Bu calismada, transient gus ekpressiyonu amaciyla, 3 sogan (B-780, N-2-4-1 ve Hisar-2) ve 2 sarmi... more Bu calismada, transient gus ekpressiyonu amaciyla, 3 sogan (B-780, N-2-4-1 ve Hisar-2) ve 2 sarmisak (HG1, G-41 and G-1) genotipi kullanilmistir. Bu amacla, soganda kallus, surgun ucu ve kok; sarmisakta ise kok, basal kisim ve genc etiyollesmis yapraklar kullanilarak 2 farkli plazmidin (pTOK 233 ve pCAMBIA 1301) transformasyon icin uygunlugu arastirilmistir. Soganda eksplant kaynagi olarak kallusun kullanimi surgun ucuna gore daha basarili bulunmus ve kok uclarinda gus epressionu gozlenmemistir. Sarmisakta, sadece basal kisimda transient ekpression belirlenmis, yaprak ve kokler her hangi bir yanit gostermemislerdir. Genotipler arasinda gus transient ekspression bakimindan bir farklilik belirlenmemis, fakat plasmidler arasinda farklilik kaydedilmistir. Plasmid pCAMBIA 1301, pTOK 233’e gore onemli bir ustunluk gostermistir
Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) belonging to the genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae, is one of t... more Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) belonging to the genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae, is one of the widely distributed viruses of Allium species worldwide. It causes dwarfing, yellow striping, crinkling and flaccidity of the leaves of onion and garlic. To see the occurrence and incidence of OYDV on Allium crop, an attempt was made to develop antibody based diagnostic assay which would be useful for routine indexing and screening of the germplasm. The total RNA was isolated from the symptomatic leaves of onion and the gene encoding coat protein (CP) was cloned. The nucleotide sequencing analysis of the cloned RT-PCR product revealed ~ 774 bp amplicon (OYDV CP) and it was further cloned in pET-28a ( +) expression vector which yielded ~ 30 kDa fusion protein with Histidine tag (His6BP). The expression of fusion CP was primarily checked on SDS–PAGE and further confirmed by Western blot. The His6BP-OYDV-CP was obtained in soluble state after purification and was used to immunize New Zeal...
A total of 56 accessions including 12 wild and cultivated Allium species were collected from Laha... more A total of 56 accessions including 12 wild and cultivated Allium species were collected from Lahaul & Spiti, Kinnaur, Chamba and Shimla districts of Himachal Pradesh and were characterized using IBPGR descriptors. Poor establishment was noticed in A. humile, A. carolinianum and A. auriculatum indicating their poor adaptation to changed habitat. Collected population of wild Allium species showed genetic variation within the species for characters such as bulb shape, pungency, 100-seed weight etc.
Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding (The), 2020
Leaf curl is a serious viral disease of chilli caused by a group of bigomoviruses dominated by ch... more Leaf curl is a serious viral disease of chilli caused by a group of bigomoviruses dominated by chilli leaf curl virus (ChiLcv). With the aim to study the mode of inheritance of the ChiLcv disease resistance, a resistant genotype DLS-Sel.10 was crossed with a susceptible genotype Phule Mukta and F1, F2, B1 and B2 generations were developed. The parents along with the segregating generations were screened under natural conditions as well as challenged inoculation with viruliferous whiteflies carrying predominant ChiLcv.PCR amplification of viral genome-specific marker confirmed the presence of virus in all the tested plants however, only susceptible plants produced symptoms. The F1 plants showed susceptibility under both natural and challenged inoculation conditions indicating that the resistance is of recessive nature. On Chi-square test, it was found that susceptible and resistant plants of the two F2populations segregated in a ratio of 3 susceptible : 1 resistant plants and the B2 ...
The characterization of garlic germplasm improves its utility, despite the fact that garlic hasn&... more The characterization of garlic germplasm improves its utility, despite the fact that garlic hasn't been used much in the past. Garlic has an untapped genetic pool of immense economic and medicinal value in India. Hence, using heuristic core collection approach, a core set of 46 accessions were selected from 625 Indian garlic accessions based on 13 quantitative and five qualitative traits. The statistical measures (CV per cent, CR per cent, VR per cent) were used to sort the core set using Shannon-Wiener diversity index and the Nei diversity index. In addition, the variation within the core set was tested for 18 agro-morphological and six biochemical characteristics (allicin, phenol content, pyruvic acid, protein, allyl methyl thiosulfinate (AMTHS), and methyl allyl thiosulfinate (MATHS)). Further study of the core set's molecular diversity was performed using sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers, which revealed a wide range of diversity among the core set&#...
Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers were used to assess the genetic diversity among 23 com... more Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers were used to assess the genetic diversity among 23 commercially released varieties and breeding lines of garlic along with onion as an out-group. A total of 100 operon decamer primers were screened in duplicate and fourteen of these primers were selected for further testing. The number of bands per primer varied from 3 to 19, with an average of 11.5. Based on RAPD data, similarity values among garlic genotypes ranged from 0.97 to 0.47 with a mean value of 0.72. A low degree of similarity (0.10–0.15) was observed with onion. The UPGMA dendrogram constructed using Jaccard's similarity matrix discriminated all the genotypes into four clusters. Cluster I comprised of 14 genotypes with a similarity index of about 89%. Cluster II comprised of only one line, SKAUG 151 that had a similarity index of 62% with Cluster I. Cluster III comprised of 8 garlic genotypes at a distance of about 52%. Variation amongst the garlic accessions was about 48%, ...
The present investigation explores the possibility of developing in vitro system which could have... more The present investigation explores the possibility of developing in vitro system which could have wider application such as germplasm conservation micropropagation, production of virus/disease free materials. Plant regeneration system evolved in this study may help researchers to improve these crops. Onion is one of the most important vegetable crop grown throughout the world. Three genotypes of onion viz., B-780, N-2-4-1 and Hisar-2 along with three explants i.e., shoot tip, root tip and seeds were used to study the effect of genotype and explant on indirect organogenesis in onion. In vitro grown axenic seedlings were used as the explant source. It was observed that on an overall basis MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D 0.5mg/l was optimum for maximum callus formation in all the three explants studied. Among the genotypes tested, B-780 was found to be best genotype giving good response and in explants shoot tip was adjudged best on the basis of its callus formation ability.
The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of chemical mutagen on biological ... more The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of chemical mutagen on biological parameters such as seed germination, shoot and root length and to fix the lethal dose (LD50) of EMS in short day Indian onion cultivar Bhima Dark Red. Presoaked seeds of onion were treated with different doses (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 % v/v) of Ethyl Methane Sulfonate. The optimal mutagenic doses were calculated using Probit Analysis based on germination percentage which were considered useful in developing onion mutagenized population to create genetic variability for various qualitative and quantitative traits. Seed germination was recorded after 7 and 12 days of sowing, while seedling parameters such as seedling height, dry and fresh weight of seedlings were taken after 12 days. Data revealed that the mutagenic agent significantly reduced seed germination and seedling growth parameters in terms of shoot and root length as compared to control. Significant reduction in the seed ...
Callus induction and subsequent plant regeneration was studied in acommercial Indian cultivar of ... more Callus induction and subsequent plant regeneration was studied in acommercial Indian cultivar of garlic, cV. G-41 (short-day type). 2,4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid at lower concentration (0.25 mg 1-1) and picloram at higher concentration 1.0 mg 1") were suitable for efficient callus formation from the root tips. Callus was obtained only from the apical portions of root-tips treated with 2,4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid whereas picloram led to callus fo rmation throughout the root segment except the non apical (subjacent) portion. Callus obtained from induction medium containing both auxins and cytokinins responded well to regeneration. The average shoot regeneration frequency ranged from 16.7% to 50.0%. The best combination for callus culture and regeneration was callus formation in root tip medium 2 (CRT 2) (2,4-d icholorophenoxyacetic acid 0.25 mg 1" + 6-benzylaminopurine 1.0 mg I'') induction medium followed by garlic regeneration medium 3 (GR 3) (ki netin 1.0 mg...
Onion and garlic research in India has produced 45 open-pollinated and two F1 hybrids in onion an... more Onion and garlic research in India has produced 45 open-pollinated and two F1 hybrids in onion and approximately 25 varieties in garlic. Red onion is used for domestic consumption and export while the white onion is used mostly for processing. Improvement in garlic has been largely through clonal selection and mutation breeding. Somaclonal variations for development of varieties have not been used till now. Research on biotechnology for crop improvement in onion and garlic in India is in a nascent stage. While research on crop production has seen tremendous improvement, research on organic production and precision farming, good agricultural practices and mechanization needs to be carried out in future. Similarly, studies on plant protection have identified researchable issues for future work. This paper gives a brief overview of onion and garlic research scenario in India and technologies needed to be developed and practiced.
Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) is an important virus affecting Allium species like onion and gar... more Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) is an important virus affecting Allium species like onion and garlic worldwide. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays are two most commonly used assays for the detection of OYDV but the sensitivity of ELISA is less than that of RT-PCR. PCR based assays are often considered for their sensitivity, specificity but time consuming and require specific technical expertise and costly equipments. To counter these difficulties, a simple and rapid RT-RPA assay for the detection of OYDV was developed. A common set of primer was designed to amplify the coat protein region of OYDV to perform RT-PCR and RT-RPA. Specificity as well as sensitivity test using tenfold serial dilution series of the purified RNA was performed for both the assays. Both symptomatic and asymptomatic samples of different varieties of onion were collected from Delhi NCR region and evaluated for OYDV infection using RT-PCR along with RT-RPA assay. The comparative results have shown that sensitivity of RT-RPA was similar to RT-PCR. However, RT-RPA is simple, and rapid assay for the large scale virus indexing of onion.
type. By contrast, hard neck (A. sativum ssp. ophioscorodon) possesses 6 to 11 cloves in single r... more type. By contrast, hard neck (A. sativum ssp. ophioscorodon) possesses 6 to 11 cloves in single round position and produces scape and flower stalks (Volk et al. 2004). This classification elaborated by other researchers (Keller 2002; Hanelt 2001) and further explained its sub-grouping by Maass and Klaas (1995). Based on morphological, isozyme and molecular markers, Etoh and Simon (2002) grouped A. sativum species into four classes as Longicuspis, Subtropical, Ophioscorodon and Sativum. Garlic is known for its health benefits as it constitutes characteristic organo-suphur compounds (Barboza et al. 2020). Besides, it is an excellent source of flavonoids, antioxidants, lectins, vitamins and minerals (Pizzorno and Murray 2005). These biochemicals not only add identical flavour and pungency to garlic but make it most referable medicine. Medicinal value of garlic was quoted date back 5000 years ago in the history of Egypt, China and India. The typical flavor of garlic has made it a common ingredient in cuisines worldwide. Garlic consumption helps to improve health status by enhancing immunity, reducing cholesterol level, lowering blood pressure level, curing skin allergies and reducing cancer risk (Sterling and Eagling, 2001). Characterization of genotypes in the form of report is necessary to acquaint with evolution process followed in garlic. Therefore, study on genetic diversity, population structure concerning the morphological, enzymatic and molecular level is prerequisite. This information will serve as a stepping stone for improving breeding strategies in this crop through selection. The primary centre of origin of garlic is Central Asia, i.e.,
The aim of the present study was to characterize 58 onion genotypes based on morphological and bi... more The aim of the present study was to characterize 58 onion genotypes based on morphological and biochemical traits. Genotypes comprised of landraces, open-pollinated varieties, hybrids and breeding materials. Thirteen quantitative, nine qualitative and four biochemical traits were analyzed. Significant variability was observed in the evaluated morphological and biochemical traits. Pusa White Flat (PWF) was highest yielder and maximum TSS was recorded in 106BS2 (15.30 ± 3.03°B). Arka Kalyan had highest dry matter (15.70 ± 0.57%), Red Creole3 had highest pyruvic acid (6.32 ± 0.17 μmol/ml) and total phenolic content was recorded highest (36.96 ± 2.00 mg/g FW) in Juni. Genotypes with waxy leaves and firm skin were also identified. Significant correlations between marketable yield and morphological traits were observed. Highly significant correlation between TSS and dry matter (r = 0.45), pyruvic acid and dry matter (r = 0.35) and significant and negative correlation between TSS and TPC (total phenolic content) (r =-0.32) was observed. The finding of this study were important to assess the genetic diversity of indigenous and exotic material and also to know about the correlation of desired traits which will be helpful in devising efficient strategies for trait introgression, breeding new germplasm resources and selecting diverse parents for heterosis breeding programme in short day tropical onion.
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is the second most important Allium crop throughout the world, used ra... more Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is the second most important Allium crop throughout the world, used raw, cooked, processed or an ingredient of traditional and modern medicine. It is one of the richest sources of total phenolics among the usually consumed vegetables. Indian garlic is indispensable item of globally famous and savoured traditional Indian cuisine. The genotypes grown are mostly short-day type, soft-neck with greater storage ability. Apart from dry bulbs, green garlic leaves are widely consumed in India. In the absence of sexual mode of reproduction, the development of new varieties is limited compared to other Alliums and breeding effort is focused on selection of elite clones from the available genetic resources. The aim of the present study was to (1) study the variations for antioxidants and antioxidant activities in leaf and clove samples of different accessions and (2) study the trait association and diversity in the collection for further selection. Antioxidant compounds were higher in cloves while green leaves were superior for antioxidant activity with variations in few lines. Commercial variety G-323 was found superior for leaf antioxidant activity and clove antioxidant content. Farmers’ variety scored higher for total soluble solids while breeding lines scored better for pungency. Total soluble solids and pungency mostly had negative association with antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activity. The diversity was independent of geographic region and status of selection (varieties, landraces and farmers’ varieties). The quality trait improvement effort should focus on medium TSS and pungent varieties for greater health benefits.
Bu calismada, transient gus ekpressiyonu amaciyla, 3 sogan (B-780, N-2-4-1 ve Hisar-2) ve 2 sarmi... more Bu calismada, transient gus ekpressiyonu amaciyla, 3 sogan (B-780, N-2-4-1 ve Hisar-2) ve 2 sarmisak (HG1, G-41 and G-1) genotipi kullanilmistir. Bu amacla, soganda kallus, surgun ucu ve kok; sarmisakta ise kok, basal kisim ve genc etiyollesmis yapraklar kullanilarak 2 farkli plazmidin (pTOK 233 ve pCAMBIA 1301) transformasyon icin uygunlugu arastirilmistir. Soganda eksplant kaynagi olarak kallusun kullanimi surgun ucuna gore daha basarili bulunmus ve kok uclarinda gus epressionu gozlenmemistir. Sarmisakta, sadece basal kisimda transient ekpression belirlenmis, yaprak ve kokler her hangi bir yanit gostermemislerdir. Genotipler arasinda gus transient ekspression bakimindan bir farklilik belirlenmemis, fakat plasmidler arasinda farklilik kaydedilmistir. Plasmid pCAMBIA 1301, pTOK 233’e gore onemli bir ustunluk gostermistir
Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) belonging to the genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae, is one of t... more Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) belonging to the genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae, is one of the widely distributed viruses of Allium species worldwide. It causes dwarfing, yellow striping, crinkling and flaccidity of the leaves of onion and garlic. To see the occurrence and incidence of OYDV on Allium crop, an attempt was made to develop antibody based diagnostic assay which would be useful for routine indexing and screening of the germplasm. The total RNA was isolated from the symptomatic leaves of onion and the gene encoding coat protein (CP) was cloned. The nucleotide sequencing analysis of the cloned RT-PCR product revealed ~ 774 bp amplicon (OYDV CP) and it was further cloned in pET-28a ( +) expression vector which yielded ~ 30 kDa fusion protein with Histidine tag (His6BP). The expression of fusion CP was primarily checked on SDS–PAGE and further confirmed by Western blot. The His6BP-OYDV-CP was obtained in soluble state after purification and was used to immunize New Zeal...
A total of 56 accessions including 12 wild and cultivated Allium species were collected from Laha... more A total of 56 accessions including 12 wild and cultivated Allium species were collected from Lahaul & Spiti, Kinnaur, Chamba and Shimla districts of Himachal Pradesh and were characterized using IBPGR descriptors. Poor establishment was noticed in A. humile, A. carolinianum and A. auriculatum indicating their poor adaptation to changed habitat. Collected population of wild Allium species showed genetic variation within the species for characters such as bulb shape, pungency, 100-seed weight etc.
Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding (The), 2020
Leaf curl is a serious viral disease of chilli caused by a group of bigomoviruses dominated by ch... more Leaf curl is a serious viral disease of chilli caused by a group of bigomoviruses dominated by chilli leaf curl virus (ChiLcv). With the aim to study the mode of inheritance of the ChiLcv disease resistance, a resistant genotype DLS-Sel.10 was crossed with a susceptible genotype Phule Mukta and F1, F2, B1 and B2 generations were developed. The parents along with the segregating generations were screened under natural conditions as well as challenged inoculation with viruliferous whiteflies carrying predominant ChiLcv.PCR amplification of viral genome-specific marker confirmed the presence of virus in all the tested plants however, only susceptible plants produced symptoms. The F1 plants showed susceptibility under both natural and challenged inoculation conditions indicating that the resistance is of recessive nature. On Chi-square test, it was found that susceptible and resistant plants of the two F2populations segregated in a ratio of 3 susceptible : 1 resistant plants and the B2 ...
The characterization of garlic germplasm improves its utility, despite the fact that garlic hasn&... more The characterization of garlic germplasm improves its utility, despite the fact that garlic hasn't been used much in the past. Garlic has an untapped genetic pool of immense economic and medicinal value in India. Hence, using heuristic core collection approach, a core set of 46 accessions were selected from 625 Indian garlic accessions based on 13 quantitative and five qualitative traits. The statistical measures (CV per cent, CR per cent, VR per cent) were used to sort the core set using Shannon-Wiener diversity index and the Nei diversity index. In addition, the variation within the core set was tested for 18 agro-morphological and six biochemical characteristics (allicin, phenol content, pyruvic acid, protein, allyl methyl thiosulfinate (AMTHS), and methyl allyl thiosulfinate (MATHS)). Further study of the core set's molecular diversity was performed using sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers, which revealed a wide range of diversity among the core set&#...
Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers were used to assess the genetic diversity among 23 com... more Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers were used to assess the genetic diversity among 23 commercially released varieties and breeding lines of garlic along with onion as an out-group. A total of 100 operon decamer primers were screened in duplicate and fourteen of these primers were selected for further testing. The number of bands per primer varied from 3 to 19, with an average of 11.5. Based on RAPD data, similarity values among garlic genotypes ranged from 0.97 to 0.47 with a mean value of 0.72. A low degree of similarity (0.10–0.15) was observed with onion. The UPGMA dendrogram constructed using Jaccard's similarity matrix discriminated all the genotypes into four clusters. Cluster I comprised of 14 genotypes with a similarity index of about 89%. Cluster II comprised of only one line, SKAUG 151 that had a similarity index of 62% with Cluster I. Cluster III comprised of 8 garlic genotypes at a distance of about 52%. Variation amongst the garlic accessions was about 48%, ...
The present investigation explores the possibility of developing in vitro system which could have... more The present investigation explores the possibility of developing in vitro system which could have wider application such as germplasm conservation micropropagation, production of virus/disease free materials. Plant regeneration system evolved in this study may help researchers to improve these crops. Onion is one of the most important vegetable crop grown throughout the world. Three genotypes of onion viz., B-780, N-2-4-1 and Hisar-2 along with three explants i.e., shoot tip, root tip and seeds were used to study the effect of genotype and explant on indirect organogenesis in onion. In vitro grown axenic seedlings were used as the explant source. It was observed that on an overall basis MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D 0.5mg/l was optimum for maximum callus formation in all the three explants studied. Among the genotypes tested, B-780 was found to be best genotype giving good response and in explants shoot tip was adjudged best on the basis of its callus formation ability.
The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of chemical mutagen on biological ... more The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of chemical mutagen on biological parameters such as seed germination, shoot and root length and to fix the lethal dose (LD50) of EMS in short day Indian onion cultivar Bhima Dark Red. Presoaked seeds of onion were treated with different doses (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 % v/v) of Ethyl Methane Sulfonate. The optimal mutagenic doses were calculated using Probit Analysis based on germination percentage which were considered useful in developing onion mutagenized population to create genetic variability for various qualitative and quantitative traits. Seed germination was recorded after 7 and 12 days of sowing, while seedling parameters such as seedling height, dry and fresh weight of seedlings were taken after 12 days. Data revealed that the mutagenic agent significantly reduced seed germination and seedling growth parameters in terms of shoot and root length as compared to control. Significant reduction in the seed ...
Callus induction and subsequent plant regeneration was studied in acommercial Indian cultivar of ... more Callus induction and subsequent plant regeneration was studied in acommercial Indian cultivar of garlic, cV. G-41 (short-day type). 2,4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid at lower concentration (0.25 mg 1-1) and picloram at higher concentration 1.0 mg 1") were suitable for efficient callus formation from the root tips. Callus was obtained only from the apical portions of root-tips treated with 2,4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid whereas picloram led to callus fo rmation throughout the root segment except the non apical (subjacent) portion. Callus obtained from induction medium containing both auxins and cytokinins responded well to regeneration. The average shoot regeneration frequency ranged from 16.7% to 50.0%. The best combination for callus culture and regeneration was callus formation in root tip medium 2 (CRT 2) (2,4-d icholorophenoxyacetic acid 0.25 mg 1" + 6-benzylaminopurine 1.0 mg I'') induction medium followed by garlic regeneration medium 3 (GR 3) (ki netin 1.0 mg...
Onion and garlic research in India has produced 45 open-pollinated and two F1 hybrids in onion an... more Onion and garlic research in India has produced 45 open-pollinated and two F1 hybrids in onion and approximately 25 varieties in garlic. Red onion is used for domestic consumption and export while the white onion is used mostly for processing. Improvement in garlic has been largely through clonal selection and mutation breeding. Somaclonal variations for development of varieties have not been used till now. Research on biotechnology for crop improvement in onion and garlic in India is in a nascent stage. While research on crop production has seen tremendous improvement, research on organic production and precision farming, good agricultural practices and mechanization needs to be carried out in future. Similarly, studies on plant protection have identified researchable issues for future work. This paper gives a brief overview of onion and garlic research scenario in India and technologies needed to be developed and practiced.
Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) is an important virus affecting Allium species like onion and gar... more Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) is an important virus affecting Allium species like onion and garlic worldwide. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays are two most commonly used assays for the detection of OYDV but the sensitivity of ELISA is less than that of RT-PCR. PCR based assays are often considered for their sensitivity, specificity but time consuming and require specific technical expertise and costly equipments. To counter these difficulties, a simple and rapid RT-RPA assay for the detection of OYDV was developed. A common set of primer was designed to amplify the coat protein region of OYDV to perform RT-PCR and RT-RPA. Specificity as well as sensitivity test using tenfold serial dilution series of the purified RNA was performed for both the assays. Both symptomatic and asymptomatic samples of different varieties of onion were collected from Delhi NCR region and evaluated for OYDV infection using RT-PCR along with RT-RPA assay. The comparative results have shown that sensitivity of RT-RPA was similar to RT-PCR. However, RT-RPA is simple, and rapid assay for the large scale virus indexing of onion.
type. By contrast, hard neck (A. sativum ssp. ophioscorodon) possesses 6 to 11 cloves in single r... more type. By contrast, hard neck (A. sativum ssp. ophioscorodon) possesses 6 to 11 cloves in single round position and produces scape and flower stalks (Volk et al. 2004). This classification elaborated by other researchers (Keller 2002; Hanelt 2001) and further explained its sub-grouping by Maass and Klaas (1995). Based on morphological, isozyme and molecular markers, Etoh and Simon (2002) grouped A. sativum species into four classes as Longicuspis, Subtropical, Ophioscorodon and Sativum. Garlic is known for its health benefits as it constitutes characteristic organo-suphur compounds (Barboza et al. 2020). Besides, it is an excellent source of flavonoids, antioxidants, lectins, vitamins and minerals (Pizzorno and Murray 2005). These biochemicals not only add identical flavour and pungency to garlic but make it most referable medicine. Medicinal value of garlic was quoted date back 5000 years ago in the history of Egypt, China and India. The typical flavor of garlic has made it a common ingredient in cuisines worldwide. Garlic consumption helps to improve health status by enhancing immunity, reducing cholesterol level, lowering blood pressure level, curing skin allergies and reducing cancer risk (Sterling and Eagling, 2001). Characterization of genotypes in the form of report is necessary to acquaint with evolution process followed in garlic. Therefore, study on genetic diversity, population structure concerning the morphological, enzymatic and molecular level is prerequisite. This information will serve as a stepping stone for improving breeding strategies in this crop through selection. The primary centre of origin of garlic is Central Asia, i.e.,
The aim of the present study was to characterize 58 onion genotypes based on morphological and bi... more The aim of the present study was to characterize 58 onion genotypes based on morphological and biochemical traits. Genotypes comprised of landraces, open-pollinated varieties, hybrids and breeding materials. Thirteen quantitative, nine qualitative and four biochemical traits were analyzed. Significant variability was observed in the evaluated morphological and biochemical traits. Pusa White Flat (PWF) was highest yielder and maximum TSS was recorded in 106BS2 (15.30 ± 3.03°B). Arka Kalyan had highest dry matter (15.70 ± 0.57%), Red Creole3 had highest pyruvic acid (6.32 ± 0.17 μmol/ml) and total phenolic content was recorded highest (36.96 ± 2.00 mg/g FW) in Juni. Genotypes with waxy leaves and firm skin were also identified. Significant correlations between marketable yield and morphological traits were observed. Highly significant correlation between TSS and dry matter (r = 0.45), pyruvic acid and dry matter (r = 0.35) and significant and negative correlation between TSS and TPC (total phenolic content) (r =-0.32) was observed. The finding of this study were important to assess the genetic diversity of indigenous and exotic material and also to know about the correlation of desired traits which will be helpful in devising efficient strategies for trait introgression, breeding new germplasm resources and selecting diverse parents for heterosis breeding programme in short day tropical onion.
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is the second most important Allium crop throughout the world, used ra... more Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is the second most important Allium crop throughout the world, used raw, cooked, processed or an ingredient of traditional and modern medicine. It is one of the richest sources of total phenolics among the usually consumed vegetables. Indian garlic is indispensable item of globally famous and savoured traditional Indian cuisine. The genotypes grown are mostly short-day type, soft-neck with greater storage ability. Apart from dry bulbs, green garlic leaves are widely consumed in India. In the absence of sexual mode of reproduction, the development of new varieties is limited compared to other Alliums and breeding effort is focused on selection of elite clones from the available genetic resources. The aim of the present study was to (1) study the variations for antioxidants and antioxidant activities in leaf and clove samples of different accessions and (2) study the trait association and diversity in the collection for further selection. Antioxidant compounds were higher in cloves while green leaves were superior for antioxidant activity with variations in few lines. Commercial variety G-323 was found superior for leaf antioxidant activity and clove antioxidant content. Farmers’ variety scored higher for total soluble solids while breeding lines scored better for pungency. Total soluble solids and pungency mostly had negative association with antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activity. The diversity was independent of geographic region and status of selection (varieties, landraces and farmers’ varieties). The quality trait improvement effort should focus on medium TSS and pungent varieties for greater health benefits.
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