Internet of Things (IoT) systems cannot successfully realize the notion of ubiquitous connectivit... more Internet of Things (IoT) systems cannot successfully realize the notion of ubiquitous connectivity of everything if they are not capable to truly include ‘multimedia things’. However, the current research and development activities in the field do not mandate the features of multimedia objects, thus leaving a gap to benefit from multimedia content based services and applications. In this paper, we analyze this issue by contemplating the concept of IoT and drawing an inspiration towards the perspective vision of ‘Internet of Multimedia Things’ (IoMT). Therein, we introduce IoMT as a novel paradigm in which smart heterogeneous multimedia things can interact and cooperate with one another and with other things connected to the Internet to facilitate multimedia based services and applications that are globally available to the users. Some applications and use-cases for IoMT are presented to reflect the possibilities enabled by this new paradigm. An IoMT architecture is then presented which is segregated into four distinct stages; (i) multimedia sensing, (ii) reporting and addressability, (iii) multimedia-aware cloud, and (iv) multi-agent systems. Instead of proposing specific technical solutions for each individual stage of the presented architecture, we survey the already existing technologies, providing a synthesis for the realization of the vision of IoMT. Subsequently, various requirements and challenges as well as the feasibility of existing solutions for each stage of proposed IoMT architecture are comprehensively discussed.
Reliable event delivery at MAC, routing and transport level has been explored to great extent to ... more Reliable event delivery at MAC, routing and transport level has been explored to great extent to provide improved throughput and route resilience in wireless sensor networks. The evolution of wireless sensor and actor networks (WSAN) have posed an extra constraint in terms of reliable event response. The reliable response is defined as the the in time event delivery from sensor nodes to actors and timely action of actors against the sensors input. This might be required in an application that includes a diverse mixture of sensors for monitoring multiple events. In this paper, we propose a reliable event response (RER) framework for WSANs that addresses the issue of reliable action. RER implements two functions, reliable event delivery (RED) and prioritized event action scheduling. RED is based on a a novel cluster-based multipath routing protocol. While, action reliability is ensured through a prioritized action scheduling based on earliest deadline shortest positioning (EDSP) algorithm. The results reveal that RER achieved its goal of action reliability which is not possible with simple scheduling first-in first-out (FIFO) scheduling algorithm.
The handiness of low-cost modest and tiny imaging sensors fostered the emergence of Wireless Mult... more The handiness of low-cost modest and tiny imaging sensors fostered the emergence of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) applications i.e. traffic congestion avoidance, video surveillance, localization, telemedicine, and industrial process control systems. The above applications require not only guaranteed-support of QoS but also the energy efficient multimedia processing in the WMSN, which necessitates appropriate sensor MAC protocol. Since the need to minimize the energy consumption has driven most of the research in sensor networks so far, mechanisms to efficiently deliver application-level QoS, and to map these requirements to network-layer metrics such as latency and jitter, have not been primary concerns in mainstream research on sensor networks. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient MAC protocol (QEMAC) that caters the Quality of Services for the multimedia heterogeneous environment with fairness feature. QEMAC is based on the latest IEEE 802.11e standard and enhances it for energy-conservation and fairness without violating QoS constraints to the wireless multimedia sensor networks. Simulation results reveal that QEMAC provide fairness and suffer low delay and jitter with efficient energy consumption as compare to the other QoS-aware sensory MAC protocols.
Mobile ad hoc network is an infrastructureless wireless network with limited bandwidth and highly... more Mobile ad hoc network is an infrastructureless wireless network with limited bandwidth and highly dynamic topology. It can support wide variety of applications by using specialized routing protocol either proactive or reactive protocols. However, to support multimedia applications to deliver voice and video data over ad hoc network is very challenging due to its characteristic mentioned above. MPEG-4 encoding scheme seems to be suitable for ad hoc networks since they offer high video quality with higher compression ratio than other MPEG standards. Because of this motivation, performance investigation on MPEG-4 traffic delivery over ad hoc network is required. Hence, we construct the simulation to demonstrate the performances of various ad hoc routing protocols including both proactive and reactive protocols when they deliver MPEG-4 bitstreams.
The rapid growth in micro-electronics technology and research in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) ... more The rapid growth in micro-electronics technology and research in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has made it possible to realize multimedia delivery on wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs), consisting of tiny sensing devices. The volume and characteristics of multimedia data produced by WMSNs is quite different from the scalar data generated by conventional WSNs. This has raised the need to explore efficient routing protocols for multimedia data delivery in WM-SNs, particularly supporting stringent quality of service (QoS). In this paper, we propose a novel cross-layer framework for QoS support in WMSNs, which optimizes the functionalities of communication protocols to maximize the number of video stream requests to be delivered while the imposed distortion constraint on the streams are met. QoS requirements are mapped on joint operations of application, network, MAC and link layers of the underlying communication framework. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework achieves its objective efficiently.
AbstractLarge range of tiny, embedded sensor devices capable of sensing, communicating and routi... more AbstractLarge range of tiny, embedded sensor devices capable of sensing, communicating and routing data are available now a days. Due to higher failure rate of sensor nodes or their mobility, the sink node might not exist in their transmission range. We proposed an ...
Seamless vertical handover is in great focus in contemporary world of research. Multi-interfaced ... more Seamless vertical handover is in great focus in contemporary world of research. Multi-interfaced mobile devices are introduced in the market to enable heterogeneous access. The main problem is how to efficiently use these multi-interfaced devices to achieve best data throughput, reduced packet loss and optimized handover. In this paper, the advantages of multihoming approach have been combined with IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) to achieve simultaneous access at available networks. The MIH services are used to achieve link layer information earlier than the handover execution. The simultaneous binding option of multihoming is used to achieve soft handover so that multiple interfaces can be efficiently used.
International Journal of Wireless Information Networks, 2011
Wireless sensor networks have attracted significant interest for various scientific, military, an... more Wireless sensor networks have attracted significant interest for various scientific, military, and e-health applications. Recently a new class of sensor networks “sensor/actor networks” has been introducing new research challenges due to the unique coordination requirements among sensors and actors. In sensor/actor networks, actors are the nodes that have the capability to move in the field, equipped with powerful devices and can respond to the events of interest. With this capability, autonomous operation of the network is possible without a centralized controlling mechanism. This, however, requires the network to apply cooperative mechanism to decide when and how monitoring is done to track the event and how the event will be responded. In this regard, little work has been done in terms of co-existing Push and Pull data flows in the network. In this paper, we propose an Adaptive Pull–Push (APP) based Event Tracking approach that allows sensor-to-actor communication as well as actors coordination in response to the events occurred. APP proposes two models of sensors organization: region-based organization (RAPP) and neighbor-based organization (NAPP) to alert nodes in the vicinity of reported event. APP exploits the mobility of actor nodes to form dynamic responsibility clusters, thus ensuring an event specific response to emergencies. Routing in APP is based on Routing by Adaptive Targeting (RAT), which is a delay-constrained geographical routing protocol. Simulation results reveal significant performance improvement in terms of response time and energy conservation.
In this paper, localization problem in wireless sensor and actor networks (WSAN) is addressed. In... more In this paper, localization problem in wireless sensor and actor networks (WSAN) is addressed. In WSAN, the performance of event detection and tracking highly depends on the exact location information of the events that must be reported along with the event features. Having precise location information of the sensor nodes, actors are able to execute actions more effectively in the region of detected events. In this context, the accurate localization of sensor nodes is essential with respect to the actors. Particularly, the problem becomes much more complicated when the sensor nodes as well as the anchor nodes (actors) are mobile. In order to localize the mobile sensor nodes relative to the actors, a novel Timing-based Mobile Sensor Localization (TMSL) algorithm is introduced. In TMSL, sensor nodes determine their distance from actors by using propagation time and speed of RF signal. In order to determine distance from the actors, actors actively broadcast reference beacons in a pattern of intervals adaptively defined according to the mobility of sensor nodes and the required level of localization accuracy. These reference beacons carry the interval numbers in which they were transmitted. The interval numbers are then used by the sensor nodes to calculate the start time of the beacons locally which is then used to determine the propagation time. TMSL does neither require nor assume any time synchronization among the sensor nodes or with the actors. Performance evaluations clearly show that TMSL is adaptive to velocity of mobile sensor and actor nodes and can be configured according to the required localization accuracy in order to avoid overhead raised due to high velocity.
Eurasip Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2008
Wireless sensor networks are application-dependent networks. An application may require general e... more Wireless sensor networks are application-dependent networks. An application may require general event region information, pernode event region information, or prioritized event information in case of multiple events. All event flows are subject to congestion in wireless sensor networks. This is due to the sudden impulse of information flow from a number of event nodes to a single destination. Congestion degrades system throughput and results in energy loss of nodes. In this paper, we present a multievent congestion control protocol (MCCP) for wireless sensor networks. MCCP supports multiple event reporting modes, that is, general event reporting, per-node fair event reporting, and prioritized multiple event reporting. MCCP efficiently mitigates congestion and provides output according to selected event reporting mode. MCCP uses hop-by-hop packet delivery time and buffer size as the basic metrics for congestion detection. Moreover, we introduce a schedule-based scheme at the transport layer for rate assignment and ordered delivery of event packets to underlying routing layer. This helps to avoid packet collisions and increases the packet delivery ratio even in high densities. Detailed simulation analysis confirms that MCCP decreases packet drops and provides high packet delivery ratio (above 90%) for multiple event reporting modes.
Wireless sensor networks have attracted significant interest for various scientific, military, an... more Wireless sensor networks have attracted significant interest for various scientific, military, and e-health applications. Recently a new class of sensor networks "sensor/actuator" has been introducing new research challenges due to the unique coordination requirements. In particular, actuators that have the capability to move can respond to emergencies with adaptive targeting in comparison to static sink-based target management.
... 38, pp.393-422, 2002. [2] AA Abbasi, M. Younis, A survey on clustering algorithms for wirele... more ... 38, pp.393-422, 2002. [2] AA Abbasi, M. Younis, A survey on clustering algorithms for wireless sensor networks, Computer Communication vol. 30, no. 14-15, pp. 2826-2841, Oct. 2007. ... 32, no. 11, pp. 1316-1325, Jul. 2009. [6] GA Shah, M. Bozyigit, FB Hussain Cluster-based ...
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2009
In Wireless Sensor Actor Networks (WSAN), sensor nodes perform the sensing task and actor nodes t... more In Wireless Sensor Actor Networks (WSAN), sensor nodes perform the sensing task and actor nodes take action based on the sensed phenomena. Generally, the network is configured to observe multiple events and to react upon each individual event accordingly. Time delay, energy efficiency and reliability are three important aspects of WSAN that require special attention. To ensure efficient and reliable operations of such heterogeneous WSAN, new communication protocols are imperative.
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) promise fine-grain monitoring in a wide variety of applications, ... more Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) promise fine-grain monitoring in a wide variety of applications, which require dense sensor nodes deployment. Due to high density of nodes, spatially redundant or correlated data is generated. Redundancy increases the reliability level of information delivery but increases the energy consumption of the nodes too. Since energy conservation is a key issue for WSNs, therefore, spatial correlation can be exploited to deactivate some of the nodes generating redundant information. In this paper, we present an energy-aware spatial correlation based on a clustering protocol. In this approach, only the cluster-heads are responsible of exploiting spatial correlation of their member nodes and selecting the appropriate member nodes to remain active. The correlation is based on the distortion tolerance and the residual energy of member nodes. Each cluster-head divides its clustered region into correlation regions and selects a representative node in each correlation region which is closer to the center of correlation region and has the higher residual energy. Hence, the whole field is represented by a subset of active nodes which perform the task well. Simulation results prove that the required reporting rate can be achieved with lesser number of nodes by exploiting spatial correlation and eventually conserving the nodes energy.
In Wireless Sensor Actor Networks (WSAN), sensor nodes perform the sensing task and actor nodes t... more In Wireless Sensor Actor Networks (WSAN), sensor nodes perform the sensing task and actor nodes take action based on the sensed phenomena in the field. To ensure efficient and accurate operations of WSAN, new communication protocols are imperative to provide sensor-actor coordination in order to achieve energy-efficient and reliable communication. Moreover, the protocols must honor the application-specific real-time delay bounds for the effectiveness of the actors in WSAN. In this paper, we propose a new real-time coordination and routing (RCR) framework for WSAN. It addresses the issues of coordination among sensors and actors and honors the delay bound for routing in distributed manner. RCR configures sensors to form hierarchical clusters and provides delay-constrained energy aware routing (DEAR) mechanism. It uses only cluster-heads to coordinate with sink/actors in order to save the precious energy resources. The DEAR algorithm integrates the forwardtracking and backtracking routing approaches to establish paths from source nodes to sink/actors. In the presence of the sink in WSAN, it implements the centralized version of DEAR (C-DEAR) to coordinate with the actors through the sink. In the absence of sink or ignoring its presence, there is a distributed DEAR (D-DEAR) to provide coordination among sensors and actors. Cluster-heads then select the path among multiple alternative paths to deliver the packets to the actors within the given delay bound in an efficient way. Simulation experiments prove that RCR achieves the goal to honor the realistic application-specific delay bound.
In this paper, we present a Multi-hop Routing with Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (MR-L... more In this paper, we present a Multi-hop Routing with Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (MR-LEACH) protocol. In order to prolong the lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN),
Wireless sensor networks have attracted significant interest for various scientific, military, an... more Wireless sensor networks have attracted significant interest for various scientific, military, and e-health applications. Recently a new class of sensor networks ''sensor/actor networks'' has been introducing new research challenges due to the unique coordination requirements among sensors and actors. In sensor/actor networks, actors are the nodes that have the capability to move in the field, equipped with powerful devices and can respond to the events of interest. With this capability, autonomous operation of the network is possible without a centralized controlling mechanism. This, however, requires the network to apply cooperative mechanism to decide when and how monitoring is done to track the event and how the event will be responded. In this regard, little work has been done in terms of co-existing Push and Pull data flows in the network. In this paper, we propose an Adaptive Pull-Push (APP) based Event Tracking approach that allows sensor-to-actor communication as well as actors coordination in response to the events occurred. APP proposes two models of sensors organization: region-based organization (RAPP) and neighbor-based organization (NAPP) to alert nodes in the vicinity of reported event. APP exploits the mobility of actor nodes to form dynamic responsibility clusters, thus ensuring an event specific response to emergencies. Routing in APP is based on Routing by Adaptive Targeting (RAT), which is a delay-constrained geographical routing protocol. Simulation results reveal significant performance improvement in terms of response time and energy conservation.
Internet of Things (IoT) systems cannot successfully realize the notion of ubiquitous connectivit... more Internet of Things (IoT) systems cannot successfully realize the notion of ubiquitous connectivity of everything if they are not capable to truly include ‘multimedia things’. However, the current research and development activities in the field do not mandate the features of multimedia objects, thus leaving a gap to benefit from multimedia content based services and applications. In this paper, we analyze this issue by contemplating the concept of IoT and drawing an inspiration towards the perspective vision of ‘Internet of Multimedia Things’ (IoMT). Therein, we introduce IoMT as a novel paradigm in which smart heterogeneous multimedia things can interact and cooperate with one another and with other things connected to the Internet to facilitate multimedia based services and applications that are globally available to the users. Some applications and use-cases for IoMT are presented to reflect the possibilities enabled by this new paradigm. An IoMT architecture is then presented which is segregated into four distinct stages; (i) multimedia sensing, (ii) reporting and addressability, (iii) multimedia-aware cloud, and (iv) multi-agent systems. Instead of proposing specific technical solutions for each individual stage of the presented architecture, we survey the already existing technologies, providing a synthesis for the realization of the vision of IoMT. Subsequently, various requirements and challenges as well as the feasibility of existing solutions for each stage of proposed IoMT architecture are comprehensively discussed.
Reliable event delivery at MAC, routing and transport level has been explored to great extent to ... more Reliable event delivery at MAC, routing and transport level has been explored to great extent to provide improved throughput and route resilience in wireless sensor networks. The evolution of wireless sensor and actor networks (WSAN) have posed an extra constraint in terms of reliable event response. The reliable response is defined as the the in time event delivery from sensor nodes to actors and timely action of actors against the sensors input. This might be required in an application that includes a diverse mixture of sensors for monitoring multiple events. In this paper, we propose a reliable event response (RER) framework for WSANs that addresses the issue of reliable action. RER implements two functions, reliable event delivery (RED) and prioritized event action scheduling. RED is based on a a novel cluster-based multipath routing protocol. While, action reliability is ensured through a prioritized action scheduling based on earliest deadline shortest positioning (EDSP) algorithm. The results reveal that RER achieved its goal of action reliability which is not possible with simple scheduling first-in first-out (FIFO) scheduling algorithm.
The handiness of low-cost modest and tiny imaging sensors fostered the emergence of Wireless Mult... more The handiness of low-cost modest and tiny imaging sensors fostered the emergence of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) applications i.e. traffic congestion avoidance, video surveillance, localization, telemedicine, and industrial process control systems. The above applications require not only guaranteed-support of QoS but also the energy efficient multimedia processing in the WMSN, which necessitates appropriate sensor MAC protocol. Since the need to minimize the energy consumption has driven most of the research in sensor networks so far, mechanisms to efficiently deliver application-level QoS, and to map these requirements to network-layer metrics such as latency and jitter, have not been primary concerns in mainstream research on sensor networks. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient MAC protocol (QEMAC) that caters the Quality of Services for the multimedia heterogeneous environment with fairness feature. QEMAC is based on the latest IEEE 802.11e standard and enhances it for energy-conservation and fairness without violating QoS constraints to the wireless multimedia sensor networks. Simulation results reveal that QEMAC provide fairness and suffer low delay and jitter with efficient energy consumption as compare to the other QoS-aware sensory MAC protocols.
Mobile ad hoc network is an infrastructureless wireless network with limited bandwidth and highly... more Mobile ad hoc network is an infrastructureless wireless network with limited bandwidth and highly dynamic topology. It can support wide variety of applications by using specialized routing protocol either proactive or reactive protocols. However, to support multimedia applications to deliver voice and video data over ad hoc network is very challenging due to its characteristic mentioned above. MPEG-4 encoding scheme seems to be suitable for ad hoc networks since they offer high video quality with higher compression ratio than other MPEG standards. Because of this motivation, performance investigation on MPEG-4 traffic delivery over ad hoc network is required. Hence, we construct the simulation to demonstrate the performances of various ad hoc routing protocols including both proactive and reactive protocols when they deliver MPEG-4 bitstreams.
The rapid growth in micro-electronics technology and research in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) ... more The rapid growth in micro-electronics technology and research in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has made it possible to realize multimedia delivery on wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs), consisting of tiny sensing devices. The volume and characteristics of multimedia data produced by WMSNs is quite different from the scalar data generated by conventional WSNs. This has raised the need to explore efficient routing protocols for multimedia data delivery in WM-SNs, particularly supporting stringent quality of service (QoS). In this paper, we propose a novel cross-layer framework for QoS support in WMSNs, which optimizes the functionalities of communication protocols to maximize the number of video stream requests to be delivered while the imposed distortion constraint on the streams are met. QoS requirements are mapped on joint operations of application, network, MAC and link layers of the underlying communication framework. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework achieves its objective efficiently.
AbstractLarge range of tiny, embedded sensor devices capable of sensing, communicating and routi... more AbstractLarge range of tiny, embedded sensor devices capable of sensing, communicating and routing data are available now a days. Due to higher failure rate of sensor nodes or their mobility, the sink node might not exist in their transmission range. We proposed an ...
Seamless vertical handover is in great focus in contemporary world of research. Multi-interfaced ... more Seamless vertical handover is in great focus in contemporary world of research. Multi-interfaced mobile devices are introduced in the market to enable heterogeneous access. The main problem is how to efficiently use these multi-interfaced devices to achieve best data throughput, reduced packet loss and optimized handover. In this paper, the advantages of multihoming approach have been combined with IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) to achieve simultaneous access at available networks. The MIH services are used to achieve link layer information earlier than the handover execution. The simultaneous binding option of multihoming is used to achieve soft handover so that multiple interfaces can be efficiently used.
International Journal of Wireless Information Networks, 2011
Wireless sensor networks have attracted significant interest for various scientific, military, an... more Wireless sensor networks have attracted significant interest for various scientific, military, and e-health applications. Recently a new class of sensor networks “sensor/actor networks” has been introducing new research challenges due to the unique coordination requirements among sensors and actors. In sensor/actor networks, actors are the nodes that have the capability to move in the field, equipped with powerful devices and can respond to the events of interest. With this capability, autonomous operation of the network is possible without a centralized controlling mechanism. This, however, requires the network to apply cooperative mechanism to decide when and how monitoring is done to track the event and how the event will be responded. In this regard, little work has been done in terms of co-existing Push and Pull data flows in the network. In this paper, we propose an Adaptive Pull–Push (APP) based Event Tracking approach that allows sensor-to-actor communication as well as actors coordination in response to the events occurred. APP proposes two models of sensors organization: region-based organization (RAPP) and neighbor-based organization (NAPP) to alert nodes in the vicinity of reported event. APP exploits the mobility of actor nodes to form dynamic responsibility clusters, thus ensuring an event specific response to emergencies. Routing in APP is based on Routing by Adaptive Targeting (RAT), which is a delay-constrained geographical routing protocol. Simulation results reveal significant performance improvement in terms of response time and energy conservation.
In this paper, localization problem in wireless sensor and actor networks (WSAN) is addressed. In... more In this paper, localization problem in wireless sensor and actor networks (WSAN) is addressed. In WSAN, the performance of event detection and tracking highly depends on the exact location information of the events that must be reported along with the event features. Having precise location information of the sensor nodes, actors are able to execute actions more effectively in the region of detected events. In this context, the accurate localization of sensor nodes is essential with respect to the actors. Particularly, the problem becomes much more complicated when the sensor nodes as well as the anchor nodes (actors) are mobile. In order to localize the mobile sensor nodes relative to the actors, a novel Timing-based Mobile Sensor Localization (TMSL) algorithm is introduced. In TMSL, sensor nodes determine their distance from actors by using propagation time and speed of RF signal. In order to determine distance from the actors, actors actively broadcast reference beacons in a pattern of intervals adaptively defined according to the mobility of sensor nodes and the required level of localization accuracy. These reference beacons carry the interval numbers in which they were transmitted. The interval numbers are then used by the sensor nodes to calculate the start time of the beacons locally which is then used to determine the propagation time. TMSL does neither require nor assume any time synchronization among the sensor nodes or with the actors. Performance evaluations clearly show that TMSL is adaptive to velocity of mobile sensor and actor nodes and can be configured according to the required localization accuracy in order to avoid overhead raised due to high velocity.
Eurasip Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2008
Wireless sensor networks are application-dependent networks. An application may require general e... more Wireless sensor networks are application-dependent networks. An application may require general event region information, pernode event region information, or prioritized event information in case of multiple events. All event flows are subject to congestion in wireless sensor networks. This is due to the sudden impulse of information flow from a number of event nodes to a single destination. Congestion degrades system throughput and results in energy loss of nodes. In this paper, we present a multievent congestion control protocol (MCCP) for wireless sensor networks. MCCP supports multiple event reporting modes, that is, general event reporting, per-node fair event reporting, and prioritized multiple event reporting. MCCP efficiently mitigates congestion and provides output according to selected event reporting mode. MCCP uses hop-by-hop packet delivery time and buffer size as the basic metrics for congestion detection. Moreover, we introduce a schedule-based scheme at the transport layer for rate assignment and ordered delivery of event packets to underlying routing layer. This helps to avoid packet collisions and increases the packet delivery ratio even in high densities. Detailed simulation analysis confirms that MCCP decreases packet drops and provides high packet delivery ratio (above 90%) for multiple event reporting modes.
Wireless sensor networks have attracted significant interest for various scientific, military, an... more Wireless sensor networks have attracted significant interest for various scientific, military, and e-health applications. Recently a new class of sensor networks "sensor/actuator" has been introducing new research challenges due to the unique coordination requirements. In particular, actuators that have the capability to move can respond to emergencies with adaptive targeting in comparison to static sink-based target management.
... 38, pp.393-422, 2002. [2] AA Abbasi, M. Younis, A survey on clustering algorithms for wirele... more ... 38, pp.393-422, 2002. [2] AA Abbasi, M. Younis, A survey on clustering algorithms for wireless sensor networks, Computer Communication vol. 30, no. 14-15, pp. 2826-2841, Oct. 2007. ... 32, no. 11, pp. 1316-1325, Jul. 2009. [6] GA Shah, M. Bozyigit, FB Hussain Cluster-based ...
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2009
In Wireless Sensor Actor Networks (WSAN), sensor nodes perform the sensing task and actor nodes t... more In Wireless Sensor Actor Networks (WSAN), sensor nodes perform the sensing task and actor nodes take action based on the sensed phenomena. Generally, the network is configured to observe multiple events and to react upon each individual event accordingly. Time delay, energy efficiency and reliability are three important aspects of WSAN that require special attention. To ensure efficient and reliable operations of such heterogeneous WSAN, new communication protocols are imperative.
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) promise fine-grain monitoring in a wide variety of applications, ... more Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) promise fine-grain monitoring in a wide variety of applications, which require dense sensor nodes deployment. Due to high density of nodes, spatially redundant or correlated data is generated. Redundancy increases the reliability level of information delivery but increases the energy consumption of the nodes too. Since energy conservation is a key issue for WSNs, therefore, spatial correlation can be exploited to deactivate some of the nodes generating redundant information. In this paper, we present an energy-aware spatial correlation based on a clustering protocol. In this approach, only the cluster-heads are responsible of exploiting spatial correlation of their member nodes and selecting the appropriate member nodes to remain active. The correlation is based on the distortion tolerance and the residual energy of member nodes. Each cluster-head divides its clustered region into correlation regions and selects a representative node in each correlation region which is closer to the center of correlation region and has the higher residual energy. Hence, the whole field is represented by a subset of active nodes which perform the task well. Simulation results prove that the required reporting rate can be achieved with lesser number of nodes by exploiting spatial correlation and eventually conserving the nodes energy.
In Wireless Sensor Actor Networks (WSAN), sensor nodes perform the sensing task and actor nodes t... more In Wireless Sensor Actor Networks (WSAN), sensor nodes perform the sensing task and actor nodes take action based on the sensed phenomena in the field. To ensure efficient and accurate operations of WSAN, new communication protocols are imperative to provide sensor-actor coordination in order to achieve energy-efficient and reliable communication. Moreover, the protocols must honor the application-specific real-time delay bounds for the effectiveness of the actors in WSAN. In this paper, we propose a new real-time coordination and routing (RCR) framework for WSAN. It addresses the issues of coordination among sensors and actors and honors the delay bound for routing in distributed manner. RCR configures sensors to form hierarchical clusters and provides delay-constrained energy aware routing (DEAR) mechanism. It uses only cluster-heads to coordinate with sink/actors in order to save the precious energy resources. The DEAR algorithm integrates the forwardtracking and backtracking routing approaches to establish paths from source nodes to sink/actors. In the presence of the sink in WSAN, it implements the centralized version of DEAR (C-DEAR) to coordinate with the actors through the sink. In the absence of sink or ignoring its presence, there is a distributed DEAR (D-DEAR) to provide coordination among sensors and actors. Cluster-heads then select the path among multiple alternative paths to deliver the packets to the actors within the given delay bound in an efficient way. Simulation experiments prove that RCR achieves the goal to honor the realistic application-specific delay bound.
In this paper, we present a Multi-hop Routing with Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (MR-L... more In this paper, we present a Multi-hop Routing with Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (MR-LEACH) protocol. In order to prolong the lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN),
Wireless sensor networks have attracted significant interest for various scientific, military, an... more Wireless sensor networks have attracted significant interest for various scientific, military, and e-health applications. Recently a new class of sensor networks ''sensor/actor networks'' has been introducing new research challenges due to the unique coordination requirements among sensors and actors. In sensor/actor networks, actors are the nodes that have the capability to move in the field, equipped with powerful devices and can respond to the events of interest. With this capability, autonomous operation of the network is possible without a centralized controlling mechanism. This, however, requires the network to apply cooperative mechanism to decide when and how monitoring is done to track the event and how the event will be responded. In this regard, little work has been done in terms of co-existing Push and Pull data flows in the network. In this paper, we propose an Adaptive Pull-Push (APP) based Event Tracking approach that allows sensor-to-actor communication as well as actors coordination in response to the events occurred. APP proposes two models of sensors organization: region-based organization (RAPP) and neighbor-based organization (NAPP) to alert nodes in the vicinity of reported event. APP exploits the mobility of actor nodes to form dynamic responsibility clusters, thus ensuring an event specific response to emergencies. Routing in APP is based on Routing by Adaptive Targeting (RAT), which is a delay-constrained geographical routing protocol. Simulation results reveal significant performance improvement in terms of response time and energy conservation.
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Papers by Ghalib Shah