Zeszyty Ośrodka Ratowniczych Badań Archeologicznych, Seria B. Raport 96-99. Wstępne wyniki konserwatorskich badań archeologicznych w strefie budowy autostrad w Polsce za lata 1996-1999, red. Z. Bukowski, M. Gierlach, 2001
Budowa autostrad w Polsce wiąże się z dużym wysiłkiem finansowym naszego Państwa. Jest to również... more Budowa autostrad w Polsce wiąże się z dużym wysiłkiem finansowym naszego Państwa. Jest to również ogromne przedsięwzięcie dla budowniczych autostrad, ale także niezwykłej miary zadanie dla wielu zespołów naukowo-badawczych związanych z ochroną dóbr kultury i środowiska naturalnego. Szczególna rola w tym zakresie przypada archeologom. Nie do uniknięciajest fakt, iż bardzo często inwestycje autostradowe wkraczają na tereny stanowisk archeologicznych, objętych ochroną prawną na mocy obowiązującego ustawodawstwa. Aby uniknąć zniszczenia obiektów archeologicznych przewidziano możliwość ich wcześniejszego przebadania, a także przeprowadzenia odpowiednich prac studialnych i weryfikacyjnych. Uwzględnione to zostało w Ustawie o autostradach płatnych z 1994 roku, powołującej zarazem do życia Agencję Budowy i Eksploatacji Autostrad. W latach 1997-2000 na większą skalę wypadło zmierzyć się z problemem badań ratowniczych na trasie budowy autostrady A-4 archeologom z ośrodków wrocławskiego, katowickiego i krakowskiego. Były one generalną próbą i sprawdzianem, jak funkcjonują w praktyce obowiązujące ustawy, a także organizacyjne formy tych badań. Wreszcie, co z punktu widzenia nauki jest najważniej sze, uzyskano rozpoznanie, jakiej miary efektów merytorycznych możemy się spodziewać. Spoglądając na trzy lata dokonań wypada pozytywnie określić wyniki naszych oczekiwań. Uzyskano je nie tylko wyłącznie dzięki działaniom zespołów archeologicznych, ale także pełnej zrozumienia i życzliwości postawie ze strony Agencji Budowy i Eksploatacji Autostrad, reprezentowanej przez jej kolejnych prezesów: dr Andrzeja Patalasa i dr Andrzeja Urbanika, oraz przez mgr Marka Gierlacha, Barbarę Sowę, mgr inż. Grzegorza Wieczarka i dr Tomasza • Ryciny l i 2 znajdują się na kolorowej wkładce.
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Papers by Leszek Żygadło
Exceptionally numerous organic remnants were preserved in the graves. The pieces of bark have been found on and underneath the urns and grave goods. In the most opulent burials in the necropolis, the remnants of the wickerwork, including baskets with bronze vessels, were uncovered. The unique discoveries on this site are a wooden needle and beetles coiled on a blade of grass; the latter one is most likely a form of decoration or amulet. All these findings may contribute to understanding the organization of funeral ceremonies, including the intentions behind these customs. Clearly, these practices allow one to connect local rituals with cultural traditions of European communities.
The initial research covered 25 sites previously recognized during surface investigation undertaken in years 1996 and 2000 on the route of planned motorway (Fig. 1 ). Researchers from the institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław Branch, carried out rescue excavations at 9 sites: Jędrzychowice 6 (Fig. 2), Łagów 11, Żarska Wieś 9, Żarska Wieś 8 (Fig. 3**), Żarska Wieś 11 (Fig. 4), Przesieczany 6 (Fig. 5), Przesieczany 9, Przesieczany 1 O, Strzel no 8 (Fig. 6). On the basis of agreements signed with the lnstitute of Archaeology and Ethnology of Polish Academy of Sciences, further rescue excavations conducted at 11 sites were supervised by the team of the lnstitute of Archaeology of Wrocław University: Strzelno 7, Godzieszów 4, Gieraltów 26, Krępnica 8 (Fig. 7**, 8, 9**, 1 0), Kraśnik Dolny 5, Kraśnik Dolny 7, Nowa Wieś 1 (Fig. 11 **), Nowa Wieś 2 (Fig. 12**, 13**. 14), Nowa Wieś 3, Nowa Wieś 4 (Fig. 15**, 16**) and by the team of Archaeological Museum, Department of Wrocław Municipal Museum at next S sites: Wykroty 13 (Fig. 17**), Czerna-Stary Gaj 1 (Fig. 18**. 19**). Nowa Wieś 7, Nowa Wieś 2 (Fig. 20**-22), Nowa Wieś 8 (Fig. 23**).
The cognitive value of explored sites is not homogeneous. Most of discovered relics can be attributed to LMA and modern period. Some of the most interesting include the campsite from Late Paleolithic and Mesolithic, uncovered at sites Nowa Wieś 2, Bolesławiec commune and Krępnica 8, relics of vast Lusatian culture settlement documented at site Nowa Wieś 2, Nowogrodziec commune and Luboszyce culture settlement at site Nowa Wieś 4, Bolesławiec commune. Radiocarbon dates were obtained for sites Nowa Wieś 2, Bolesławiec commune and Krępnica (Table 2).
In total, during archaeological rescue excavations on the route of A4 motorway, in the section Zgorzelec – Krzyżowa, the area of circa 1000 ares was explored and approximately 400 non-moveable features were documented.
Domasław, site 37 is an example of a small site occupied in connection with the seasonal exploitation of the neighborhood of more permanent settlement. Episodic nature of this occupation makes this class of site extremely hard to verify at the stage of reconnaissance surface survey and test excavation.
Katarzyna Kopeć-Żygadło was nominated a site-manager. Apart from this paper's writer participation in overall works, Małgorzata Kopeć and Paweł Trzepizur also took part in the works. Research covered the area of 6850 square meters, from which 118 archeological features were documented and explored within the time-period from May 29 until July 24, 2003 (Fig. 2**, 3). Most of them (113 features) represent remains of camp-sites and settlements (postholes, and various farming pits). Moreover, S additional features were uncovered - 1 animai and 4 human burials.
Considerable part of the site was damaged due to construction works in 1934. Preserved relics of settlements formed two separate concentrations along the excavation area (Fig. 3-14**). First of them consisted of 70 Unetice culture features from Early Bronze Age, mainly postholes and different farming pits. The other complex was placed about 30-40 m away, and comprised mainly of features and relics dated back to Early Stone Age (FBC, GAC) as well as rare examples linked to the settlement of Lusatian culture, Bronze Ag e and Hallstatt Period. Przeworsk culture has also been evidenced with a chronology reaching younger pre-Roman Period up to time of NMP. Sepulchral features from the Bronze Age, and, possibly, earlier Neolithic stages were recorded within this concentration (Fig. 11 **, 13**, 14**).
In addition to settlement periods discussed already, and objects ascribed to every single one of them, little number of pottery recovered only from cultural layer and secondary deposits, certify for presence of La Tene culture and early and late stages of MA.
Exceptionally numerous organic remnants were preserved in the graves. The pieces of bark have been found on and underneath the urns and grave goods. In the most opulent burials in the necropolis, the remnants of the wickerwork, including baskets with bronze vessels, were uncovered. The unique discoveries on this site are a wooden needle and beetles coiled on a blade of grass; the latter one is most likely a form of decoration or amulet. All these findings may contribute to understanding the organization of funeral ceremonies, including the intentions behind these customs. Clearly, these practices allow one to connect local rituals with cultural traditions of European communities.
The initial research covered 25 sites previously recognized during surface investigation undertaken in years 1996 and 2000 on the route of planned motorway (Fig. 1 ). Researchers from the institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław Branch, carried out rescue excavations at 9 sites: Jędrzychowice 6 (Fig. 2), Łagów 11, Żarska Wieś 9, Żarska Wieś 8 (Fig. 3**), Żarska Wieś 11 (Fig. 4), Przesieczany 6 (Fig. 5), Przesieczany 9, Przesieczany 1 O, Strzel no 8 (Fig. 6). On the basis of agreements signed with the lnstitute of Archaeology and Ethnology of Polish Academy of Sciences, further rescue excavations conducted at 11 sites were supervised by the team of the lnstitute of Archaeology of Wrocław University: Strzelno 7, Godzieszów 4, Gieraltów 26, Krępnica 8 (Fig. 7**, 8, 9**, 1 0), Kraśnik Dolny 5, Kraśnik Dolny 7, Nowa Wieś 1 (Fig. 11 **), Nowa Wieś 2 (Fig. 12**, 13**. 14), Nowa Wieś 3, Nowa Wieś 4 (Fig. 15**, 16**) and by the team of Archaeological Museum, Department of Wrocław Municipal Museum at next S sites: Wykroty 13 (Fig. 17**), Czerna-Stary Gaj 1 (Fig. 18**. 19**). Nowa Wieś 7, Nowa Wieś 2 (Fig. 20**-22), Nowa Wieś 8 (Fig. 23**).
The cognitive value of explored sites is not homogeneous. Most of discovered relics can be attributed to LMA and modern period. Some of the most interesting include the campsite from Late Paleolithic and Mesolithic, uncovered at sites Nowa Wieś 2, Bolesławiec commune and Krępnica 8, relics of vast Lusatian culture settlement documented at site Nowa Wieś 2, Nowogrodziec commune and Luboszyce culture settlement at site Nowa Wieś 4, Bolesławiec commune. Radiocarbon dates were obtained for sites Nowa Wieś 2, Bolesławiec commune and Krępnica (Table 2).
In total, during archaeological rescue excavations on the route of A4 motorway, in the section Zgorzelec – Krzyżowa, the area of circa 1000 ares was explored and approximately 400 non-moveable features were documented.
Domasław, site 37 is an example of a small site occupied in connection with the seasonal exploitation of the neighborhood of more permanent settlement. Episodic nature of this occupation makes this class of site extremely hard to verify at the stage of reconnaissance surface survey and test excavation.
Katarzyna Kopeć-Żygadło was nominated a site-manager. Apart from this paper's writer participation in overall works, Małgorzata Kopeć and Paweł Trzepizur also took part in the works. Research covered the area of 6850 square meters, from which 118 archeological features were documented and explored within the time-period from May 29 until July 24, 2003 (Fig. 2**, 3). Most of them (113 features) represent remains of camp-sites and settlements (postholes, and various farming pits). Moreover, S additional features were uncovered - 1 animai and 4 human burials.
Considerable part of the site was damaged due to construction works in 1934. Preserved relics of settlements formed two separate concentrations along the excavation area (Fig. 3-14**). First of them consisted of 70 Unetice culture features from Early Bronze Age, mainly postholes and different farming pits. The other complex was placed about 30-40 m away, and comprised mainly of features and relics dated back to Early Stone Age (FBC, GAC) as well as rare examples linked to the settlement of Lusatian culture, Bronze Ag e and Hallstatt Period. Przeworsk culture has also been evidenced with a chronology reaching younger pre-Roman Period up to time of NMP. Sepulchral features from the Bronze Age, and, possibly, earlier Neolithic stages were recorded within this concentration (Fig. 11 **, 13**, 14**).
In addition to settlement periods discussed already, and objects ascribed to every single one of them, little number of pottery recovered only from cultural layer and secondary deposits, certify for presence of La Tene culture and early and late stages of MA.