The MACH–IV was investigated (N= 528) with item response theory to elucidate its psychometric pro... more The MACH–IV was investigated (N= 528) with item response theory to elucidate its psychometric properties and suggest a trimmed version, the MACH*. The core content of the MACH–IV seemed to be cynicism/misanthropy and the MACH* was formed from the 5 most informative and precise MACH–IV items. The MACH* showed good internal consistency and construct and criterion validity comparable to the MACH–IV.
People judge others on simplified trait structures when evaluating the Big Five, which is referre... more People judge others on simplified trait structures when evaluating the Big Five, which is referred to as implicit simplicity (IS: Beer & Watson, 2008). The present study investigated IS in minimally acquainted informal dyads. Hundred and eighty-six participants interacted for a short time on a task, and then provided self-and peer-ratings on the IASR-B5 (Trapnell & Wiggins, 1990). IS manifested in a global evaluative “halo-factor” with some accuracy and was related to perceivers' interpersonal attraction ratings and personality traits.
People scoring high on the Dark Triad traits narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy are be... more People scoring high on the Dark Triad traits narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy are believed to get ahead without getting along. The current work positions the Dark Triad into the interpersonal circumplex around Agency/Communion. Two studies (Ns= 184, 186) with self-and peer-ratings indicated that narcissism was inclined towards friendly-dominant, Machiavellianism towards hostile-submissive, and psychopathy towards hostile-dominant when using multiple regressions.
The current work investigates the perceived “darkness” of the Dark Triad traits narcissism, Machi... more The current work investigates the perceived “darkness” of the Dark Triad traits narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. We argue that a trait's “darkness” may be evaluated by lay persons with three criteria (desirability, consequences for the self, consequences for others) from two perspectives (others vs. self). A sample of n= 213 participants evaluated Dark Triad behaviors (Dirty Dozen:(Jonason, PK, & Webster, GD (2010). The Dirty Dozen: A concise measure of the Dark Triad.
View all references; Manz & Sims, 199144. Manz, CC and Sims, HP Jr. 1991. Superleadership: Beyond... more View all references; Manz & Sims, 199144. Manz, CC and Sims, HP Jr. 1991. Superleadership: Beyond the myth of heroic leadership. Organizational Dynamics , 19: 18–35. [CrossRef], [Web of Science ®] View all references; Pearce, 200752. Pearce, CL 2007. The future of leadership development: The importance of identity, multi-level approaches, self-leadership, physical fitness, shared leadership, networking, creativity, emotions, spirituality and on-boarding processes.
Personality and Individual Differences, Jan 1, 2011
a b s t r a c t Machiavellianism comprises several distinct aspects (Rauthmann & Will, 2011), but... more a b s t r a c t Machiavellianism comprises several distinct aspects (Rauthmann & Will, 2011), but it is unclear what Machiavellianism scales measure. The current study exemplarily investigates for a German Machiavellianism Scale (Henning & Six, 2008) (a) item content, (b) factorial structure, and (c) factor correlations with other scales (Big Five, narcissism, psychopathy, emotional manipulation, socio-emotional skills, self-esteem, self-monitoring) in a large sample (n = 438 women, n = 138 men). Findings yielded that (a) cynical/misanthropic views, agentic orientations, and deceitful behavior are (over-)represented in content; (b) different Machiavellianism factors emerge for men and women; and (c) there are differential associations of these factors with other scales. Findings are relevant for conceptualization and measurement of Machiavellianism.
Self-leadership and need for achievement show conceptual convergences as both constructs have bee... more Self-leadership and need for achievement show conceptual convergences as both constructs have been found to be phenotypically associated with heightened levels of performance (Neck and Manz, 1992; Spangler, 1992). We thus aimed to clarify how both are interrelated with their respective subfacets in three studies (N = 185, N = 228, N = 374) and found that (a) self-leadership and need for achievement tap different domains, (b) self-leadership is differentially associated with hope for success versus fear of failure, and (c) concurrent live contexts may play a role in associations. Specifically, most selfleadership facets are related to hope for success, but self-punishment and natural reward strategies are positively and negatively related to fear of failure, respectively. Limitations and future research possibilities are discussed.
According to Zyzik in 2009, only a few recent studies have investigated similarities in use of wo... more According to Zyzik in 2009, only a few recent studies have investigated similarities in use of words in comprehension of first languages (L1) and second languages (L2). Furtner, Rauthmann, and Sachse showed a rank order of word classes by frequency of eye-gaze regression when reading other difficult words: nouns, adjectives, closed-class words, verbs. The hypothesis was that a L1-L2 wordclass similarity effect between German (L1) and English (L2) would occur, and this was tested with jumbled word reading of English text (wherein letters within words have been jumbled) and eye-tracking by 141 participants. Analyses of regressive fixations from one word class to others showed that nouns were regressed most often and there was a rank order of importance among the word classes apparently used to enhance comprehension of other difficult words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, closed-class words). Thus, previous findings for L1 were largely replicated. Findings are discussed regarding language acquisition.
Gazing is a fundamental human behavior with important cognitive, affective, motivational, and soc... more Gazing is a fundamental human behavior with important cognitive, affective, motivational, and social underpinnings that is likely to have produced individual differences linking it to major personality traits. If traits play a substantial role in gazing, they should predict eye movement parameters above and beyond stimuli without meaningful and topical information. The current eye-tracking study (N = 242) demonstrated with linear mixed models that personality (Big Five, Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System) predicts number of fixations, mean fixation duration, and dwelling time in two different abstract animations. Specifically, neuroticism, extraversion, openness, and the Behavioral Activation System were related to eye movement parameters. Prospective research in studying links between dispositions and gazing is discussed.
Personality and individual differences, Jan 1, 2011
The Dark Triad (narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy) is associated with interpersonal manip... more The Dark Triad (narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy) is associated with interpersonal manipulation which requires skills in navigating through social situations. Thus, positive relationships between the Dark Triad and self-monitoring (acquisitive: perceptiveness, impression management; protective: protective variability, protective social referencing) were hypothesized and examined in an online-study (N = 408) with (canonical) correlations and factor analyses. Results indicated that narcissism was related especially to acquisitive, Machiavellianism to protective, and psychopathy to both forms of self-monitoring, which supports the view of distinct Dark Triad traits. Findings are discussed concerning different aspects of self-presentation.
Social Psychological and Personality Science, Jan 1, 2011
The subclinical Dark Triad traits narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy are related to an... more The subclinical Dark Triad traits narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy are related to antagonistic behaviors in interpersonal situations. The current study addresses whether these three traits entail different social consequences by investigating self-ratings, ratings of others, and ratings by others for the Dark Triad. In a naturalistic setting, 93 informal, minimally acquainted student dyads worked briefly on a cooperative task and subsequently provided self-and other-ratings on the Big Five and intelligence, self-ratings on the Dark Triad, and ratings on properties of the interaction. Overall, narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy manifested differently: profile analyses indicated that Machiavellians diverged from narcissists and psychopaths in self-ratings, ratings of others, and ratings by others, while narcissists and psychopaths converged to a moderate degree. Findings are discussed regarding the distinction of the Dark Triad traits.
The construct of systems intelligence (SI) by Hämäläinen and Saarinen (2004, 2007, 2008) can be s... more The construct of systems intelligence (SI) by Hämäläinen and Saarinen (2004, 2007, 2008) can be seen as either an ability (Ability-SI) or a trait (Trait-SI). When studying SI as a trait, traditional psychological understanding of “personality”,“dispositions”,“traits”, and “states” might not be sufficient to grasp the dynamic and systemic character that the construct entails. Systems intelligent people exhibit intelligent action within complex and dynamic systems with feedback processes. Therefore, it is necessary to understand structures, processes, ...
Although nouns are easily learned in early stages of lexical development, their role in adul... more Although nouns are easily learned in early stages of lexical development, their role in adult word and text comprehension remains unexplored thus far. To investigate the role of different word classes (open-class words: nouns, adjectives, verbs; closed-class words: pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, etc.), 141 participants read a transposed German text while recording eye movements. Subsequently, participants indicated words they found difficult and reproduced the story. Then, participants were presented an untransposed text version while also tracking eye movements. Word difficulty, subjectively assessed by an interview and objectively by eye movement criteria (general fixation rate, number of fixations on specific words), text comprehension scores, and regressive fixations from one word class to another in the transposed text indicated that the noun was the most influential word class in enhancing the comprehension of other words. Developmental, intercultural, and neurophysiological aspects of noun dominance are discussed.
The MACH–IV was investigated (N= 528) with item response theory to elucidate its psychometric pro... more The MACH–IV was investigated (N= 528) with item response theory to elucidate its psychometric properties and suggest a trimmed version, the MACH*. The core content of the MACH–IV seemed to be cynicism/misanthropy and the MACH* was formed from the 5 most informative and precise MACH–IV items. The MACH* showed good internal consistency and construct and criterion validity comparable to the MACH–IV.
People judge others on simplified trait structures when evaluating the Big Five, which is referre... more People judge others on simplified trait structures when evaluating the Big Five, which is referred to as implicit simplicity (IS: Beer & Watson, 2008). The present study investigated IS in minimally acquainted informal dyads. Hundred and eighty-six participants interacted for a short time on a task, and then provided self-and peer-ratings on the IASR-B5 (Trapnell & Wiggins, 1990). IS manifested in a global evaluative “halo-factor” with some accuracy and was related to perceivers' interpersonal attraction ratings and personality traits.
People scoring high on the Dark Triad traits narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy are be... more People scoring high on the Dark Triad traits narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy are believed to get ahead without getting along. The current work positions the Dark Triad into the interpersonal circumplex around Agency/Communion. Two studies (Ns= 184, 186) with self-and peer-ratings indicated that narcissism was inclined towards friendly-dominant, Machiavellianism towards hostile-submissive, and psychopathy towards hostile-dominant when using multiple regressions.
The current work investigates the perceived “darkness” of the Dark Triad traits narcissism, Machi... more The current work investigates the perceived “darkness” of the Dark Triad traits narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. We argue that a trait's “darkness” may be evaluated by lay persons with three criteria (desirability, consequences for the self, consequences for others) from two perspectives (others vs. self). A sample of n= 213 participants evaluated Dark Triad behaviors (Dirty Dozen:(Jonason, PK, & Webster, GD (2010). The Dirty Dozen: A concise measure of the Dark Triad.
View all references; Manz & Sims, 199144. Manz, CC and Sims, HP Jr. 1991. Superleadership: Beyond... more View all references; Manz & Sims, 199144. Manz, CC and Sims, HP Jr. 1991. Superleadership: Beyond the myth of heroic leadership. Organizational Dynamics , 19: 18–35. [CrossRef], [Web of Science ®] View all references; Pearce, 200752. Pearce, CL 2007. The future of leadership development: The importance of identity, multi-level approaches, self-leadership, physical fitness, shared leadership, networking, creativity, emotions, spirituality and on-boarding processes.
Personality and Individual Differences, Jan 1, 2011
a b s t r a c t Machiavellianism comprises several distinct aspects (Rauthmann & Will, 2011), but... more a b s t r a c t Machiavellianism comprises several distinct aspects (Rauthmann & Will, 2011), but it is unclear what Machiavellianism scales measure. The current study exemplarily investigates for a German Machiavellianism Scale (Henning & Six, 2008) (a) item content, (b) factorial structure, and (c) factor correlations with other scales (Big Five, narcissism, psychopathy, emotional manipulation, socio-emotional skills, self-esteem, self-monitoring) in a large sample (n = 438 women, n = 138 men). Findings yielded that (a) cynical/misanthropic views, agentic orientations, and deceitful behavior are (over-)represented in content; (b) different Machiavellianism factors emerge for men and women; and (c) there are differential associations of these factors with other scales. Findings are relevant for conceptualization and measurement of Machiavellianism.
Self-leadership and need for achievement show conceptual convergences as both constructs have bee... more Self-leadership and need for achievement show conceptual convergences as both constructs have been found to be phenotypically associated with heightened levels of performance (Neck and Manz, 1992; Spangler, 1992). We thus aimed to clarify how both are interrelated with their respective subfacets in three studies (N = 185, N = 228, N = 374) and found that (a) self-leadership and need for achievement tap different domains, (b) self-leadership is differentially associated with hope for success versus fear of failure, and (c) concurrent live contexts may play a role in associations. Specifically, most selfleadership facets are related to hope for success, but self-punishment and natural reward strategies are positively and negatively related to fear of failure, respectively. Limitations and future research possibilities are discussed.
According to Zyzik in 2009, only a few recent studies have investigated similarities in use of wo... more According to Zyzik in 2009, only a few recent studies have investigated similarities in use of words in comprehension of first languages (L1) and second languages (L2). Furtner, Rauthmann, and Sachse showed a rank order of word classes by frequency of eye-gaze regression when reading other difficult words: nouns, adjectives, closed-class words, verbs. The hypothesis was that a L1-L2 wordclass similarity effect between German (L1) and English (L2) would occur, and this was tested with jumbled word reading of English text (wherein letters within words have been jumbled) and eye-tracking by 141 participants. Analyses of regressive fixations from one word class to others showed that nouns were regressed most often and there was a rank order of importance among the word classes apparently used to enhance comprehension of other difficult words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, closed-class words). Thus, previous findings for L1 were largely replicated. Findings are discussed regarding language acquisition.
Gazing is a fundamental human behavior with important cognitive, affective, motivational, and soc... more Gazing is a fundamental human behavior with important cognitive, affective, motivational, and social underpinnings that is likely to have produced individual differences linking it to major personality traits. If traits play a substantial role in gazing, they should predict eye movement parameters above and beyond stimuli without meaningful and topical information. The current eye-tracking study (N = 242) demonstrated with linear mixed models that personality (Big Five, Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System) predicts number of fixations, mean fixation duration, and dwelling time in two different abstract animations. Specifically, neuroticism, extraversion, openness, and the Behavioral Activation System were related to eye movement parameters. Prospective research in studying links between dispositions and gazing is discussed.
Personality and individual differences, Jan 1, 2011
The Dark Triad (narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy) is associated with interpersonal manip... more The Dark Triad (narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy) is associated with interpersonal manipulation which requires skills in navigating through social situations. Thus, positive relationships between the Dark Triad and self-monitoring (acquisitive: perceptiveness, impression management; protective: protective variability, protective social referencing) were hypothesized and examined in an online-study (N = 408) with (canonical) correlations and factor analyses. Results indicated that narcissism was related especially to acquisitive, Machiavellianism to protective, and psychopathy to both forms of self-monitoring, which supports the view of distinct Dark Triad traits. Findings are discussed concerning different aspects of self-presentation.
Social Psychological and Personality Science, Jan 1, 2011
The subclinical Dark Triad traits narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy are related to an... more The subclinical Dark Triad traits narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy are related to antagonistic behaviors in interpersonal situations. The current study addresses whether these three traits entail different social consequences by investigating self-ratings, ratings of others, and ratings by others for the Dark Triad. In a naturalistic setting, 93 informal, minimally acquainted student dyads worked briefly on a cooperative task and subsequently provided self-and other-ratings on the Big Five and intelligence, self-ratings on the Dark Triad, and ratings on properties of the interaction. Overall, narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy manifested differently: profile analyses indicated that Machiavellians diverged from narcissists and psychopaths in self-ratings, ratings of others, and ratings by others, while narcissists and psychopaths converged to a moderate degree. Findings are discussed regarding the distinction of the Dark Triad traits.
The construct of systems intelligence (SI) by Hämäläinen and Saarinen (2004, 2007, 2008) can be s... more The construct of systems intelligence (SI) by Hämäläinen and Saarinen (2004, 2007, 2008) can be seen as either an ability (Ability-SI) or a trait (Trait-SI). When studying SI as a trait, traditional psychological understanding of “personality”,“dispositions”,“traits”, and “states” might not be sufficient to grasp the dynamic and systemic character that the construct entails. Systems intelligent people exhibit intelligent action within complex and dynamic systems with feedback processes. Therefore, it is necessary to understand structures, processes, ...
Although nouns are easily learned in early stages of lexical development, their role in adul... more Although nouns are easily learned in early stages of lexical development, their role in adult word and text comprehension remains unexplored thus far. To investigate the role of different word classes (open-class words: nouns, adjectives, verbs; closed-class words: pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, etc.), 141 participants read a transposed German text while recording eye movements. Subsequently, participants indicated words they found difficult and reproduced the story. Then, participants were presented an untransposed text version while also tracking eye movements. Word difficulty, subjectively assessed by an interview and objectively by eye movement criteria (general fixation rate, number of fixations on specific words), text comprehension scores, and regressive fixations from one word class to another in the transposed text indicated that the noun was the most influential word class in enhancing the comprehension of other words. Developmental, intercultural, and neurophysiological aspects of noun dominance are discussed.
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