ABSTRACT The intensity of l = 0 components in the (d,p) reaction has been measured at Ed = 10 MeV... more ABSTRACT The intensity of l = 0 components in the (d,p) reaction has been measured at Ed = 10 MeV and θ = 20 for a series of nuclei in the d-s shell. For each target, the sum of these components determined the neutron population of the shell in the target ground state.
Gamma ray spectra and angular correlation measurements have been obtained at the 721, 809, 839 an... more Gamma ray spectra and angular correlation measurements have been obtained at the 721, 809, 839 and 954 keV resonances of the MgZS(p, F) reaction. On the basis of these measurements, spins have been assigned to the 809({), 839(½) and 954({) keV resonances No definite assignment could be made to the 2 2 MeV level of A1 zT.
Bactrian corpus. Oxus trumpets predate other extant trumpets, such as those of Tutankhamun 10 (13... more Bactrian corpus. Oxus trumpets predate other extant trumpets, such as those of Tutankhamun 10 (1350 BCE) and recently discovered examples of the proto-shofar (1300 BCE, see note 7). When the trumpets flourished, southern Bactria and Margiana were fertile regions irrigated by rivers flowing north from the Hindu Kush (fig. 2). Beyond the foothills the rivers spread into deltaic systems of rivulets and streams. The two principal systems are Margiana and Bactria, here collectively called the Oxus civilisation. It arose shortly after the middle of the third millenium and ceased a millennium later, possibly because of increased aridity (Hiebert & Lamberg-Karlovsky, 1992, p. 12). Systematic excavations in Margiana, Bactria, and adjacent regions were started in the late 1960s by Soviet archaeologists and have been continued by Russian and international teams. They found that, for a relatively brief period (ca. 2200-1800 BCE) 12 , sites in Margiana and Bactria contained similar objects, the "Bactria and Margiana Archaeological Complex" (BMAC). Hiebert (1994a, table 2) has discussed the emergence of objects (figurines, amulets, bone tubes, bone axes) characteristic of the complex. We add trumpets. Recently, evidence for writing has been discovered (Klochkov, 1998, p. 173; Hiebert, 2001, p. 48), and the Oxus civilization is now increasingly seen as a culture approaching the level of complexity seen in early Egypt, Sumer, and Indus. One manifestation of complexity is the wide range of musical instruments in the two former regions 13 (2500-1500 BCE) but, so far, only trumpets and drums 14 are known in the Oxus (2200-1800 BCE),
ABSTRACT The ganuna spectrum at the 661-kev resonance of the Mg²â¶(p, gamma ; ) reaction was me... more ABSTRACT The ganuna spectrum at the 661-kev resonance of the Mg²â¶(p, gamma ; ) reaction was measured in an attempt to clarify the assignment of spin to the ; 2.21-Mev level of Al²â·. The constituent gamma rays of the spectrum ; obtained by line shape analysis are summarized. The absence of a transition via ; the 2.21-Mev level at this resonance indicates that all gamma measurements are ; consistent with an assignment of spin J = 7/2/sup +/. (H.D.R.);
ABSTRACT The results of some (τ, n) experiments prove that the ground state of 27Al has , and pos... more ABSTRACT The results of some (τ, n) experiments prove that the ground state of 27Al has , and possibly components. Although this rules out the usual Nilsson model with a single band, the experiment cannot readily distinguish between the Hartree-Fock model with K-admixtures and the undeformed individual-particle shell model.
ABSTRACT Neutron time-of-flight technique has been used to resolve most of the known levels below... more ABSTRACT Neutron time-of-flight technique has been used to resolve most of the known levels below 6 MeV excitation in 27Al. The angular distributions of neutron groups to levels below 3.7 MeV show typical stripping patterns which imply l-values in accord with previous Jpi assignments; in particular, Jpi = 3/2+ and 1/2+ for the 2.97 and the 3.68 MeV states respectively. The spectroscopic factors for levels up to 3 MeV excitation resemble, witthin experimental uncertainties, the predictions of both the strong and the weak coupling models but refute the ``centre-of-gravity'' model. The 3.68 MeV level is anomalously weakly populated however. Among levels above 3.7 MeV excitation, only those at 5.75 and the 6.83 MeV show unambigous stripping patterns (l=0). The latter state is the lowest T=3/2 analogue to 27Mg.
提要 The nature of the early Buddhist orchestra is established on the basis of a relief from Yinan ... more 提要 The nature of the early Buddhist orchestra is established on the basis of a relief from Yinan (Shandong Province), dated to the 2nd or 3rd c. AD, depicting a New Year celebration at a provincial court. Central to the scene is an ensemble of musicians in three rows on ...
T his paper discusses an elaborate scene on a bronze vessel recently acquired by the Metropolitan... more T his paper discusses an elaborate scene on a bronze vessel recently acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art showing the Buddha in a previous incarnation playing the harp. To put the scene in context an account is given of music in the life of the Buddha. While music figured at decisive moments of his life, its influence was hardly laudable. As a result, early Buddhist doctrine roundly condemned the enjoyment of instrumental music for monks. As extreme as this censure was, the opposite stance was adopted in the Mahayana szttras that became popular in the East a millennium later. The szttras held instrumental music to be one of the transcendental pleasures of Paradise, and musicians were depicted in paintings (see appendix I). But a less extreme position may have appealed to the Buddhist audience at large, judging from the popularity of the folk tale illustrated on the bronze vessel in the Metropolitan Museum. The tale is about a previous Buddha called Guttila who is a master musician. Since Guttila was not yet enlightened, his dedication to music was unproblematic. The discussion of the Metropolitan Museum vessel follows after a brief review of music in the life of the Buddha. Appendix 2 deals with Guttila's instrument, the vipd harp. I. Music in the Life of the Buddha Biographies of the Buddha exist in several versions' written between 200 B.C. and 200 A.D. but many crucial incidents are common. Some are associated with music. During the Buddha's first three decades he was more or less permanently immersed in music. Siddhartha, to use the name given to the historical Buddha at his birth, was born ca. 565 B.C. in a small state located near the present border between India and ~e p a l. ' The state was ruled by a council and, since his father was a member, later tradition saw Siddhartha as the son of a king. The doting father wanted to shield Siddhartha from the miseries of life, from beggars, the sick, decrepit, aged and deformed, so the young prince was confined to three palaces, where he was surrounded by luxuries and sensuous female musicians.' He was "happy as in paradisen4 and passed the time with the noble music of singing-women... with tambourines whose frames were bound with gold and which sounded softly beneath the strokes of women's fingers, and with dances that rivalled those of the beautiful Apsarases. There the women delighted him with their soft voices, charming blandishments, playful intoxications, sweet laughter, curvings of eyebrows * I am grateful to Mr. Steven Kossak of The Metropolitan Museum of Art for help in procuring photographs of the bronze vessel. I All go back to a lost biography thought to have been composed within a century after the Buddha's death, ca. 483 B.C.
ABSTRACT The intensity of l = 0 components in the (d,p) reaction has been measured at Ed = 10 MeV... more ABSTRACT The intensity of l = 0 components in the (d,p) reaction has been measured at Ed = 10 MeV and θ = 20 for a series of nuclei in the d-s shell. For each target, the sum of these components determined the neutron population of the shell in the target ground state.
Gamma ray spectra and angular correlation measurements have been obtained at the 721, 809, 839 an... more Gamma ray spectra and angular correlation measurements have been obtained at the 721, 809, 839 and 954 keV resonances of the MgZS(p, F) reaction. On the basis of these measurements, spins have been assigned to the 809({), 839(½) and 954({) keV resonances No definite assignment could be made to the 2 2 MeV level of A1 zT.
Bactrian corpus. Oxus trumpets predate other extant trumpets, such as those of Tutankhamun 10 (13... more Bactrian corpus. Oxus trumpets predate other extant trumpets, such as those of Tutankhamun 10 (1350 BCE) and recently discovered examples of the proto-shofar (1300 BCE, see note 7). When the trumpets flourished, southern Bactria and Margiana were fertile regions irrigated by rivers flowing north from the Hindu Kush (fig. 2). Beyond the foothills the rivers spread into deltaic systems of rivulets and streams. The two principal systems are Margiana and Bactria, here collectively called the Oxus civilisation. It arose shortly after the middle of the third millenium and ceased a millennium later, possibly because of increased aridity (Hiebert & Lamberg-Karlovsky, 1992, p. 12). Systematic excavations in Margiana, Bactria, and adjacent regions were started in the late 1960s by Soviet archaeologists and have been continued by Russian and international teams. They found that, for a relatively brief period (ca. 2200-1800 BCE) 12 , sites in Margiana and Bactria contained similar objects, the "Bactria and Margiana Archaeological Complex" (BMAC). Hiebert (1994a, table 2) has discussed the emergence of objects (figurines, amulets, bone tubes, bone axes) characteristic of the complex. We add trumpets. Recently, evidence for writing has been discovered (Klochkov, 1998, p. 173; Hiebert, 2001, p. 48), and the Oxus civilization is now increasingly seen as a culture approaching the level of complexity seen in early Egypt, Sumer, and Indus. One manifestation of complexity is the wide range of musical instruments in the two former regions 13 (2500-1500 BCE) but, so far, only trumpets and drums 14 are known in the Oxus (2200-1800 BCE),
ABSTRACT The ganuna spectrum at the 661-kev resonance of the Mg²â¶(p, gamma ; ) reaction was me... more ABSTRACT The ganuna spectrum at the 661-kev resonance of the Mg²â¶(p, gamma ; ) reaction was measured in an attempt to clarify the assignment of spin to the ; 2.21-Mev level of Al²â·. The constituent gamma rays of the spectrum ; obtained by line shape analysis are summarized. The absence of a transition via ; the 2.21-Mev level at this resonance indicates that all gamma measurements are ; consistent with an assignment of spin J = 7/2/sup +/. (H.D.R.);
ABSTRACT The results of some (τ, n) experiments prove that the ground state of 27Al has , and pos... more ABSTRACT The results of some (τ, n) experiments prove that the ground state of 27Al has , and possibly components. Although this rules out the usual Nilsson model with a single band, the experiment cannot readily distinguish between the Hartree-Fock model with K-admixtures and the undeformed individual-particle shell model.
ABSTRACT Neutron time-of-flight technique has been used to resolve most of the known levels below... more ABSTRACT Neutron time-of-flight technique has been used to resolve most of the known levels below 6 MeV excitation in 27Al. The angular distributions of neutron groups to levels below 3.7 MeV show typical stripping patterns which imply l-values in accord with previous Jpi assignments; in particular, Jpi = 3/2+ and 1/2+ for the 2.97 and the 3.68 MeV states respectively. The spectroscopic factors for levels up to 3 MeV excitation resemble, witthin experimental uncertainties, the predictions of both the strong and the weak coupling models but refute the ``centre-of-gravity'' model. The 3.68 MeV level is anomalously weakly populated however. Among levels above 3.7 MeV excitation, only those at 5.75 and the 6.83 MeV show unambigous stripping patterns (l=0). The latter state is the lowest T=3/2 analogue to 27Mg.
提要 The nature of the early Buddhist orchestra is established on the basis of a relief from Yinan ... more 提要 The nature of the early Buddhist orchestra is established on the basis of a relief from Yinan (Shandong Province), dated to the 2nd or 3rd c. AD, depicting a New Year celebration at a provincial court. Central to the scene is an ensemble of musicians in three rows on ...
T his paper discusses an elaborate scene on a bronze vessel recently acquired by the Metropolitan... more T his paper discusses an elaborate scene on a bronze vessel recently acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art showing the Buddha in a previous incarnation playing the harp. To put the scene in context an account is given of music in the life of the Buddha. While music figured at decisive moments of his life, its influence was hardly laudable. As a result, early Buddhist doctrine roundly condemned the enjoyment of instrumental music for monks. As extreme as this censure was, the opposite stance was adopted in the Mahayana szttras that became popular in the East a millennium later. The szttras held instrumental music to be one of the transcendental pleasures of Paradise, and musicians were depicted in paintings (see appendix I). But a less extreme position may have appealed to the Buddhist audience at large, judging from the popularity of the folk tale illustrated on the bronze vessel in the Metropolitan Museum. The tale is about a previous Buddha called Guttila who is a master musician. Since Guttila was not yet enlightened, his dedication to music was unproblematic. The discussion of the Metropolitan Museum vessel follows after a brief review of music in the life of the Buddha. Appendix 2 deals with Guttila's instrument, the vipd harp. I. Music in the Life of the Buddha Biographies of the Buddha exist in several versions' written between 200 B.C. and 200 A.D. but many crucial incidents are common. Some are associated with music. During the Buddha's first three decades he was more or less permanently immersed in music. Siddhartha, to use the name given to the historical Buddha at his birth, was born ca. 565 B.C. in a small state located near the present border between India and ~e p a l. ' The state was ruled by a council and, since his father was a member, later tradition saw Siddhartha as the son of a king. The doting father wanted to shield Siddhartha from the miseries of life, from beggars, the sick, decrepit, aged and deformed, so the young prince was confined to three palaces, where he was surrounded by luxuries and sensuous female musicians.' He was "happy as in paradisen4 and passed the time with the noble music of singing-women... with tambourines whose frames were bound with gold and which sounded softly beneath the strokes of women's fingers, and with dances that rivalled those of the beautiful Apsarases. There the women delighted him with their soft voices, charming blandishments, playful intoxications, sweet laughter, curvings of eyebrows * I am grateful to Mr. Steven Kossak of The Metropolitan Museum of Art for help in procuring photographs of the bronze vessel. I All go back to a lost biography thought to have been composed within a century after the Buddha's death, ca. 483 B.C.
Cambridge History of China (Six Dynasties Period), 2019
Here is the first survey of music during the Six Dynasties Period of Chinese history (220-589). ... more Here is the first survey of music during the Six Dynasties Period of Chinese history (220-589). Many Near Eastern instruments became popular in China at that times, but some lost favor during the Song Dynasty. Usually, music is given short thrift in scholarly histories of this type, but here it shares high-lights with other Arts and includes topics like Society, Realia, Economy, Northern and Southern Material Culture, Religion, Art and Visual Culture.
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Papers by Bo Lawergren