Hristina Crenn
*BA Law - Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University
* Dual BA History & Politics-International Relations - İbn Haldun University;
* Integrated Ph.D. in History - Ibn Haldun University (in progress)
* Dual BA History & Politics-International Relations - İbn Haldun University;
* Integrated Ph.D. in History - Ibn Haldun University (in progress)
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**This article has been published on the website of FOMOSO (Political Forum from Switzerland): https://www.fomoso.org/en/mosopedia/essays/the-balkan-investment-infrastructure-a-forgotten-framework-of-social-implementation/
Introduction
Carol Elisabeth Moseley Braun, a former US senator and a diplomat shared the idea that investment infrastructure is the most sustainable factor of social growth:“We must invest in infrastructure development and rebuilding communities to create jobs”. It is important to denote that at each instant of history, investment was marked by the emergence of sudden financial crises. The infrastructural development of the Balkan region is stagnating for decades. There are numerous factors leading to stagnation: usurpation of the available funds (money - laundering), slow legal procedures (institutional approval for the realization of infrastructural projects, for example: construction of roads), absence of qualified teams of experts that will be charged to manage grandiose construction projects. The investment infrastructure of the Balkan region is a colourful political game where the spectrum of colours depicts the chaotic image of post-modern art ironically said. That is to say, chaotic policies create social revolts that to some extent depict the forgotten framework of social implementation i.e. ruthless infrastructural investment program.
*This academic article was published in the Cyberpolitik Journal (2022): http://cyberpolitikjournal.org/index.php/main/article/view/144/125
*The introductory page of this article can be found on the website of the cyberpolitik website: http://cyberpolitikjournal.org/index.php/main/article/view/144
*Abstract:
The era of Covid-19 reconstructed the vision of the Balkan region, mainly in the countries of the Western Balkans. The rapid emergence of the virus served as an intentional instrument for the political authorities to commit frequent data breaches. The implementation of the restricted measures in the Balkans reflected the weaknesses and the failures of the health system, the shortage of doctors and nurses, the unpreparedness, the ignorance of the inhabitants and the lack of regional cooperation. The process of gradual relaxation of the measures did provoke a second wave of Covid-19. The corruption of the elections prevented the harmonious process of the rule of law to function properly. The sudden revelation of the names of the patients infected with coronavirus on social media, the organisation of local and national protests during total curfew days, the immediate imposition of heavy fines and the unpreparedness of the security officers has resulted with a total collapse of the state apparatus. The objective to ameliorate the situation was interrupted with the presence of political and health fears in the diverse communities.
Key words: Data Breaches, the Balkan region, political abuse of power, human rights violations, health measures.
*This article has been published on the website of FOMOSO (Political Forum from Switzerland): https://www.fomoso.org/en/mosopedia/essays/the-case-of-hungry-venezuela-in-comparaison-with-the-holodomor-crisis/
*Originally this paper was presented at the Student Law Symposium organised by the Law Faculty of Koç University in 2019
Abstract: The intrinsic character of the Venezuelan crisis resulted with several human rights shortages, particularly the food privation. Indeed, this crisis led to the emergence of the principle of forced migration that negatively influenced the people’s modes of life. Therefore, the intentional fabrication of Venezuelan crisis is actually the archetype of the Holodomor famine that occurred in the 1930s in Soviet Ukraine. Chiefly, the insightful, yet comprehensive PTS (Potential Taxable Surplus) theory of the American biologist Jared Diamond in his book ‘Guns, Germs and Steel’, is widely known as the embodiment of the regular crop-rotation stability of the society. Hence, William McNeil in his book ‘Plagues and Peoples’ stressed the paramount importance of the concept of successful macro-parasitism that enables the preservation of a regenerative food economy. The State ostensibly holds the prerogative of regulating the food economy. In case, the State increases the tax-value of the PTS more than the average, the whole food economy collapses and the period of unsuccessful macro-parasitism emerges. The negative consequences of the unsuccessful macro-parasitism lead up to food shortages and massive famines and starvation. The State, firmly is the parasite that attacks the host. The economy is no longer reproducible such as the one in Ukraine during the 1930s, in the aftermath of the disastrous food policy applied by Stalin. In Venezuela, due to hyperinflation the situation is deteriorating. There are massive violations of several major articles of Human Rights conventions such as the article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), the articles 25 and 27 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. All these articles guarantee the pre-eminence of the right to an adequate standard of living, especially the accessibility of food and health. There is a huge necessity to situate the source of the problem and propose a sustainable solution. Indeed the intentional shortage of food and health supplies is a a breach of the legitimacy of international law. Therefore, the food shortage in Venezuela is condemnable by the International Criminal Court for crimes against humanity and frequent, indeed intentional abuses of power of the presidential, yet legislative authority.
Keywords: crisis, famine, Venezuela, Ukraine (Holodomor), abuse of power, human rights violations
*This article has been published on the website of MIROVNA AKADEMIJA (Peace Academy of Bosnia and Herzegovina): https://mirovna-akademija.org/rma/en/essays/2020-international-summer-course/populism-and-women-human-rights-abuses-in-the-bosnian-case
Introduction
In this essay, I am going to analyse the trajectory of Peacebuilding (in the Bosnian case) that over time was marked with a significant culture of legal mechanisms destined to ameliorate the status of past and current international conflicts, as well those who stay unresolvable for few decades or centuries. The mission of crafting peace is probably one of the most sustainable goals of the humanity and the legal institutions dealing with conflict issues. In the Bosnian case, establishing peace in the aftermath of the war, was the indispensable goal programmed by many international institutions. The primacy of international treaties over nationals laws determines wholeheartedly the hierarchical categorisation of norms. The flagrant position of the legal norms is essential for diversifying the wide spectrum of rules and their implementation. The most important legal requirement to resolve a conflict is by non-violent means in the process of Peacebuilding. Hans Kelsen, an Austrian jurist, in his book “Pure Theory of Law” mentions about the Grundnorm (basic norm) that is situated at the top of the pyramid of norms. In the French legal tradition, the Constitution is the supreme norm.
*This article has been published on the website of FOMOSO (Political Forum from Switzerland):https://www.fomoso.org/en/mosopedia/essays/the-deportation-of-the-balkan-jews-failure-of-the-legal-system/
Introduction
The Origin of the Balkan Jews
The history of the Balkan Jews lasts more than 500 years. The deportation of the Balkan Jews occurred in 1941 and lasted until 1945. Initially, the Jews were exiled in 1492 from Spain (a period known as the Spanish Inquisition). Later on, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Bayezid II, accepted and welcomed them as dhimmis (foreigners who lived in Muslim lands or territories). The Jews for the Ottomans were the “Ahl al-kitab”(the “People of the Book”). Christians and Muslims were holding the same religious status. The People of the Book are the members of the three monotheistic religions (Christianity, Islam and Judaism) who believe in the Bible, the Quran and the Torah. The Ottomans implemented the policy of accommodation (istimalet) regarding foreigners (mainly for Jews and Christians) in order to preserve the cosmopolitan character of the empire. The names of some Balkan cities where the Jewish population was living for centuries were: Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Monastir (Bitola - Macedonia), Belgrade (Serbia), Split and Dubrovnik (Croatia). Many Jewish people lived in Skopje (Macedonia) and Zagreb (Croatia) as well. However, it is crucial to mention that the Jewish community lived in the Balkan region since the 1st century CE (the era of the Roman Empire).
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*This article has been published on the website of FOMOSO (Political Forum from Switzerland): https://www.fomoso.org/en/mosopedia/essays/the-politicisation-of-the-balkan-societal-structure-changing-historical-narratives/?fbclid=IwAR3xKn5j3iLkUszryD7G5f240yqZpMGE7dLqrpVaZI7WM57j7trKXXnCaEo
Introduction
The history of the Balkan region is the product of conflictual nationalistic rhetorics, especially since the break-up of Yugoslavia (1991). The Balkan region, an ethnically diverse geographical area, rich with cultural and linguistic heritage, could not manage the plethora of ethnic conflicts, social racism and multiple institutional rejections over time. The question of nationalism is the inevitable point in each Balkan country. Moreover, the fact that even though people speak almost the same language, ethnic hatred still exists among the diverse communities of Slavic origin. This was, and still, is a quite shocking episode of Balkan national history. The “Megali” idea depicts the willingness of each Balkan country to be greater. It’s a historical dimension born after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the early 1920s. The Balkan countries depict the presence of the Ottoman Empire, which lasted for almost five centuries, as an occupation, however, none of the Balkan countries publicly admits that the Ottoman Empire preserved their cultural heritage, religion and local languages. From a historical point of view, the policies of the Ottoman Empire were more adequate for the development of the Balkan region than the current or the contemporary prevailing nationalistic thoughts, concepts and rules. In general, older people praise the heritage of the Ottoman past and the heroic deeds of Tito in the Yugoslavian era, while younger people prefer to leave abroad. The phenomenon of “brain drain” is unstoppable and is shaking the entire Balkan institutional structure.
....
*Column published on the website of Fatima Al-Fihri Open University: https://www.alfihri.org/post/positive-sides-of-distance-education-at-fatima-al-fihri-open-university
The Positive Sides of Distance Education: FAOU’s courses
B.B.King stated that “the most beautiful thing about learning is that no one can take it away from you”. This signifies that distance education is the ultimate opportunity in this globalized world where having a multitasked personality is no longer a rarity, but a necessity. Studying in various universities at the same time paves the way for attaining the goals of a successful career trajectory. Thus, education is a long process endowed with perseverance and courage. Having a vision is not the absolute truth. People change in the course of the years. In this case, their vision is modified as well. This, particularly reflects the essence of distant education whose nature is not static, but evolutive. Fatima Al-Fihri Open University is a digital company, an online university that offers specific courses delivered by prominent professors whose international career and experience are brilliantly shaped. FAOU’s courses are designed to cultivate the symbolism of your curiosity, the desire to learn more and grow professionally as an individual whose independization will rely on the categoric aspect of being decisive and coherent in the process of achieving personal goals. The future is unpredictable, yet ambiguous. Diving into the unknown world of multicultural education is an exquisite journey where questioning is the main art of curiosity. Grasping the basic characteristics of many sciences, such as programming, languages, communication, history, geography, global health and law is essential. Therefore, the positive sides of distance education can help you significantly to travel a lot, attend classes and conferences in many institutes and universities around the world. More abundantly, the most incredible scope of distance education is the possibility to attend and complete various internships and fellowships whose programs might be beneficial and indispensable in the process of professional aspirations and progress. However, research is tremendously interesting for those who would like to study more about the art of academic writing. The endless game of words can be quite entertaining and will never let your efforts go in vain. Distance education is a privilege, not a weakness. People can work and study at the same time from the comfort of their own homes. Moreover, the art of science communication is a peculiar asset whose rigidity requires a constant evolution in the process of learning. The advantage of FAOU is the presence of an international plethora of interns whose performance is incredibly productive. In less than five years, the growth of the university strengthened its reputation and distinction. The paramount feature of FAOU’s internship is flexibility. You can work and study at any time as long as you meet deadlines and fulfil the requirements of the department that you are affiliated with. There is no magical formula for success. Hard-work is the main key that will let you unlock the invisible opportunities of distance education as long as you search productively. This is the stringent fashion of distance education. Eleanor Roosevelt pointed out precisely, that “the future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams”. This is, to some extent, the most crucial mission of distance education.
1 Quote coined by B.B.King
2 Quote coined by Eleanor Roosevelt
Column published on the website of the Intraders Platform:
https://www.intraders.org/news/ot/the-pluralistic-approach-of-human-rights-a-limited-equalisation/
*Hristina Crenn is a bachelor student of Law at Paris 1 Panthéon - Sorbonne University (France) and History and Political Science and International Relations at Ibn Haldun University (Turkey).
Column: "The Pluralistic approach of Human Rights: A Limited Equalisation?"
General overview of Human Rights
The era of Human Rights has been marked by an extensive legal evolution. The normativity of the legal texts started to be ambiguous over time. Legally, rights exist. Politically, rights survive. Legal provisions are crafted by many legal experts, mainly legislators. Political rules are dictated by a single individual (Head of a State or a Prime Minister). In another words, the legal rights are in the hands of the public functionaries, while the political system is regulated by a single individual deciding for the fate of the state. The Constitutional approach of human rights englobes the existence of various rights guaranteed by the mechanism of supremacy of the state social experiment or more precisely, the superpower of the state apparatus. Over time, the hierarchical mode of categorising Human Rights provoked the emergence of negative phenomena in the society such as the increase of the poverty level, a limited access to food and water, the impossibility to attend a regular educational curriculum and the manifestation of unhealthy modes of life due to lack of resources.
Refugees
The most significant normative document is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). What is the perception about the UDHR on a domestic level? The remembrance of the notion of rights? Are the nationals of a peculiar country informed about the existence of their rights? Martin Luther King Jr. stated explicitly that freedom is a long-term objective that is hardly attainable : “Freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor, it must be demanded by the oppressed”[1]. Unfortunately, refugees are the most undermined category by the host countries. Generally, among refugees there are plenty of educated people who can contribute greatly for the well-being of the economy of the country. Temporary protection, educational opportunities and scholarships, the delivery of a residence permit are among many of the legal mechanisms that refugees can benefit from. On the other hand, the worrying level of racism in some Western countries is the main generator of internal conflicts and riots. Nelson Mandela reflected the essence of human rights as the fundamental cornerstone of the humanity: “To deny people their human rights is to challenge their humanity”[2]. There arises the question of the direct applicability of international conventions, human rights treaties and regional human rights instruments or in another words international provisions versus national laws. The question of legal conflict among the hierarchy of norms is inevitable. Does such primacy of International mechanisms categorise rights? The answer isn’t clear enough.
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Multicultural perspective of Human Rights
The idea of Universalism rejects the elements of nationalism. The approach of Universalism promotes the values of Multiculturalism. Thus, the multicultural aspect of human rights is interdependent with the notion of equalisation. Universalism is an advantage in terms of the promotion of the cultural heritage of a peculiar country. Therefore, Multiculturalism reflects the necessity of respecting and accepting the existence of diversity. If there is diversity, the logic of the notion of equality or equalisation is completely manifested, especially when the notion of ‘everyone’ in the universal human rights declarations is the equivalent word for the notion of ‘equality’. In practice the notion of ‘everyone’ is neglected by the negative influence of racism and nationalism. This is the core textual conflict. The 1st article of the UDHR reminds us of the paramount importance of the dignity of individuals: “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood”[3]. The basic values are legally guaranteed, but in practice, they are quite often violated or not properly implemented.
Women’s Rights as Human Rights
The Legal pluralism in the recent decades is related also to the massive emergence of the concept of Women’s Rights. Undoubtedly, Women’s Rights were mentioned in the French Declaration of the Woman and the Citizen promulgated in 1791. Moreover, this Declaration was drafted by the prominent French Woman of Letters, Olympe de Gouges. Thus, the French Revolution was provoked by the famous Women’s March on Versailles on October 5, 1789. Since then, Women’s Rights are Human Rights. The trajectory of emancipation and political participation was a flagrant testimony for the saying: ‘Women’s Rights as Human Rights’.
To conclude, we could notice that there is a pluralistic approach that reliably enforces the existence of a limited equalisation of human rights that is often quite obliterated.
[1] Phrase coined by Martin Luther King Jr.
[2] Phrase coined by Nelson Mandela
[3] The 1st article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Abstract:
This article presents a profound analysis of the diverse legal aspects that influenced over time the structure of the core architectural instruments of the Bosnian type of Feminism in the field of International Relations and Human Rights Law. The necessity to embark on the journey of Peace Resolution was the primordial goal of the last two decades, especially in the aftermath of the war in Bosnia. The incredible efforts of the Bosnian Women seem quite often to be obliterated by the legal pages of history. Thus, somewhere they are mentioned, somewhere not. The fragile circumstances of the war, life under constant threat, systematic violence, ethnic cleansing, hidden mass graves are considered to be the most terrible crimes against humanity committed after the World War II. Many Women activists, locally and nationally, contributed significantly for the process of stabilisation and institutionnalisation of the state apparatus. Hearing the voice of the voiceless female victims, years after the war, and the inclusion of Women in the political sphere of power launched the process of emancipation that challenged tremendously the existence of the patriarchy. The ethnic and religious intolerance is a political instrument that Women try to modify by promoting unity among the huge mass of people.
Keywords: Covid-19, Labour Inequalities, Migrants, Human Rights, Health
ISSN 2694-2577
*Link of the website of the journal: https://journal-aps.net/issue-3
*Link of the article: https://uploads.documents.cimpress.io/v1/uploads/b4d960bd-2c17-4710-a363-267cff6e25ba~110/original?tenant=vbu-digital
*Column published on the website of Media Pulse Production House of Sarajevo: https://pulse.ba/index.php/pulse-lifestyle/3472-the-mosaics-of-ancient-heraclea-lyncestis-macedonia-elements-of-a-colorful-recorded-history
*Column published on the website of the InTraders Platform: https://www.intraders.org/news/ot/the-mosaics-of-ancient-heraclea-lyncestis-macedonia-elements-of-a-colorful-recorded-history/
*Hristina Crenn is a bachelor student of Law at Paris 1 Panthéon - Sorbonne University (France) and History and Political Science and International Relations at Ibn Haldun University (Turkey).
Column: "The Mosaics of ancient Heraclea Lyncestis Macedonia – Elements of a colorful recorded history"
The art of crafting historical imprints is probably the most valuable heritage of the Roman Era. Therefore, the Roman mosaics are wonderful masterpieces of the craftsmen of the epoch depicting the real conception of the society. The motifs of the mosaics include animal portraits reflecting peculiar meanings. As we know, the Roman world was a polytheistic construction of divinely appointed gods and goddesses. The traditional values and customs promoted largely the importance of the rulers. The kings represented the will of the gods. Moreover, they served as an intermediary between the gods and the people. A unique portrait of the symbol of power of the central administration present in the periphery of the Roman Empire.
The primordial aspect of the Roman Art is shaped by the existence of floor mosaics. Thus, the most famous Roman mosaics are the ones excavated in the archaeological city of Heraclea Lyncestics (nowadays Bitola). Bitola is one of the cosmopolitan cities of the southern part of Macedonia. Heraclea Lyncestis as a Roman Municipium was constructed roughly around the 4th century BC. The city was located on the crucial trade route Via Egnatia. Overtime, the famous phrase ‘All the routes lead to Rome’ emerged. The floor mosaics are incredibly decorated with colourful stone tiles representing the essence of the diverse animal portraits. The Roman craftsmen were very skilled and talented.
The rectangular shape of the floor mosaics is a fascinating demonstration of the sensitivity of the Roman art and culture. The natural elements present on the mosaics reveal the secrets of the local observations of the harmonious cycle of the nature. Trees, birds, leaves, flowers and animals are the main figures of the theatrical scene of the mosaics. A structural emphasis of the four seasons of the year is widely noticeable as well. The popular saying that ‘the strong will survive and the weak will perish’ is vividly represented on the mosaics: the tiger attacking the deer and the lion attacking the bull. Indeed, such animal fights explain the veritable position of the state power based on the hierarchical structure of the society and the strong place of the Church. Some interesting local beliefs mention that the process of emancipation was prevalent by following strict traditional rules. For example, one of the interesting stories or myths were that a young boy had always to hunt a lion in order to become an adult. The transition from adolescence to adulthood was socially determined.
The floor mosaics are the remains of an early Christian Roman Cathedral in Heraclea Lyncestis known as the Small Basilica and the Great Basilica. The excellent preservation of the Basilicas signifies abundantly about the longevity of the Roman art. The astonishingly beautiful columns around the Basilicas testify about the process of urbanisation or city planning. The Romans were pioneers in this matter by establishing aqueducts, forums and legal courts.
Only by remembering the beauty of the past, we can never forget the history of one of the greatest world civilisations in terms of cultural transmission and legal enterprise. If you travel in the southern part of Macedonia, visit the city of Bitola and discover the colourful mosaics of Heraclea Lyncestis.
Column: “A travel story of Sarajevo - Sarajevo through the eyes of a foreign traveler”
Source website: https://www.pulse.ba/index.php/pulse-travel/3238-a-travel-story-of-sarajevo-sarajevo-through-the-eyes-of-a-foreign-traveler
Source website: https://www.intraders.org/news/ot/a-travel-story-of-sarajevo-sarajevo-through-the-eyes-of-a-foreign-traveler/
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/travel-story-sarajevo-through-eyes-foreign-traveler-hristina-crenn/?trackingId=0AuCpbQMQ%2F69ePoRuoHp7Q%3D%3D
“I visited Sarajevo in July 2019. I was impressed by the marvellous memorial monuments dedicated to the innocent victims of the war - pain that we should never forget. Remembering their efforts, existence and identity means contributing greatly for the preservation of the international peace and security. The innocent war victims were our brothers and sisters part of our global human family. Forgetting them is an intentional betrayal for the whole humanity and our common sense of empathy. May the horrors of the war never repeat again. Hope never dies”.
(A message from Hristina Crenn)
History is a perpetual commencement. The cultural features of Sarajevo are unprecedentedly unique as a reflection of the existant original symbiosis of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian influences. The rhythm of the heart of Sarajevo vibrates around the impeccable charm of the city center, the wonderful smell of the delicious ‘Ćevape’ (kebap), the ambrosial flavour of the ‘baklava’ (Turkish delight) in the old town and the numerous historical monuments that constitute the soul of transitional justice. More precisely, Sarajevo is a veritable melting-pot of the Balkan region.
The Museum of Childhood reflects the painful journey of the survivors and heroes of the war atrocities. The universal message of this museum is the preservation of children’s memory as a constant reminder of the necessity to establish the indispensable existence of peace through the prism of time. Remembrance is the perennial mechanism of transitional justice that portrays simultaneously the fundamental process of constructing the durability of peace.
In addition to the cultural trajectory of Sarajevo, there is the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina as the most emblematic cultural institution of the country that represents the perfect labyrinth for History lovers. Diving deeply in the historical past of our ancestors is the infinite journey of collecting the various pieces of the unsolvable puzzle called life. The various memorial monuments encompass the eagerness for preserving the values of tolerance, patience, religious harmony, common consciousness and most notably ensuring the well-being of the inhabitants. Thus, the significant presence of cultural diversity of the Jewish, Christian and Muslim communities depicts the colourful centennial history of mutual harmony established meticulously over time.
The most distinguished memorial center is the Children’s Square of Sarajevo as a vivid remembrance of the innocent souls and victims of the merciless and hostile war acts. Walking in the park of the square and reading the carved marble inscriptions containing the names of the murdered children generates moments of sadness, tearfulness, emotions, anger and perplexity at the same time. Sadness for the deceased children, anger for the oppressors. The multiple meanings of the word Justice refer to the slowness of the obsolete jurisdictional mechanisms that fail to grant reparations to the families of the victims within a specific period of time due to the absence of reciprocal research of evidence for establishing the truth.
The most incredible place of the city is the monument of the ‘Eternal flame’ that literally ‘prolonges’ the life of the innocent victims through the lenses of the phenomenon of remembrance. Sarajevo is definitely the place everyone must visit, at least once in a lifetime.
Among the many strong prominent leaders there were: Olympe de Gouges, Simone de Beauvoir and Simone Veil that elevated the position of women in the society by denouncing the perennial status quo of male absolutism. The Women’s March for the first time in history forced a king to capitulate.
A royal dynasty was destroyed only by the intelligent actions of women activists such Olympe de Gouges, Madame de Steal, Charlotte Corday, Mary Wollstonecraft and most importantly the Women’s March of the members of the Third Estate. This paper will analyse various works of prominent female leaders, but most significantly the core study of the legal foundational scholarship of the articles of the Declaration of the Rights of the Woman and the Female Citizen will be examined, particularly, the scope of emancipation as ‘Citoyenne’ (Female Citizen) and the heroism of
Condorcet and Mary Wollstonecraft as pioneers of the established mechanisms for the defence of Women’s human rights.
Key words: Women, Institution building, Olympe de Gouges, patriarchy, French Revolution, Declaration
of the Rights and the Female Citizen
**This article has been published on the website of FOMOSO (Political Forum from Switzerland): https://www.fomoso.org/en/mosopedia/essays/the-balkan-investment-infrastructure-a-forgotten-framework-of-social-implementation/
Introduction
Carol Elisabeth Moseley Braun, a former US senator and a diplomat shared the idea that investment infrastructure is the most sustainable factor of social growth:“We must invest in infrastructure development and rebuilding communities to create jobs”. It is important to denote that at each instant of history, investment was marked by the emergence of sudden financial crises. The infrastructural development of the Balkan region is stagnating for decades. There are numerous factors leading to stagnation: usurpation of the available funds (money - laundering), slow legal procedures (institutional approval for the realization of infrastructural projects, for example: construction of roads), absence of qualified teams of experts that will be charged to manage grandiose construction projects. The investment infrastructure of the Balkan region is a colourful political game where the spectrum of colours depicts the chaotic image of post-modern art ironically said. That is to say, chaotic policies create social revolts that to some extent depict the forgotten framework of social implementation i.e. ruthless infrastructural investment program.
*This academic article was published in the Cyberpolitik Journal (2022): http://cyberpolitikjournal.org/index.php/main/article/view/144/125
*The introductory page of this article can be found on the website of the cyberpolitik website: http://cyberpolitikjournal.org/index.php/main/article/view/144
*Abstract:
The era of Covid-19 reconstructed the vision of the Balkan region, mainly in the countries of the Western Balkans. The rapid emergence of the virus served as an intentional instrument for the political authorities to commit frequent data breaches. The implementation of the restricted measures in the Balkans reflected the weaknesses and the failures of the health system, the shortage of doctors and nurses, the unpreparedness, the ignorance of the inhabitants and the lack of regional cooperation. The process of gradual relaxation of the measures did provoke a second wave of Covid-19. The corruption of the elections prevented the harmonious process of the rule of law to function properly. The sudden revelation of the names of the patients infected with coronavirus on social media, the organisation of local and national protests during total curfew days, the immediate imposition of heavy fines and the unpreparedness of the security officers has resulted with a total collapse of the state apparatus. The objective to ameliorate the situation was interrupted with the presence of political and health fears in the diverse communities.
Key words: Data Breaches, the Balkan region, political abuse of power, human rights violations, health measures.
*This article has been published on the website of FOMOSO (Political Forum from Switzerland): https://www.fomoso.org/en/mosopedia/essays/the-case-of-hungry-venezuela-in-comparaison-with-the-holodomor-crisis/
*Originally this paper was presented at the Student Law Symposium organised by the Law Faculty of Koç University in 2019
Abstract: The intrinsic character of the Venezuelan crisis resulted with several human rights shortages, particularly the food privation. Indeed, this crisis led to the emergence of the principle of forced migration that negatively influenced the people’s modes of life. Therefore, the intentional fabrication of Venezuelan crisis is actually the archetype of the Holodomor famine that occurred in the 1930s in Soviet Ukraine. Chiefly, the insightful, yet comprehensive PTS (Potential Taxable Surplus) theory of the American biologist Jared Diamond in his book ‘Guns, Germs and Steel’, is widely known as the embodiment of the regular crop-rotation stability of the society. Hence, William McNeil in his book ‘Plagues and Peoples’ stressed the paramount importance of the concept of successful macro-parasitism that enables the preservation of a regenerative food economy. The State ostensibly holds the prerogative of regulating the food economy. In case, the State increases the tax-value of the PTS more than the average, the whole food economy collapses and the period of unsuccessful macro-parasitism emerges. The negative consequences of the unsuccessful macro-parasitism lead up to food shortages and massive famines and starvation. The State, firmly is the parasite that attacks the host. The economy is no longer reproducible such as the one in Ukraine during the 1930s, in the aftermath of the disastrous food policy applied by Stalin. In Venezuela, due to hyperinflation the situation is deteriorating. There are massive violations of several major articles of Human Rights conventions such as the article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), the articles 25 and 27 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. All these articles guarantee the pre-eminence of the right to an adequate standard of living, especially the accessibility of food and health. There is a huge necessity to situate the source of the problem and propose a sustainable solution. Indeed the intentional shortage of food and health supplies is a a breach of the legitimacy of international law. Therefore, the food shortage in Venezuela is condemnable by the International Criminal Court for crimes against humanity and frequent, indeed intentional abuses of power of the presidential, yet legislative authority.
Keywords: crisis, famine, Venezuela, Ukraine (Holodomor), abuse of power, human rights violations
*This article has been published on the website of MIROVNA AKADEMIJA (Peace Academy of Bosnia and Herzegovina): https://mirovna-akademija.org/rma/en/essays/2020-international-summer-course/populism-and-women-human-rights-abuses-in-the-bosnian-case
Introduction
In this essay, I am going to analyse the trajectory of Peacebuilding (in the Bosnian case) that over time was marked with a significant culture of legal mechanisms destined to ameliorate the status of past and current international conflicts, as well those who stay unresolvable for few decades or centuries. The mission of crafting peace is probably one of the most sustainable goals of the humanity and the legal institutions dealing with conflict issues. In the Bosnian case, establishing peace in the aftermath of the war, was the indispensable goal programmed by many international institutions. The primacy of international treaties over nationals laws determines wholeheartedly the hierarchical categorisation of norms. The flagrant position of the legal norms is essential for diversifying the wide spectrum of rules and their implementation. The most important legal requirement to resolve a conflict is by non-violent means in the process of Peacebuilding. Hans Kelsen, an Austrian jurist, in his book “Pure Theory of Law” mentions about the Grundnorm (basic norm) that is situated at the top of the pyramid of norms. In the French legal tradition, the Constitution is the supreme norm.
*This article has been published on the website of FOMOSO (Political Forum from Switzerland):https://www.fomoso.org/en/mosopedia/essays/the-deportation-of-the-balkan-jews-failure-of-the-legal-system/
Introduction
The Origin of the Balkan Jews
The history of the Balkan Jews lasts more than 500 years. The deportation of the Balkan Jews occurred in 1941 and lasted until 1945. Initially, the Jews were exiled in 1492 from Spain (a period known as the Spanish Inquisition). Later on, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Bayezid II, accepted and welcomed them as dhimmis (foreigners who lived in Muslim lands or territories). The Jews for the Ottomans were the “Ahl al-kitab”(the “People of the Book”). Christians and Muslims were holding the same religious status. The People of the Book are the members of the three monotheistic religions (Christianity, Islam and Judaism) who believe in the Bible, the Quran and the Torah. The Ottomans implemented the policy of accommodation (istimalet) regarding foreigners (mainly for Jews and Christians) in order to preserve the cosmopolitan character of the empire. The names of some Balkan cities where the Jewish population was living for centuries were: Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Monastir (Bitola - Macedonia), Belgrade (Serbia), Split and Dubrovnik (Croatia). Many Jewish people lived in Skopje (Macedonia) and Zagreb (Croatia) as well. However, it is crucial to mention that the Jewish community lived in the Balkan region since the 1st century CE (the era of the Roman Empire).
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*This article has been published on the website of FOMOSO (Political Forum from Switzerland): https://www.fomoso.org/en/mosopedia/essays/the-politicisation-of-the-balkan-societal-structure-changing-historical-narratives/?fbclid=IwAR3xKn5j3iLkUszryD7G5f240yqZpMGE7dLqrpVaZI7WM57j7trKXXnCaEo
Introduction
The history of the Balkan region is the product of conflictual nationalistic rhetorics, especially since the break-up of Yugoslavia (1991). The Balkan region, an ethnically diverse geographical area, rich with cultural and linguistic heritage, could not manage the plethora of ethnic conflicts, social racism and multiple institutional rejections over time. The question of nationalism is the inevitable point in each Balkan country. Moreover, the fact that even though people speak almost the same language, ethnic hatred still exists among the diverse communities of Slavic origin. This was, and still, is a quite shocking episode of Balkan national history. The “Megali” idea depicts the willingness of each Balkan country to be greater. It’s a historical dimension born after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the early 1920s. The Balkan countries depict the presence of the Ottoman Empire, which lasted for almost five centuries, as an occupation, however, none of the Balkan countries publicly admits that the Ottoman Empire preserved their cultural heritage, religion and local languages. From a historical point of view, the policies of the Ottoman Empire were more adequate for the development of the Balkan region than the current or the contemporary prevailing nationalistic thoughts, concepts and rules. In general, older people praise the heritage of the Ottoman past and the heroic deeds of Tito in the Yugoslavian era, while younger people prefer to leave abroad. The phenomenon of “brain drain” is unstoppable and is shaking the entire Balkan institutional structure.
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*Column published on the website of Fatima Al-Fihri Open University: https://www.alfihri.org/post/positive-sides-of-distance-education-at-fatima-al-fihri-open-university
The Positive Sides of Distance Education: FAOU’s courses
B.B.King stated that “the most beautiful thing about learning is that no one can take it away from you”. This signifies that distance education is the ultimate opportunity in this globalized world where having a multitasked personality is no longer a rarity, but a necessity. Studying in various universities at the same time paves the way for attaining the goals of a successful career trajectory. Thus, education is a long process endowed with perseverance and courage. Having a vision is not the absolute truth. People change in the course of the years. In this case, their vision is modified as well. This, particularly reflects the essence of distant education whose nature is not static, but evolutive. Fatima Al-Fihri Open University is a digital company, an online university that offers specific courses delivered by prominent professors whose international career and experience are brilliantly shaped. FAOU’s courses are designed to cultivate the symbolism of your curiosity, the desire to learn more and grow professionally as an individual whose independization will rely on the categoric aspect of being decisive and coherent in the process of achieving personal goals. The future is unpredictable, yet ambiguous. Diving into the unknown world of multicultural education is an exquisite journey where questioning is the main art of curiosity. Grasping the basic characteristics of many sciences, such as programming, languages, communication, history, geography, global health and law is essential. Therefore, the positive sides of distance education can help you significantly to travel a lot, attend classes and conferences in many institutes and universities around the world. More abundantly, the most incredible scope of distance education is the possibility to attend and complete various internships and fellowships whose programs might be beneficial and indispensable in the process of professional aspirations and progress. However, research is tremendously interesting for those who would like to study more about the art of academic writing. The endless game of words can be quite entertaining and will never let your efforts go in vain. Distance education is a privilege, not a weakness. People can work and study at the same time from the comfort of their own homes. Moreover, the art of science communication is a peculiar asset whose rigidity requires a constant evolution in the process of learning. The advantage of FAOU is the presence of an international plethora of interns whose performance is incredibly productive. In less than five years, the growth of the university strengthened its reputation and distinction. The paramount feature of FAOU’s internship is flexibility. You can work and study at any time as long as you meet deadlines and fulfil the requirements of the department that you are affiliated with. There is no magical formula for success. Hard-work is the main key that will let you unlock the invisible opportunities of distance education as long as you search productively. This is the stringent fashion of distance education. Eleanor Roosevelt pointed out precisely, that “the future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams”. This is, to some extent, the most crucial mission of distance education.
1 Quote coined by B.B.King
2 Quote coined by Eleanor Roosevelt
Column published on the website of the Intraders Platform:
https://www.intraders.org/news/ot/the-pluralistic-approach-of-human-rights-a-limited-equalisation/
*Hristina Crenn is a bachelor student of Law at Paris 1 Panthéon - Sorbonne University (France) and History and Political Science and International Relations at Ibn Haldun University (Turkey).
Column: "The Pluralistic approach of Human Rights: A Limited Equalisation?"
General overview of Human Rights
The era of Human Rights has been marked by an extensive legal evolution. The normativity of the legal texts started to be ambiguous over time. Legally, rights exist. Politically, rights survive. Legal provisions are crafted by many legal experts, mainly legislators. Political rules are dictated by a single individual (Head of a State or a Prime Minister). In another words, the legal rights are in the hands of the public functionaries, while the political system is regulated by a single individual deciding for the fate of the state. The Constitutional approach of human rights englobes the existence of various rights guaranteed by the mechanism of supremacy of the state social experiment or more precisely, the superpower of the state apparatus. Over time, the hierarchical mode of categorising Human Rights provoked the emergence of negative phenomena in the society such as the increase of the poverty level, a limited access to food and water, the impossibility to attend a regular educational curriculum and the manifestation of unhealthy modes of life due to lack of resources.
Refugees
The most significant normative document is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). What is the perception about the UDHR on a domestic level? The remembrance of the notion of rights? Are the nationals of a peculiar country informed about the existence of their rights? Martin Luther King Jr. stated explicitly that freedom is a long-term objective that is hardly attainable : “Freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor, it must be demanded by the oppressed”[1]. Unfortunately, refugees are the most undermined category by the host countries. Generally, among refugees there are plenty of educated people who can contribute greatly for the well-being of the economy of the country. Temporary protection, educational opportunities and scholarships, the delivery of a residence permit are among many of the legal mechanisms that refugees can benefit from. On the other hand, the worrying level of racism in some Western countries is the main generator of internal conflicts and riots. Nelson Mandela reflected the essence of human rights as the fundamental cornerstone of the humanity: “To deny people their human rights is to challenge their humanity”[2]. There arises the question of the direct applicability of international conventions, human rights treaties and regional human rights instruments or in another words international provisions versus national laws. The question of legal conflict among the hierarchy of norms is inevitable. Does such primacy of International mechanisms categorise rights? The answer isn’t clear enough.
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Multicultural perspective of Human Rights
The idea of Universalism rejects the elements of nationalism. The approach of Universalism promotes the values of Multiculturalism. Thus, the multicultural aspect of human rights is interdependent with the notion of equalisation. Universalism is an advantage in terms of the promotion of the cultural heritage of a peculiar country. Therefore, Multiculturalism reflects the necessity of respecting and accepting the existence of diversity. If there is diversity, the logic of the notion of equality or equalisation is completely manifested, especially when the notion of ‘everyone’ in the universal human rights declarations is the equivalent word for the notion of ‘equality’. In practice the notion of ‘everyone’ is neglected by the negative influence of racism and nationalism. This is the core textual conflict. The 1st article of the UDHR reminds us of the paramount importance of the dignity of individuals: “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood”[3]. The basic values are legally guaranteed, but in practice, they are quite often violated or not properly implemented.
Women’s Rights as Human Rights
The Legal pluralism in the recent decades is related also to the massive emergence of the concept of Women’s Rights. Undoubtedly, Women’s Rights were mentioned in the French Declaration of the Woman and the Citizen promulgated in 1791. Moreover, this Declaration was drafted by the prominent French Woman of Letters, Olympe de Gouges. Thus, the French Revolution was provoked by the famous Women’s March on Versailles on October 5, 1789. Since then, Women’s Rights are Human Rights. The trajectory of emancipation and political participation was a flagrant testimony for the saying: ‘Women’s Rights as Human Rights’.
To conclude, we could notice that there is a pluralistic approach that reliably enforces the existence of a limited equalisation of human rights that is often quite obliterated.
[1] Phrase coined by Martin Luther King Jr.
[2] Phrase coined by Nelson Mandela
[3] The 1st article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Abstract:
This article presents a profound analysis of the diverse legal aspects that influenced over time the structure of the core architectural instruments of the Bosnian type of Feminism in the field of International Relations and Human Rights Law. The necessity to embark on the journey of Peace Resolution was the primordial goal of the last two decades, especially in the aftermath of the war in Bosnia. The incredible efforts of the Bosnian Women seem quite often to be obliterated by the legal pages of history. Thus, somewhere they are mentioned, somewhere not. The fragile circumstances of the war, life under constant threat, systematic violence, ethnic cleansing, hidden mass graves are considered to be the most terrible crimes against humanity committed after the World War II. Many Women activists, locally and nationally, contributed significantly for the process of stabilisation and institutionnalisation of the state apparatus. Hearing the voice of the voiceless female victims, years after the war, and the inclusion of Women in the political sphere of power launched the process of emancipation that challenged tremendously the existence of the patriarchy. The ethnic and religious intolerance is a political instrument that Women try to modify by promoting unity among the huge mass of people.
Keywords: Covid-19, Labour Inequalities, Migrants, Human Rights, Health
ISSN 2694-2577
*Link of the website of the journal: https://journal-aps.net/issue-3
*Link of the article: https://uploads.documents.cimpress.io/v1/uploads/b4d960bd-2c17-4710-a363-267cff6e25ba~110/original?tenant=vbu-digital
*Column published on the website of Media Pulse Production House of Sarajevo: https://pulse.ba/index.php/pulse-lifestyle/3472-the-mosaics-of-ancient-heraclea-lyncestis-macedonia-elements-of-a-colorful-recorded-history
*Column published on the website of the InTraders Platform: https://www.intraders.org/news/ot/the-mosaics-of-ancient-heraclea-lyncestis-macedonia-elements-of-a-colorful-recorded-history/
*Hristina Crenn is a bachelor student of Law at Paris 1 Panthéon - Sorbonne University (France) and History and Political Science and International Relations at Ibn Haldun University (Turkey).
Column: "The Mosaics of ancient Heraclea Lyncestis Macedonia – Elements of a colorful recorded history"
The art of crafting historical imprints is probably the most valuable heritage of the Roman Era. Therefore, the Roman mosaics are wonderful masterpieces of the craftsmen of the epoch depicting the real conception of the society. The motifs of the mosaics include animal portraits reflecting peculiar meanings. As we know, the Roman world was a polytheistic construction of divinely appointed gods and goddesses. The traditional values and customs promoted largely the importance of the rulers. The kings represented the will of the gods. Moreover, they served as an intermediary between the gods and the people. A unique portrait of the symbol of power of the central administration present in the periphery of the Roman Empire.
The primordial aspect of the Roman Art is shaped by the existence of floor mosaics. Thus, the most famous Roman mosaics are the ones excavated in the archaeological city of Heraclea Lyncestics (nowadays Bitola). Bitola is one of the cosmopolitan cities of the southern part of Macedonia. Heraclea Lyncestis as a Roman Municipium was constructed roughly around the 4th century BC. The city was located on the crucial trade route Via Egnatia. Overtime, the famous phrase ‘All the routes lead to Rome’ emerged. The floor mosaics are incredibly decorated with colourful stone tiles representing the essence of the diverse animal portraits. The Roman craftsmen were very skilled and talented.
The rectangular shape of the floor mosaics is a fascinating demonstration of the sensitivity of the Roman art and culture. The natural elements present on the mosaics reveal the secrets of the local observations of the harmonious cycle of the nature. Trees, birds, leaves, flowers and animals are the main figures of the theatrical scene of the mosaics. A structural emphasis of the four seasons of the year is widely noticeable as well. The popular saying that ‘the strong will survive and the weak will perish’ is vividly represented on the mosaics: the tiger attacking the deer and the lion attacking the bull. Indeed, such animal fights explain the veritable position of the state power based on the hierarchical structure of the society and the strong place of the Church. Some interesting local beliefs mention that the process of emancipation was prevalent by following strict traditional rules. For example, one of the interesting stories or myths were that a young boy had always to hunt a lion in order to become an adult. The transition from adolescence to adulthood was socially determined.
The floor mosaics are the remains of an early Christian Roman Cathedral in Heraclea Lyncestis known as the Small Basilica and the Great Basilica. The excellent preservation of the Basilicas signifies abundantly about the longevity of the Roman art. The astonishingly beautiful columns around the Basilicas testify about the process of urbanisation or city planning. The Romans were pioneers in this matter by establishing aqueducts, forums and legal courts.
Only by remembering the beauty of the past, we can never forget the history of one of the greatest world civilisations in terms of cultural transmission and legal enterprise. If you travel in the southern part of Macedonia, visit the city of Bitola and discover the colourful mosaics of Heraclea Lyncestis.
Column: “A travel story of Sarajevo - Sarajevo through the eyes of a foreign traveler”
Source website: https://www.pulse.ba/index.php/pulse-travel/3238-a-travel-story-of-sarajevo-sarajevo-through-the-eyes-of-a-foreign-traveler
Source website: https://www.intraders.org/news/ot/a-travel-story-of-sarajevo-sarajevo-through-the-eyes-of-a-foreign-traveler/
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/travel-story-sarajevo-through-eyes-foreign-traveler-hristina-crenn/?trackingId=0AuCpbQMQ%2F69ePoRuoHp7Q%3D%3D
“I visited Sarajevo in July 2019. I was impressed by the marvellous memorial monuments dedicated to the innocent victims of the war - pain that we should never forget. Remembering their efforts, existence and identity means contributing greatly for the preservation of the international peace and security. The innocent war victims were our brothers and sisters part of our global human family. Forgetting them is an intentional betrayal for the whole humanity and our common sense of empathy. May the horrors of the war never repeat again. Hope never dies”.
(A message from Hristina Crenn)
History is a perpetual commencement. The cultural features of Sarajevo are unprecedentedly unique as a reflection of the existant original symbiosis of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian influences. The rhythm of the heart of Sarajevo vibrates around the impeccable charm of the city center, the wonderful smell of the delicious ‘Ćevape’ (kebap), the ambrosial flavour of the ‘baklava’ (Turkish delight) in the old town and the numerous historical monuments that constitute the soul of transitional justice. More precisely, Sarajevo is a veritable melting-pot of the Balkan region.
The Museum of Childhood reflects the painful journey of the survivors and heroes of the war atrocities. The universal message of this museum is the preservation of children’s memory as a constant reminder of the necessity to establish the indispensable existence of peace through the prism of time. Remembrance is the perennial mechanism of transitional justice that portrays simultaneously the fundamental process of constructing the durability of peace.
In addition to the cultural trajectory of Sarajevo, there is the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina as the most emblematic cultural institution of the country that represents the perfect labyrinth for History lovers. Diving deeply in the historical past of our ancestors is the infinite journey of collecting the various pieces of the unsolvable puzzle called life. The various memorial monuments encompass the eagerness for preserving the values of tolerance, patience, religious harmony, common consciousness and most notably ensuring the well-being of the inhabitants. Thus, the significant presence of cultural diversity of the Jewish, Christian and Muslim communities depicts the colourful centennial history of mutual harmony established meticulously over time.
The most distinguished memorial center is the Children’s Square of Sarajevo as a vivid remembrance of the innocent souls and victims of the merciless and hostile war acts. Walking in the park of the square and reading the carved marble inscriptions containing the names of the murdered children generates moments of sadness, tearfulness, emotions, anger and perplexity at the same time. Sadness for the deceased children, anger for the oppressors. The multiple meanings of the word Justice refer to the slowness of the obsolete jurisdictional mechanisms that fail to grant reparations to the families of the victims within a specific period of time due to the absence of reciprocal research of evidence for establishing the truth.
The most incredible place of the city is the monument of the ‘Eternal flame’ that literally ‘prolonges’ the life of the innocent victims through the lenses of the phenomenon of remembrance. Sarajevo is definitely the place everyone must visit, at least once in a lifetime.
Among the many strong prominent leaders there were: Olympe de Gouges, Simone de Beauvoir and Simone Veil that elevated the position of women in the society by denouncing the perennial status quo of male absolutism. The Women’s March for the first time in history forced a king to capitulate.
A royal dynasty was destroyed only by the intelligent actions of women activists such Olympe de Gouges, Madame de Steal, Charlotte Corday, Mary Wollstonecraft and most importantly the Women’s March of the members of the Third Estate. This paper will analyse various works of prominent female leaders, but most significantly the core study of the legal foundational scholarship of the articles of the Declaration of the Rights of the Woman and the Female Citizen will be examined, particularly, the scope of emancipation as ‘Citoyenne’ (Female Citizen) and the heroism of
Condorcet and Mary Wollstonecraft as pioneers of the established mechanisms for the defence of Women’s human rights.
Key words: Women, Institution building, Olympe de Gouges, patriarchy, French Revolution, Declaration
of the Rights and the Female Citizen