Papers by Tammy Rubel - Lifschitz
Academy of Management Proceedings, 2012
In organizational life, leaders are often able to use their power in various ways: empowering and... more In organizational life, leaders are often able to use their power in various ways: empowering and collaborative, coercive and manipulative. The proposed symposium investigates various ways in which people perceive power and chose to utilize it. Four studies investigate the relationships among power, pro-social behavior and leadership in organizations. The first study (Oreg & Berzon) focuses on leaders who attribute high importance to universalism values. Studying CEOs, it investigates if people who endorse equality and social justice are likely to be promoted to power positions, and if so, weather their followers view them as a source of inspiration. The next two studies take an experimental approach to investigate how power is understood and applied. They study how perspective taking impact strategies of employing power (study 2, Henderson & Lee) and how power affects creative performance in dyadic collaborations (study 3, Ruble-Lifcshitz & Sagiv). The forth presentation (Rock & Janoff-Bulman) is a conce...
The Social Psychology of Collective Victimhood, 2020
This chapter discusses individual differences in the tendency to perceive interpersonal victimhoo... more This chapter discusses individual differences in the tendency to perceive interpersonal victimhood, and parallels to collective victimhood. Specifically, some people are more likely than others to perceive victimization on the interpersonal level, experience it more intensely, and incorporate these experiences into their identity. The tendency to perceive (interpersonal) victimhood consists of four dimensions: a need for recognition of suffering, perceived moral superiority, lack of empathy for others’ suffering, and rumination over negative feelings and thoughts related to experienced offenses. People who score higher on these dimensions show greater biases in their interpretation, memory, and attributions of interpersonal transgressions: They recall them more, perceive them as more severe, expect more to be harmed by others, and perceive more harm in ambiguous situations. They are also less willing to forgive transgressions. The authors compare this with parallel findings on inter...
Peace Entrepreneurs and Social Entrepreneurship, 2021
Journal of Personality, 2021
OBJECTIVE Values have been found to predict aggressive behavior in adolescents. Adolescents who e... more OBJECTIVE Values have been found to predict aggressive behavior in adolescents. Adolescents who endorse self-enhancement values typically exhibit more aggressive behaviors, while adolescents who endorse self-transcendent values are less likely to behave aggressively. The associations between values and aggression are low to moderate, suggesting other factors might moderate them. The study examined whether these associations were moderated by adolescent popularity, an indication of social power. METHOD The study included 906 adolescents from three cultures: Brazilians (N= 244), Jewish citizens of Israel (N= 250), and Arabic citizens of Israel (N=409). Personal values were assessed using the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ; Schwartz et al., 2001). Peer nominations (Cillessen, 2009) were used to assess direct aggression and popularity. RESULTS Popularity moderated the associations between values and aggression: while the aggressive behavior of popular adolescents was highly associated with their personal values, the behavior of unpopular adolescents was unrelated to their values. This effect consistently emerged across samples, with specific variations for gender and culture. CONCLUSION Popularity enables adolescents to act according to their personal values: aggressive behaviors increase or decrease according to personal value priorities. The strength of this effect depends on cultural expectations and gender roles.
Journal of Personality, 2021
OBJECTIVE Values have been found to predict aggressive behavior in adolescents. Adolescents who e... more OBJECTIVE Values have been found to predict aggressive behavior in adolescents. Adolescents who endorse self-enhancement values typically exhibit more aggressive behaviors, while adolescents who endorse self-transcendent values are less likely to behave aggressively. The associations between values and aggression are low to moderate, suggesting other factors might moderate them. The study examined whether these associations were moderated by adolescent popularity, an indication of social power. METHOD The study included 906 adolescents from three cultures: Brazilians (N= 244), Jewish citizens of Israel (N= 250), and Arabic citizens of Israel (N=409). Personal values were assessed using the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ; Schwartz et al., 2001). Peer nominations (Cillessen, 2009) were used to assess direct aggression and popularity. RESULTS Popularity moderated the associations between values and aggression: while the aggressive behavior of popular adolescents was highly associated with their personal values, the behavior of unpopular adolescents was unrelated to their values. This effect consistently emerged across samples, with specific variations for gender and culture. CONCLUSION Popularity enables adolescents to act according to their personal values: aggressive behaviors increase or decrease according to personal value priorities. The strength of this effect depends on cultural expectations and gender roles.
Personality and Individual Differences, 2020
In the present research, we introduce a conceptualization of the Tendency for Interpersonal Victi... more In the present research, we introduce a conceptualization of the Tendency for Interpersonal Victimhood (TIV), which we define as an enduring feeling that the self is a victim across different kinds of interpersonal relationships. Then, in a comprehensive set of eight studies, we develop a measure for this novel personality trait, TIV, and examine its correlates, as well as its affective, cognitive, and behavioral consequences. In Part 1 (Studies 1A-1C) we establish the construct of TIV, with its four dimensions; i.e., need for recognition, moral elitism, lack of empathy, and rumination, and then assess TIV's internal consistency, stability over time, and its effect on the interpretation of ambiguous situations. In Part 2 (Studies 2A-2C) we examine TIV's convergent and discriminant validities, using several personality dimensions, and the role of attachment styles as conceptual antecedents. In Part 3 (Studies 3-4) we explore the cognitive and behavioral consequences of TIV. Specifically, we examine the relationships between TIV, negative attribution and recall biases, and the desire for revenge (Study 3), and the effects of TIV on behavioral revenge (Study 4). The findings highlight the importance of understanding, conceptualizing, and empirically testing TIV, and suggest that victimhood is a stable and meaningful personality tendency.
Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 2017
This study explores the psychological challenges to social movements in the face of structural an... more This study explores the psychological challenges to social movements in the face of structural and cultural violence, and the cognitive and behavioral practices that help overcome these obstacles. It presents 3 case studies of social movements that brought about political and social transformation in Israel in the past 15 years: the struggles against industrial pollution in the city of Ashkelon; for the rights of the LGBT movement in Jerusalem; and of young Jews and Palestinians working against institutional discrimination in the city of Lydda. The research utilized qualitative methods: participative observations and interviews. We followed each group for approximately 1 year and documented its main activities for social change, as well as internal meetings and decision-making processes. We also conducted follow-up interviews with some of the groups’ leaders after their goals were accomplished.
Academy of Management Proceedings, 2015
In organizational life, leaders are able to use their power in various ways. Power can be used to... more In organizational life, leaders are able to use their power in various ways. Power can be used to promote collaboration, conflict resolution, generosity and communality, but it can also be used in coercive, exploitive and manipulative manners. This proposed symposium investigates the psychological experience evoked by high power and status, and its influence on various pro-social behaviors relevant to organizational leaders. Taking an experimental approach, the four presentations investigate different factors which influence the relationship between power, status and pro-social behavior. The first presentation (Jun & Halevy) focuses on power and organizational peacemaking. Studying the willingness to help organizational members resolve their conflicts, the authors show that managers (i.e., powerholders) and peers are likely to become peacemakers under different conditions. The second presentation (Ruble-Lifcshitz & Sagiv) focuses on power in dyadic collaborations. It points to a detrimental effect of powe...
Women’s Voices in Management, 2015
This chapter tells the stories of 16 women managers who built collaborative projects, overcoming ... more This chapter tells the stories of 16 women managers who built collaborative projects, overcoming cultural gaps as well as social and organizational power differences. The study aims to learn from their practical experience in facing various personal and organizational challenges: differences in work practices, cultural gaps, conflicting interests, and financial uncertainties. Following a series of in-depth interviews with these managers, three models of collaboration were identified. For each model, we describe how the collaboration was perceived and understood, and the work practices that were developed to build and sustain it. Finally, we analyze each model in light of the academic literature on power, conflict, and collaboration.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2009
How does gender equality relate to men's ... more How does gender equality relate to men's and women's value priorities? It is hypothesized that, for both sexes, the importance of benevolence, universalism, stimulation, hedonism, and self-direction values increases with greater gender equality, whereas the importance of power, achievement, security, and tradition values decreases. Of particular relevance to the present study, increased gender equality should also permit both sexes to pursue more freely the values they inherently care about more. Drawing on evolutionary and role theories, the authors postulate that women inherently value benevolence and universalism more than men do, whereas men inherently value power, achievement, and stimulation more than women do. Thus, as gender equality increases, sex differences in these values should increase, whereas sex differences in other values should not be affected by increases in gender equality. Studies of 25 representative national samples and of students from 68 countries confirmed the hypotheses except for tradition values. Implications for cross-cultural research on sex differences in values and traits are discussed.
Personality and Individual Differences
Peace Entrepreneurs and Social Entrepreneurship
In the present research, we introduce a conceptualization of the Tendency for Interpersonal Victi... more In the present research, we introduce a conceptualization of the Tendency for Interpersonal Victimhood (TIV), which we define as an enduring feeling that the self is a victim across different kinds of interpersonal relationships. Then, in a comprehensive set of eight studies, we develop a measure for this novel personality trait, TIV, and examine its correlates, as well as its affective, cognitive, and behavioral consequences. In Part 1 (Studies 1A-1C) we establish the construct of TIV, with its four dimensions; i.e., need for recognition, moral elitism, lack of empathy, and rumination, and then assess TIV's internal consistency, stability over time, and its effect on the interpretation of ambiguous situations. In Part 2 (Studies 2A-2C) we examine TIV's convergent and discriminant validities, using several personality dimensions, and the role of attachment styles as conceptual antecedents. In Part 3 (Studies 3-4) we explore the cognitive and behavioral consequences of TIV. Specifically, we examine the relationships between TIV, negative attribution and recall biases, and the desire for revenge (Study 3), and the effects of TIV on behavioral revenge (Study 4). The findings highlight the importance of understanding, conceptualizing, and empirically testing TIV, and suggest that victimhood is a stable and meaningful personality tendency.
This study explores the psychological challenges to social movements in the face of structural an... more This study explores the psychological challenges to social movements in the face of structural and cultural violence, and the cognitive and behavioral practices that help overcome these obstacles. It presents three case studies of social movements that brought about political and social transformation in Israel in the past fifteen years: the struggles against industrial pollution in the city of Ashkelon; for the rights of the
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Papers by Tammy Rubel - Lifschitz