, but also for adjacent areas, such as that new ‘boundary’ established in the north-western Mediterranean. In a highly volatile political context in Rome itself, marked by the Gracchi brothers’ attempts to push through reforms in different areas, it is interesting to determine the extent to which a disaster occurring in a very delimited area – North Africa and, therefore, the south-western Mediterranean in this case – influenced the economy and implementation of territorial expansion policies on the opposite side of the Mediterranean
In a thought-provoking book published in 1976, Charles Ebel suggested that large areas of Hispani... more In a thought-provoking book published in 1976, Charles Ebel suggested that large areas of Hispania—particularly Hispania Citerior—and southern Gaul (Gallia Transalpina, the future Narbonensis) had been militarily, politically and even economically interconnected long before Pompey’s intense activity in Gaul during the Sertorian War. In this chapter I will contend that Ebel’s perceptions of the relevance of regional connectivity in the north-western Mediterranean due to Rome’s military needs are essentially correct, but not entirely for the reasons and for the chronology originally put forward in his celebrated book.
Publié avec l'aide financière de la Politique scientifique fédérale (belsPo), du fonds de la rech... more Publié avec l'aide financière de la Politique scientifique fédérale (belsPo), du fonds de la recherche scientifique-fnrs et de la fondation universitaire. la bibliograPhie de l'histoire de belgique est établie avec l'aide des archives générales du royaume, de la commission royale d'histoire et de la loterie nationale. uitgegeven met de steun van het federaal WetenschaPsbeleid (belsPo) en van de universitaire stichting. de bibliografie van de geschiedenis van belgië komt tot stand dankzij de steun van het algemeen rijksarchief, van de koninklijke commissie voor geschiedenis en van de nationale loterij.
En ocasión del presente homenaje al Profesor Remesal, resulta muy apropiado proponer un estudio s... more En ocasión del presente homenaje al Profesor Remesal, resulta muy apropiado proponer un estudio sobre el impacto de la logística militar sobre un territorio particular, aunque en este caso localizado en un período histórico distinto al propuesto en su obra sobre la Annona Militaris. Concretamente, centraremos nuestro análisis en las estrategias logísticas empleadas por el ejército romano operando en el NE de la Hispania Citerior a inicios de la República tardía (133-82 a.C.), junto con el reflejo en toda esa región de los conflictos bélicos que se sucedieron en territorios colindantes a lo largo de ese turbulento medio siglo de la historia de Roma.
Museum Helveticum, 2019
Traditionally, Latin terms such as civitas stipendiaria and stipendiarii have served, in modern ... more Traditionally, Latin terms such as civitas stipendiaria and stipendiarii have served, in modern scholarly works, to define Roman provincial subjects as regular and permanent taxpayers to the Roman Republic. However, this paper argues that alternative meanings for stipendiarius-not always related to Roman Republican taxation-may be uncovered from our literary and epigraphical evidence. When such texts are analysed in terms of their historical background, both the political and military dimensions of Roman Republican tax terminology appear to emerge.
T. Ñaco del Hoyo, "Rezension "J. Tan, Power and Public Finance at Rome 264-49 BCE, Oxford (2017)", 4p. (German)", HISTORISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT 308, Issue 2 (2019), 453–456, ISSN (Online) 2196-680X, ISSN (Print) 0018-2613, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/hzhz-2019-1106. This beautifully written and thought-provoking book addresses a fundamental question in Rome’s hi... more This beautifully written and thought-provoking book addresses a fundamental question in Rome’s history of the Middle and Late Republic, and that is the relation between politics and the treasury during the core period of its empire building, or as its title more cogently puts it: power and public finance. It is indeed true that James Tan’s volume –partly based upon his own PhD dissertation (2011) but thoroughly updated and enlarged thereafter- provides the reader with much more than what he has originally intended to discuss according to his long Introduction. As a matter of fact, what he has finally accomplished is to rewrite some relevant chapters of Rome’s Republican history, through the particular looking glass of the financial perspective of an ancient Mediterranean polity fully engaged in a quest for hegemony.
M. Duran, F.López, I. Mestres, T. Ñaco del Hoyo, J. Principal, ‘Evidencias numismáticas en un espacio logístico tardorrepublicano: el Camp de les LLoses (Tona, Barcelona, Cataluña)’, (a cura di) G. Pardini et al., Numismatica e Archeologia.Monete, stratigrafie e contesti, Roma, 2018, 475-486. This paper aims to present and discuss the numismatic evidence from El Camp de les Lloses (Tona, ... more This paper aims to present and discuss the numismatic evidence from El Camp de les Lloses (Tona, Barcelona, Catalonia).
This site is a small Late Republican vicus related to the roadbuilding activities connecting the central coast from Catalonia with
the hinterland. Several manufacturing and other works concerning military logistics have been equally attested. According to
the archaeological record, this site has been dated between 125-75 BC.
The numismatic findings from the site are relevant and highly varied in issues (silver and bronze of Roman and Massalian
origin, etc.). However, most of the pieces (over 90%) belong to the Iberian bronze coinage, with practically no sign of wear.
As to the mints, the ones from the Ausetanian region (e.g. Ausesken, Eusti and Ore) exceed the others. Most recently, a hoard
containing Iberian bronze coinage (41 pieces) has been discovered. Unlike the former findings, on this occasion the amount of
issues from Laietanian and Ilergetan mints are in the majority. Such hoard has been dated at the time of the site abandonment.
Pardini, G., Parise, N., Marani, F. (eds.), Numismatica e Archeologia. Monete, stratigrafie e contesti. Dati a confronto. Quasar, Roma, 475-486, 2019
This paper wants to present and discuss the numismatic evidence from El Camp de les Lloses (Tona,... more This paper wants to present and discuss the numismatic evidence from El Camp de les Lloses (Tona, Barcelona, Catalonia). This site is a small Late Republican vicus related to the roadbuilding activities connecting the central coast from Catalonia with
the hinterland. Several manufacturing and other works concerning military logistics have been equally attested. According to the archaeological record, this site has been dated between 125-75 BC. The numismatic findings from the site are relevant and highly varied in issues (silver and bronze of Roman and Massalian origin, etc.). However, most of the pieces (over 90%) belong to the Iberian bronze coinage, with practically no sign of wear.
As to the mints, the ones from the Ausetanian region (e.g. Ausesken, Eusti and Ore) exceed the others. Most recently, a hoard containing Iberian bronze coinage (41 pieces) has been discovered. Unlike the former findings, on this occasion the amount of issues from Laietanian and Ilergetan mints are in the majority. Such hoard has been dated at the time of the site abandonment.
and when Sertorius challenged Metellus to single combat, they cried aloud and bade him fight, gen... more and when Sertorius challenged Metellus to single combat, they cried aloud and bade him fight, general with general, and Roman with Roman, and when he declined, they mocked at him. plut. sert. 13.5, translated by B. Perrin, Loeb 19191 ∵ Sertorius in Hispania: A New Approach A clear division is shown between the available ancient sources that inform us about the Roman general, Q. Sertorius, and the war he fought in Hispania against the incumbent Roman government between 83 and 72. On the one hand, authors such as Sallust and Plutarch, were pro-Sertorian, whilst on the other, Livy and Appian were anti-Sertorian.2 This split in the evidence has notably influenced modern interpretations and this can be seen, for example, in the first full scale modern biography, written almost a century ago, by the German scholar, A. Schulten. Considered a true classic, this book was translated into Spanish in 1949, and has been recently re-published with a new extensive prologue and historiographical study.3 Sertorius, as a subject, has caught the attention of modern scholars in three major ways. Firstly, Sertorius's political allegiances appear in the context of a
in J. Principal, T. Ñaco del Hoyo, I. Mestres; M. Duran, (eds.), Roma en la Península Ibérica pre... more in J. Principal, T. Ñaco del Hoyo, I. Mestres; M. Duran, (eds.), Roma en la Península Ibérica presertoriana. Escenarios de implantación militar provincial, Colección Instrumenta, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 2017, 17-38.
This article (submitted in 2010 !) focuses on the impact of the war between Rome and Mithridates... more This article (submitted in 2010 !) focuses on the impact of the war between Rome and Mithridates VI on the Greek póleis. The latter, divided socially and politically, supported one side or the other depending
on the policy of alliances proposed by the faction currently in power. In order to better understand the situation, several case studies from mainland Greece, the Aegean islands and Asia Minor (Delos-Athens, Cos-Rhodes, Pergamum and Heraclea Pontica) have been considered.
Ñaco del Hoyo, T. & Arrayás-Morales, I., 'Rome, Pontus, Thrace and the Military Disintegration of the World Beyond the Hellenistic East', D. Slootjes & M. Peachin (eds.), Rome and the World Beyond its Frontiers, Brill Ed., Leiden-Boston 2016, 3-19. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable... more Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Contents List of Figures vii Introduction ix Michael Peachin and Daniëlle Slootjes Part 1 Politics & Military 1 Rome, Pontus, Thrace and the Military Disintegration of the World Beyond the Hellenistic East 3 Toni Ñaco del Hoyo and Isaías Arrayás-Morales 2 Estranging the Familiar-Rome's Ambivalent Approach to Britain 20 Gil Gambash 3 Rome and Persia in the Middle of the Third Century AD (230-266) 33 Lukas de Blois 4 The Emperor Beyond the Frontiers: A Double-Mirror as a 'Political Discourse' 45 Stéphane Benoist Part 2 Politics, Economics, & Society 5 Turning the Inside Out: The Divergent Experiences of Gaul and Africa during the Third Century AD 67 Dan Hoyer 6 Raiders to Traders? Economics of Integration among Nomadic Communities in North Africa 96 Wim Broekaert and Wouter Vanacker 7 Transfer römischer Technik jenseits der Grenzen: Aneignung und Export 123 Günther Schörner CONTENTS vi 8 Perceptions from Beyond: Some Observations on Non-Roman Assessments of the Roman Empire from the Great Eastern Trade Routes 151
Ñaco del Hoyo, T., ‘Invited Review of Olshausen, E., Sauer, V. (Hg.), Die Shätze der Erde Natürliche Ressourcen in der antiken Welt. Stuttgarter Kolloquium zur Historischen Geographie des Altertums 10, 2008, Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2012, pp.425‘, Athenaeum, 104.1 (2016), 342-345.
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Papers by Toni Ñaco del Hoyo
other areas of the far West such as Lusitania, the Ebro valley, the south-east of the Iberian Peninsula or even the north African coast, it is thought-provoking to divert our attention more specifically to the north-western Mediterranean in search for new clues about this conflict, and ultimately its strategic confrontation.7 In sum, a crucial episode of the Roman civil wars that mostly took place in the Iberian peninsula and its surroundings can hardly be comprehended unless we look at the bigger picture of
a fully interconnected Mediterranean.
Roman traditional power structures, particularly for the political and social
actors who needed to relate themselves to the new regime after surviving the bloodshed of the civil wars. Through tradition and custom, some wealthy women deserved social appreciation for their discreet involvement in certain activities which also contributed to the stability and survival of Rome. The new political and diplomatic visibility shown by the women from the Augustan household somehow echoed the position progressively acquired by the matronae since the beginning of Rome’s history. Although female mediation became a new resource at the disposal of such influential women who successfully used it, this was hardly an invention from the Augustan Age, but a reinvention mostly based upon tradition.
more casual events which can hardly be explained unless they are addressed by using the entire micro-region as a case study.
province of Africa, according to several accounts appearing in the literary sources. Ergo, the intention of this chapter is to enquire into its eventual repercussions not only for North Africa, but also for adjacent areas, such as that new ‘boundary’ established in the north-western Mediterranean. In a highly volatile political context in Rome itself, marked by the Gracchi brothers’ attempts to push through reforms in different areas, it is interesting to determine the extent to which a disaster occurring in a very delimited area – North Africa and, therefore, the south-western Mediterranean in this case – influenced the economy and implementation of territorial expansion policies on the opposite side of the Mediterranean
This site is a small Late Republican vicus related to the roadbuilding activities connecting the central coast from Catalonia with
the hinterland. Several manufacturing and other works concerning military logistics have been equally attested. According to
the archaeological record, this site has been dated between 125-75 BC.
The numismatic findings from the site are relevant and highly varied in issues (silver and bronze of Roman and Massalian
origin, etc.). However, most of the pieces (over 90%) belong to the Iberian bronze coinage, with practically no sign of wear.
As to the mints, the ones from the Ausetanian region (e.g. Ausesken, Eusti and Ore) exceed the others. Most recently, a hoard
containing Iberian bronze coinage (41 pieces) has been discovered. Unlike the former findings, on this occasion the amount of
issues from Laietanian and Ilergetan mints are in the majority. Such hoard has been dated at the time of the site abandonment.
the hinterland. Several manufacturing and other works concerning military logistics have been equally attested. According to the archaeological record, this site has been dated between 125-75 BC. The numismatic findings from the site are relevant and highly varied in issues (silver and bronze of Roman and Massalian origin, etc.). However, most of the pieces (over 90%) belong to the Iberian bronze coinage, with practically no sign of wear.
As to the mints, the ones from the Ausetanian region (e.g. Ausesken, Eusti and Ore) exceed the others. Most recently, a hoard containing Iberian bronze coinage (41 pieces) has been discovered. Unlike the former findings, on this occasion the amount of issues from Laietanian and Ilergetan mints are in the majority. Such hoard has been dated at the time of the site abandonment.
on the policy of alliances proposed by the faction currently in power. In order to better understand the situation, several case studies from mainland Greece, the Aegean islands and Asia Minor (Delos-Athens, Cos-Rhodes, Pergamum and Heraclea Pontica) have been considered.
other areas of the far West such as Lusitania, the Ebro valley, the south-east of the Iberian Peninsula or even the north African coast, it is thought-provoking to divert our attention more specifically to the north-western Mediterranean in search for new clues about this conflict, and ultimately its strategic confrontation.7 In sum, a crucial episode of the Roman civil wars that mostly took place in the Iberian peninsula and its surroundings can hardly be comprehended unless we look at the bigger picture of
a fully interconnected Mediterranean.
Roman traditional power structures, particularly for the political and social
actors who needed to relate themselves to the new regime after surviving the bloodshed of the civil wars. Through tradition and custom, some wealthy women deserved social appreciation for their discreet involvement in certain activities which also contributed to the stability and survival of Rome. The new political and diplomatic visibility shown by the women from the Augustan household somehow echoed the position progressively acquired by the matronae since the beginning of Rome’s history. Although female mediation became a new resource at the disposal of such influential women who successfully used it, this was hardly an invention from the Augustan Age, but a reinvention mostly based upon tradition.
more casual events which can hardly be explained unless they are addressed by using the entire micro-region as a case study.
province of Africa, according to several accounts appearing in the literary sources. Ergo, the intention of this chapter is to enquire into its eventual repercussions not only for North Africa, but also for adjacent areas, such as that new ‘boundary’ established in the north-western Mediterranean. In a highly volatile political context in Rome itself, marked by the Gracchi brothers’ attempts to push through reforms in different areas, it is interesting to determine the extent to which a disaster occurring in a very delimited area – North Africa and, therefore, the south-western Mediterranean in this case – influenced the economy and implementation of territorial expansion policies on the opposite side of the Mediterranean
This site is a small Late Republican vicus related to the roadbuilding activities connecting the central coast from Catalonia with
the hinterland. Several manufacturing and other works concerning military logistics have been equally attested. According to
the archaeological record, this site has been dated between 125-75 BC.
The numismatic findings from the site are relevant and highly varied in issues (silver and bronze of Roman and Massalian
origin, etc.). However, most of the pieces (over 90%) belong to the Iberian bronze coinage, with practically no sign of wear.
As to the mints, the ones from the Ausetanian region (e.g. Ausesken, Eusti and Ore) exceed the others. Most recently, a hoard
containing Iberian bronze coinage (41 pieces) has been discovered. Unlike the former findings, on this occasion the amount of
issues from Laietanian and Ilergetan mints are in the majority. Such hoard has been dated at the time of the site abandonment.
the hinterland. Several manufacturing and other works concerning military logistics have been equally attested. According to the archaeological record, this site has been dated between 125-75 BC. The numismatic findings from the site are relevant and highly varied in issues (silver and bronze of Roman and Massalian origin, etc.). However, most of the pieces (over 90%) belong to the Iberian bronze coinage, with practically no sign of wear.
As to the mints, the ones from the Ausetanian region (e.g. Ausesken, Eusti and Ore) exceed the others. Most recently, a hoard containing Iberian bronze coinage (41 pieces) has been discovered. Unlike the former findings, on this occasion the amount of issues from Laietanian and Ilergetan mints are in the majority. Such hoard has been dated at the time of the site abandonment.
on the policy of alliances proposed by the faction currently in power. In order to better understand the situation, several case studies from mainland Greece, the Aegean islands and Asia Minor (Delos-Athens, Cos-Rhodes, Pergamum and Heraclea Pontica) have been considered.
of this volume is to push the historical and archaeological debates about Rome’s expansion, beyond these traditional geographical boundaries and the discipline-based previous research. The entire north-western Mediterranean is treated as a micro-region, and is addressed using various interdisciplinary approaches. The result, is to provide an innovative and comprehensive overview of the north-western Mediterranean in a period of historical crossroads, aided particularly by focusing on the connectivity and integration within this region as two interrelated issues. While Republican Rome enforced itself as an expansive power towards the West, all sorts of polities, military operations and individuals also played a significant role in creating interconnectivity and integration of the north-western Mediterranean into a new hybrid reality. In order to uncover such processes of hybridisation, contributors to this volume
were encouraged to focus on the historical, archaeological and numismatic material from several areas within the region, and to incorporate aspects of interdisciplinary methodologies, in order to address the region’s military, political, social and economic interconnections with Italy, Rome and each other, within the overall period.
Contributors are:
Manuel Álvarez Martí-Aguilar, Craige Champion, Altay Coşkun, Arthur M. Eckstein, Michael P. Fronda, François Gauthier, Daniel Gómez-Castro, Rafael Grasa, Fernando López Sánchez, Polly Low, Toni Ñaco del Hoyo, José Pascual, Jordi Principal, Boris Rankov, Louis Rawlings, John W. Rich, Nathan Rosenstein, Eduardo Sánchez Moreno, Nicholas Sekunda, Christopher Tuplin, Jeroen Wijnendaele, Sophia Zoumbaki.
During the final four centuries BC, many political and stateless entities of the Mediterranean headed towards anarchy and militarism, while stronger powers -Carthage, the Hellenistic kingdoms and Republican Rome- expanded towards State formation, forceful military structures and empire building.
Edited by T. Ñaco del Hoyo and F. López Sánchez, this volume presents the proceedings from an ICREA Conference held in Barcelona (2013), addressing the connection between war, warlords and interstate relations from classical studies and social sciences perspectives.
Some twenty scholars from European, Japanese and North American Universities consider the scope of ‘multipolarity’ and the usefulness of ‘warlord’, a modern category, in order to feature some ancient military and political leaderships.
Two theoretical chapters deal with the actual meaning of catastrophes for the ancients, as well as how distorted our view of the remote past may be when applying modern terminology such as ‘humanitarian crises’ to events in the ancient world. The following chapters seek to explore such topics as collateral damage in war, earthquake recovery, breakdown of interstate relations, deportation, and postwar policies implemented on defeated societies.
The aim of this international conference, which will take place in Barcelona on 23-25th May 2013, is to advance in our knowledge and also encourage the scholarly debate, both from a theoretical and a more practical perspective, on two interconnected issues within the history and the archaeology of the Ancient Mediterranean for the last four centuries BCE:
1. ‘Multipolarity’ in international relations
2. Interstate warfare and ‘warlordism’
This conference intends to address traditional issues such as the nature of interstate violence in the Classical World and the interconnections and networks with a new set of historical and archaeological interpretative tools which may respond to some of our most present concerns. That is assessing, from a ‘multipolar’ perspective, the impact of war and interstate relations on global hegemonies in our modern world.
As we all know, we live in a ‘multipolar’ world fully dominated by ‘connectivity’ and networking. The bipolarity inherited from the worst years of the Cold War does not exist anymore.
Inevitably, such a present global reality pours in our modern interpretation of the past, even the distant and remote past, such as the Classical Antiquity. Recent books from two of the conference participants, Arthur Eckstein and Peregrin Horden & Nicholas Purcell have posed stimulating but also controversial questions regarding the theoretical debate on ‘multipolarity’, connectivity and interstate warfare. Also, the role of ‘warlords’ or ‘condottieri’ in the promotion of interstate war efforts has hardly been applied to the Classical World. Such a debate needs to be extended to earlier periods, such as the Fourth Century and the Hellenistic Age in Greece and Asia Minor, or the Carthaginian and Roman Republican expansion over the West.
By broadening the scope of the bellum Sertorianum beyond an exclusively Hispanic context, it will be possible to delve into the Mediterranean connectivity that characterized the war, studying, on one hand, the impact of the conflict in the political, social and economic dynamics in Rome and its territories, and, on the other, the geographical areas beyond the Iberian Peninsula that suffered its effects and consequences, such as North Africa, the two Gauls, Sicily, the province of Asia, or the Mediterranean Sea itself – considering Sertorius’ association with piratical elements and Italian negotiatores. The ultimate goal of this volume, and where its originality lies, will be to define the Sertorian War not only as the first Roman civil war fought outside of Italy, i.e., in the provinces and their coasts, but also as the first bellum civile that, by attaining a Mediterranean scale, foreshadowed the broad geographical spectrum that would characterize the subsequent civil conflicts that led to the end of the Roman Republic.
Keywords: Sertorian War, Republican civil wars, Roman provinces, Mediterranean connectivity, multipolarity, multi-faceted conflict.