Entwasserte organische Boden sind in vielen Landern, darunter auch in Deutschland, eine starke Qu... more Entwasserte organische Boden sind in vielen Landern, darunter auch in Deutschland, eine starke Quelle anthropogener Treibhausgase (THG). Daher mussen sie bei der Berichterstattung gemas UNFCCC und Kyoto-Protokoll angemessen berucksichtigt werden. Hier beschreiben wir die Methodik, Daten und Ergebnisse der deutschen detaillierten Tier-3-Methodik zur Berichterstattung anthropogener Treibhausgasemissionen aus entwasserten organischen Boden, die fur das deutsche Treibhausgasinventar entwickelt und angewandt wurden. Der Ansatz basiert auf nationalen Daten und bietet das Potenzial, Anderungen der Landnutzung und des Wassermanagements zu verfolgen, falls Zeitreihen zu relevanten Aktivitatsdaten vorliegen. Die Aktivitatsdaten umfassen hochauflosende Karten zu Klima, Landnutzung, organischen Boden und vom mittleren jahrlichen Grundwasserflurabstand. Die Grundwasserkarte wurde durch ein statistisches Modell aus Daten von > 1000 Standorten abgeleitet. Die THG-Emissionen beruhen auf einem ei...
Authors: Kenneth A. Byrne Bogdan Chojnicki Torben R. Christensen Matthias Drösler Annette Freibau... more Authors: Kenneth A. Byrne Bogdan Chojnicki Torben R. Christensen Matthias Drösler Annette Freibauer Thomas Friborg Steve Frolking Anders Lindroth Julia Mailhammer Nils Malmer Pirkko Selin Jukka Turunen Riccardo Valentini Lars Zetterberg ... Edited by: Torben R. ...
Walder und Moore beherbergen weltweit ebenso wie auch in Deutschland von allen Okosystemen die gr... more Walder und Moore beherbergen weltweit ebenso wie auch in Deutschland von allen Okosystemen die grosten Kohlenstoffvorrate pro Hektar. Beide Okosystemtypen sind besonders gefahrdet durch die zunehmende menschliche Nutzung und in vielen Regionen auch durch den Klimawandel. Ihr Schutz ist eine besonders effiziente Klimaschutzmasnahme mit direkten Synergien zum Naturschutz. Effiziente Schutzmasnahmen mussen ursachenorientiert sein. Eine Entlastung vom Nutzungsdruck - unter anderem durch eine effektivere Nutzung von Ressourcen sowie angemessene Kompensationszahlungen - ist daher notig. Beides ist derzeit nicht flachendeckend in Sicht. In den Waldern Deutschlands sollte angesichts des Klimawandels ein signifikanter Waldumbau zu artenreichen Mischwaldern erfolgen, um auch zukunftig stabile Bestande und deren Senkenfunktion zu sichern. Eine klimafreundlich durchgefuhrte Renaturierung der dranierten Moore Deutschlands konnte theoretisch bis zu 35 mio. t Kohlendioxid-Aquivalente pro Jahr eins...
Fuel quality and combustion behaviour of agricultural pellets from paludiculture straw were teste... more Fuel quality and combustion behaviour of agricultural pellets from paludiculture straw were tested within the research project "MOORuse". Pellets were produced from Typha ssp., Phragmites australis, Phalaris arundinacea and Carex ssp..Additivation of pellets with kaolin was applied to reduce particle emissions and slagging. Physical fuel properties of pellets met the requirements of ISO 17225-6. Chemical fuel properties(e.g.K and Na content) indicated high TPM emissions for Typha ssp. Distinct slagging for the other species were predicted (e.g. by Si/K-index). During combustion in a small-scale biomass boiler (30 kW), CO and TPM emissions were high for Typha ssp. (CO: 292 mg/m3, TPM: 115 mg/m3, STC) but were reduced by additivation with 2.3 w-% kaolin (CO: 143 mg/m3, TPM: 94 mg/m3, STC). Slagging was high for Phragmites australis, Phalaris arundinacea and Carex ssp. with >40 w-% of total ash consisting of particles >8 mm. Additivation had no positive effect on slaggi...
18 The change in the German energy policy has resulted in a strong increase in the 19 number of b... more 18 The change in the German energy policy has resulted in a strong increase in the 19 number of biogas plants in Germany. As a consequence, huge amounts of nutrient 20 rich residues, the by-products of the fermentative process, are used as organic 21 fertilizers. Drained peatlands are increasingly used to satisfy the huge demand for 22 fermentative substrates (e.g. energy-crops, grass silage) and the digestate is 23 returned to the peatlands. However, drained organic soils are considered as hot 24 spots for nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and organic fertilization is additionally known 25 to increase N2O emissions from managed grasslands. Our study addressed the 26 questions a) to what extent biogas digestate and cattle slurry application increase 27 N2O and methane (CH4) fluxes as well as the mineral nitrogen use efficiency (NUEmin) 28 and grass yield, and b) how different soil organic matter contents (SOM) and nitrogen 29 (N) contents promote the production of N2O. In addition NH3 v...
Vegetation indices are widely used as model inputs and for non-destructive estimation of biomass ... more Vegetation indices are widely used as model inputs and for non-destructive estimation of biomass and photosynthesis, but there have been few validation studies of the underlying relationships. To test their applicability on temperate fens and the impact of management intensity, we investigated the relationships between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), leaf area index (LAI), brown and green above-ground biomass and photosynthesis potential (PP). Only the linear relationship between NDVI and PP was management independent (R 2 = 0Á53). LAI to PP was described by a site-specific and negative logarithmic function (R 2 = 0Á07-0Á68). The hyperbolic relationship of LAI versus NDVI showed a high residual standard error (s.e.) of 1Á71-1Á84 and differed between extensive and intensive meadows. Biomass and LAI correlated poorly (R 2 = 0Á30), with high species-specific variability. Intensive meadows had a higher ratio of LAI to biomass than extensive grasslands. The fraction of green to total biomass versus NDVI showed considerable noise (s.e. = 0Á13). These relationships were relatively weak compared with results from other ecosystems. A likely explanation could be the high amount of standing litter, which was unevenly distributed within the vegetation canopy depending on the season and on the timing of cutting events. Our results show there is high uncertainty in the application of the relationships on temperate fen meadows. For reliable estimations, management intensity needs to be taken into account and several direct measurements throughout the year are required for site-specific correction of the relationships, especially under extensive management. Using NDVI instead of LAI could reduce uncertainty in photosynthesis models.
This study compares the CO<sub>2</sub> exchange of a natural bog forest, and of a bog... more This study compares the CO<sub>2</sub> exchange of a natural bog forest, and of a bog drained for forestry in the pre-Alpine region of southern Germany. The sites are separated by only 10 km, they share the same soil formation history and are exposed to the same climate and weather conditions. In contrast, they differ in land use history: at the Schechenfilz site a natural bog-pine forest (<i>Pinus mugo</i> ssp. rotundata) grows on an undisturbed, about 5 m thick peat layer; at Mooseurach a planted spruce forest (<i>Picea abies</i>) grows on drained and degraded peat (3.4 m). The net ecosystem exchange of CO<sub>2</sub> (NEE) at both sites has been investigated for 2 years (July 2010–June 2012), using the eddy covariance technique. Our results indicate that the drained, forested bog at Mooseurach is a much stronger carbon dioxide sink (−130 ± 31 and −300 ± 66 g C m<sup>−2</sup> a<sup>−1</sup> in the first and se...
Drained organic soils are considered to be hotspots for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Arable la... more Drained organic soils are considered to be hotspots for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Arable lands and intensively used grasslands, in particular, have been regarded as the main producers of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O). However, GHG balances of former peatlands and associated organic soils not considered to be peatland according to the definition of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have not been investigated so far. Therefore, our study addressed the question to what extent the soil organic carbon (SOC) content affects the GHG release of drained organic soils under two different land-use types (arable land and intensively used grassland). Both land-use types were established on a Mollic Gleysol (labeled C<sub>medium</sub>) as well as on a Sapric Histosol (labeled C<sub>high</sub>). The two soil types differed significantly in their SOC contents in the topsoil (C<sub>med...
Drained organic soils are considered to be hotspots for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Arable la... more Drained organic soils are considered to be hotspots for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Arable lands and intensively used grasslands, in particular, have been regarded as the main producers of carbon dioxide (CO 2) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O). However, GHG balances of former peatlands and associated organic soils not considered to be peatland according to the definition of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have not been investigated so far. Therefore, our study addressed the question to what extent the soil organic carbon (SOC) content affects the GHG release of drained organic soils under two different landuse types (arable land and intensively used grassland). Both land-use types were established on a Mollic Gleysol (labeled C medium) as well as on a Sapric Histosol (labeled C high). The two soil types differed significantly in their SOC contents in the topsoil (C medium : 9.4-10.9 % SOC; C high : 16.1-17.2 % SOC). We determined GHG fluxes over a period of 1 or 2 years in case of N 2 O or methane (CH 4) and CO 2 , respectively. The daily and annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO 2 was determined by measuring NEE and the ecosystem respiration (R ECO) with the closed dynamic chamber technique and by modeling the R ECO and the gross primary production (GPP). N 2 O and CH 4 were measured with the static closed chamber technique. Estimated NEE of CO 2 differed significantly between the two land-use types, with lower NEE values (−6 to 1707 g CO 2-C m −2 yr −1) at the arable sites and higher values (1354 to 1823 g CO 2-C m −2 yr −1) at the grassland sites. No effect on NEE was found regarding the SOC content. Significantly higher annual N 2 O exchange rates were observed at the arable sites (0.23-0.86 g N m −2 yr −1) than at the grassland sites (0.12-0.31 g N m −2 yr −1). Furthermore, N 2 O fluxes from the C high sites significantly exceeded those of the C medium sites. CH 4 fluxes were found to be close to zero at all plots. Estimated global warming potential, calculated for a time horizon of 100 years (GWP 100) revealed a very high release of GHGs from all plots ranging from 1837 to 7095 g CO 2 eq. m −2 yr −1. Calculated global warming potential (GWP) values did not differ between soil types and partly exceeded the IPCC default emission factors of the Tier 1 approach by far. However, despite being subject to high uncertainties, the results clearly highlight the importance of adjusting the IPCC guidelines for organic soils not falling under the definition in order to avoid a significant underestimation of GHG emissions in the corresponding sectors of the national climate reporting. Furthermore, the present results revealed that mainly the type of land-use, including the management type, and not the SOC content is responsible for the height of GHG exchange from intensive farming on drained organic soils.
2 Methodische Grundlagen zu Ökosystemleistungen und ökonomischer Bewertung 20 2.1 Das Konzept der... more 2 Methodische Grundlagen zu Ökosystemleistungen und ökonomischer Bewertung 20 2.1 Das Konzept der Ökosystemleistungen, ihre Klassifikation und Erfassung 2.2 Ökonomische Bewertung von Ökosystemleistungen 2.3 Ansätze zur ökonomischen Bewertung von Klimaschäden 3 Ökosystemleistungen, Bio diversität und Klima wandel: Grundlagen 3.1 Einleitung 68 3.2 Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die biologische Vielfalt und Ökosystemleistungen 3.3 Auswirkungen der Klimapolitik auf Biodiversität und Ökosystemleistungen 78 3.4 Internationale Aspekte der deutschen Klimapolitik 3.5 Klimapolitik, Ökosystemleistungen und biologische Vielfalt-Konflikte und Synergien 4 Landwirtschaft: Emissionen reduzieren, Grünlandumbruch vermeiden und Bioenergie umweltfreundlich nutzen 100 4.1 Einleitung 4.2 Treibhausgasemissionen aus der Landwirtschaft 4.3 Überlegungen zur ökonomischen Bewertung von Klimaschutzmaßnahmen 4.4 Wirkungen von Klimaschutzmaßnahmen in der Landwirtschaft auf Ökosysteme 4.5 Anpassung an den Klimawandel 7 Die Rolle von Auen und Fließgewässern für den Klimaschutz und die Klimaanpassung 172 7.1 Einleitung 173 7.2 Ökosystemleistungen von Auen und Fließgewässern 175 7.3 Zustand von Auen und Fließgewässern 176 7.4 Die ökonomische Bedeutung von Auen und Gewässern für den Klimaschutz und die Klimaanpassung 177 8 Die Rolle der Küsten und Meere für Klimawandel mitigation und-anpassung 182 8.1 Einleitung 183 8.2 Ökosystemleistungen der Meere und Küsten 183 8.3 Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf Ökosystemleistungen 185 8.4 Küstenschutzmaßnahmen zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel 185 8.5 Folgen der Klimapolitik für die Ökosystemleistungen der Küsten und Meere 188 8.6 Fazit 188 9 Synergien und Konflikte von Klimapolitik und Naturschutz: Zusammenfassung und Handlungsoptionen 190 9.1 Rahmenbedingungen und Anknüpfungspunkte in der Biodiversitätsund Klimapolitik 192 9.2 Handlungsoptionen und Instrumente in den einzelnen Handlungsfeldern 193 9.3 Naturkapital und Klimaschutz-übergreifende Empfehlungen auf der Zielebene 204 9.4 Mittel und Wege zur Umsetzung-Empfehlungen auf der Instrumentenebene 207 Glossar 212 Verzeichnis der Mitwirkenden 216 NATURKAPITAL UND KLIMAPOLITIK: EINLEITUNG
Black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) forests on peat soils have been reported to be hotspot... more Black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) forests on peat soils have been reported to be hotspots for high nitrous oxide (N 2 O) losses. High emissions may be attributed to alternating water tables of peatlands and to the incorporation of high amounts of easily decomposable nitrogen (N) into the ecosystem by symbiotic dinitrogen (N 2)-fixation of BGD
Black alder (<i>Alnus glutinosa</i> (L.) Gaertn.) forests on peat soils have been rep... more Black alder (<i>Alnus glutinosa</i> (L.) Gaertn.) forests on peat soils have been reported to be hotspots for high nitrous oxide…
A peatland is a type of ecosystem where carbon (C) along with nitrogen and several other elements... more A peatland is a type of ecosystem where carbon (C) along with nitrogen and several other elements has been accumulated as peat originating from the plant litter deposited on the site. A logical consequence of the above definition of peatlands is that they are ecosystems, which by way of nature are a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). This is
Entwasserte organische Boden sind in vielen Landern, darunter auch in Deutschland, eine starke Qu... more Entwasserte organische Boden sind in vielen Landern, darunter auch in Deutschland, eine starke Quelle anthropogener Treibhausgase (THG). Daher mussen sie bei der Berichterstattung gemas UNFCCC und Kyoto-Protokoll angemessen berucksichtigt werden. Hier beschreiben wir die Methodik, Daten und Ergebnisse der deutschen detaillierten Tier-3-Methodik zur Berichterstattung anthropogener Treibhausgasemissionen aus entwasserten organischen Boden, die fur das deutsche Treibhausgasinventar entwickelt und angewandt wurden. Der Ansatz basiert auf nationalen Daten und bietet das Potenzial, Anderungen der Landnutzung und des Wassermanagements zu verfolgen, falls Zeitreihen zu relevanten Aktivitatsdaten vorliegen. Die Aktivitatsdaten umfassen hochauflosende Karten zu Klima, Landnutzung, organischen Boden und vom mittleren jahrlichen Grundwasserflurabstand. Die Grundwasserkarte wurde durch ein statistisches Modell aus Daten von > 1000 Standorten abgeleitet. Die THG-Emissionen beruhen auf einem ei...
Authors: Kenneth A. Byrne Bogdan Chojnicki Torben R. Christensen Matthias Drösler Annette Freibau... more Authors: Kenneth A. Byrne Bogdan Chojnicki Torben R. Christensen Matthias Drösler Annette Freibauer Thomas Friborg Steve Frolking Anders Lindroth Julia Mailhammer Nils Malmer Pirkko Selin Jukka Turunen Riccardo Valentini Lars Zetterberg ... Edited by: Torben R. ...
Walder und Moore beherbergen weltweit ebenso wie auch in Deutschland von allen Okosystemen die gr... more Walder und Moore beherbergen weltweit ebenso wie auch in Deutschland von allen Okosystemen die grosten Kohlenstoffvorrate pro Hektar. Beide Okosystemtypen sind besonders gefahrdet durch die zunehmende menschliche Nutzung und in vielen Regionen auch durch den Klimawandel. Ihr Schutz ist eine besonders effiziente Klimaschutzmasnahme mit direkten Synergien zum Naturschutz. Effiziente Schutzmasnahmen mussen ursachenorientiert sein. Eine Entlastung vom Nutzungsdruck - unter anderem durch eine effektivere Nutzung von Ressourcen sowie angemessene Kompensationszahlungen - ist daher notig. Beides ist derzeit nicht flachendeckend in Sicht. In den Waldern Deutschlands sollte angesichts des Klimawandels ein signifikanter Waldumbau zu artenreichen Mischwaldern erfolgen, um auch zukunftig stabile Bestande und deren Senkenfunktion zu sichern. Eine klimafreundlich durchgefuhrte Renaturierung der dranierten Moore Deutschlands konnte theoretisch bis zu 35 mio. t Kohlendioxid-Aquivalente pro Jahr eins...
Fuel quality and combustion behaviour of agricultural pellets from paludiculture straw were teste... more Fuel quality and combustion behaviour of agricultural pellets from paludiculture straw were tested within the research project "MOORuse". Pellets were produced from Typha ssp., Phragmites australis, Phalaris arundinacea and Carex ssp..Additivation of pellets with kaolin was applied to reduce particle emissions and slagging. Physical fuel properties of pellets met the requirements of ISO 17225-6. Chemical fuel properties(e.g.K and Na content) indicated high TPM emissions for Typha ssp. Distinct slagging for the other species were predicted (e.g. by Si/K-index). During combustion in a small-scale biomass boiler (30 kW), CO and TPM emissions were high for Typha ssp. (CO: 292 mg/m3, TPM: 115 mg/m3, STC) but were reduced by additivation with 2.3 w-% kaolin (CO: 143 mg/m3, TPM: 94 mg/m3, STC). Slagging was high for Phragmites australis, Phalaris arundinacea and Carex ssp. with >40 w-% of total ash consisting of particles >8 mm. Additivation had no positive effect on slaggi...
18 The change in the German energy policy has resulted in a strong increase in the 19 number of b... more 18 The change in the German energy policy has resulted in a strong increase in the 19 number of biogas plants in Germany. As a consequence, huge amounts of nutrient 20 rich residues, the by-products of the fermentative process, are used as organic 21 fertilizers. Drained peatlands are increasingly used to satisfy the huge demand for 22 fermentative substrates (e.g. energy-crops, grass silage) and the digestate is 23 returned to the peatlands. However, drained organic soils are considered as hot 24 spots for nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and organic fertilization is additionally known 25 to increase N2O emissions from managed grasslands. Our study addressed the 26 questions a) to what extent biogas digestate and cattle slurry application increase 27 N2O and methane (CH4) fluxes as well as the mineral nitrogen use efficiency (NUEmin) 28 and grass yield, and b) how different soil organic matter contents (SOM) and nitrogen 29 (N) contents promote the production of N2O. In addition NH3 v...
Vegetation indices are widely used as model inputs and for non-destructive estimation of biomass ... more Vegetation indices are widely used as model inputs and for non-destructive estimation of biomass and photosynthesis, but there have been few validation studies of the underlying relationships. To test their applicability on temperate fens and the impact of management intensity, we investigated the relationships between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), leaf area index (LAI), brown and green above-ground biomass and photosynthesis potential (PP). Only the linear relationship between NDVI and PP was management independent (R 2 = 0Á53). LAI to PP was described by a site-specific and negative logarithmic function (R 2 = 0Á07-0Á68). The hyperbolic relationship of LAI versus NDVI showed a high residual standard error (s.e.) of 1Á71-1Á84 and differed between extensive and intensive meadows. Biomass and LAI correlated poorly (R 2 = 0Á30), with high species-specific variability. Intensive meadows had a higher ratio of LAI to biomass than extensive grasslands. The fraction of green to total biomass versus NDVI showed considerable noise (s.e. = 0Á13). These relationships were relatively weak compared with results from other ecosystems. A likely explanation could be the high amount of standing litter, which was unevenly distributed within the vegetation canopy depending on the season and on the timing of cutting events. Our results show there is high uncertainty in the application of the relationships on temperate fen meadows. For reliable estimations, management intensity needs to be taken into account and several direct measurements throughout the year are required for site-specific correction of the relationships, especially under extensive management. Using NDVI instead of LAI could reduce uncertainty in photosynthesis models.
This study compares the CO<sub>2</sub> exchange of a natural bog forest, and of a bog... more This study compares the CO<sub>2</sub> exchange of a natural bog forest, and of a bog drained for forestry in the pre-Alpine region of southern Germany. The sites are separated by only 10 km, they share the same soil formation history and are exposed to the same climate and weather conditions. In contrast, they differ in land use history: at the Schechenfilz site a natural bog-pine forest (<i>Pinus mugo</i> ssp. rotundata) grows on an undisturbed, about 5 m thick peat layer; at Mooseurach a planted spruce forest (<i>Picea abies</i>) grows on drained and degraded peat (3.4 m). The net ecosystem exchange of CO<sub>2</sub> (NEE) at both sites has been investigated for 2 years (July 2010–June 2012), using the eddy covariance technique. Our results indicate that the drained, forested bog at Mooseurach is a much stronger carbon dioxide sink (−130 ± 31 and −300 ± 66 g C m<sup>−2</sup> a<sup>−1</sup> in the first and se...
Drained organic soils are considered to be hotspots for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Arable la... more Drained organic soils are considered to be hotspots for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Arable lands and intensively used grasslands, in particular, have been regarded as the main producers of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O). However, GHG balances of former peatlands and associated organic soils not considered to be peatland according to the definition of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have not been investigated so far. Therefore, our study addressed the question to what extent the soil organic carbon (SOC) content affects the GHG release of drained organic soils under two different land-use types (arable land and intensively used grassland). Both land-use types were established on a Mollic Gleysol (labeled C<sub>medium</sub>) as well as on a Sapric Histosol (labeled C<sub>high</sub>). The two soil types differed significantly in their SOC contents in the topsoil (C<sub>med...
Drained organic soils are considered to be hotspots for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Arable la... more Drained organic soils are considered to be hotspots for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Arable lands and intensively used grasslands, in particular, have been regarded as the main producers of carbon dioxide (CO 2) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O). However, GHG balances of former peatlands and associated organic soils not considered to be peatland according to the definition of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have not been investigated so far. Therefore, our study addressed the question to what extent the soil organic carbon (SOC) content affects the GHG release of drained organic soils under two different landuse types (arable land and intensively used grassland). Both land-use types were established on a Mollic Gleysol (labeled C medium) as well as on a Sapric Histosol (labeled C high). The two soil types differed significantly in their SOC contents in the topsoil (C medium : 9.4-10.9 % SOC; C high : 16.1-17.2 % SOC). We determined GHG fluxes over a period of 1 or 2 years in case of N 2 O or methane (CH 4) and CO 2 , respectively. The daily and annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO 2 was determined by measuring NEE and the ecosystem respiration (R ECO) with the closed dynamic chamber technique and by modeling the R ECO and the gross primary production (GPP). N 2 O and CH 4 were measured with the static closed chamber technique. Estimated NEE of CO 2 differed significantly between the two land-use types, with lower NEE values (−6 to 1707 g CO 2-C m −2 yr −1) at the arable sites and higher values (1354 to 1823 g CO 2-C m −2 yr −1) at the grassland sites. No effect on NEE was found regarding the SOC content. Significantly higher annual N 2 O exchange rates were observed at the arable sites (0.23-0.86 g N m −2 yr −1) than at the grassland sites (0.12-0.31 g N m −2 yr −1). Furthermore, N 2 O fluxes from the C high sites significantly exceeded those of the C medium sites. CH 4 fluxes were found to be close to zero at all plots. Estimated global warming potential, calculated for a time horizon of 100 years (GWP 100) revealed a very high release of GHGs from all plots ranging from 1837 to 7095 g CO 2 eq. m −2 yr −1. Calculated global warming potential (GWP) values did not differ between soil types and partly exceeded the IPCC default emission factors of the Tier 1 approach by far. However, despite being subject to high uncertainties, the results clearly highlight the importance of adjusting the IPCC guidelines for organic soils not falling under the definition in order to avoid a significant underestimation of GHG emissions in the corresponding sectors of the national climate reporting. Furthermore, the present results revealed that mainly the type of land-use, including the management type, and not the SOC content is responsible for the height of GHG exchange from intensive farming on drained organic soils.
2 Methodische Grundlagen zu Ökosystemleistungen und ökonomischer Bewertung 20 2.1 Das Konzept der... more 2 Methodische Grundlagen zu Ökosystemleistungen und ökonomischer Bewertung 20 2.1 Das Konzept der Ökosystemleistungen, ihre Klassifikation und Erfassung 2.2 Ökonomische Bewertung von Ökosystemleistungen 2.3 Ansätze zur ökonomischen Bewertung von Klimaschäden 3 Ökosystemleistungen, Bio diversität und Klima wandel: Grundlagen 3.1 Einleitung 68 3.2 Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die biologische Vielfalt und Ökosystemleistungen 3.3 Auswirkungen der Klimapolitik auf Biodiversität und Ökosystemleistungen 78 3.4 Internationale Aspekte der deutschen Klimapolitik 3.5 Klimapolitik, Ökosystemleistungen und biologische Vielfalt-Konflikte und Synergien 4 Landwirtschaft: Emissionen reduzieren, Grünlandumbruch vermeiden und Bioenergie umweltfreundlich nutzen 100 4.1 Einleitung 4.2 Treibhausgasemissionen aus der Landwirtschaft 4.3 Überlegungen zur ökonomischen Bewertung von Klimaschutzmaßnahmen 4.4 Wirkungen von Klimaschutzmaßnahmen in der Landwirtschaft auf Ökosysteme 4.5 Anpassung an den Klimawandel 7 Die Rolle von Auen und Fließgewässern für den Klimaschutz und die Klimaanpassung 172 7.1 Einleitung 173 7.2 Ökosystemleistungen von Auen und Fließgewässern 175 7.3 Zustand von Auen und Fließgewässern 176 7.4 Die ökonomische Bedeutung von Auen und Gewässern für den Klimaschutz und die Klimaanpassung 177 8 Die Rolle der Küsten und Meere für Klimawandel mitigation und-anpassung 182 8.1 Einleitung 183 8.2 Ökosystemleistungen der Meere und Küsten 183 8.3 Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf Ökosystemleistungen 185 8.4 Küstenschutzmaßnahmen zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel 185 8.5 Folgen der Klimapolitik für die Ökosystemleistungen der Küsten und Meere 188 8.6 Fazit 188 9 Synergien und Konflikte von Klimapolitik und Naturschutz: Zusammenfassung und Handlungsoptionen 190 9.1 Rahmenbedingungen und Anknüpfungspunkte in der Biodiversitätsund Klimapolitik 192 9.2 Handlungsoptionen und Instrumente in den einzelnen Handlungsfeldern 193 9.3 Naturkapital und Klimaschutz-übergreifende Empfehlungen auf der Zielebene 204 9.4 Mittel und Wege zur Umsetzung-Empfehlungen auf der Instrumentenebene 207 Glossar 212 Verzeichnis der Mitwirkenden 216 NATURKAPITAL UND KLIMAPOLITIK: EINLEITUNG
Black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) forests on peat soils have been reported to be hotspot... more Black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) forests on peat soils have been reported to be hotspots for high nitrous oxide (N 2 O) losses. High emissions may be attributed to alternating water tables of peatlands and to the incorporation of high amounts of easily decomposable nitrogen (N) into the ecosystem by symbiotic dinitrogen (N 2)-fixation of BGD
Black alder (<i>Alnus glutinosa</i> (L.) Gaertn.) forests on peat soils have been rep... more Black alder (<i>Alnus glutinosa</i> (L.) Gaertn.) forests on peat soils have been reported to be hotspots for high nitrous oxide…
A peatland is a type of ecosystem where carbon (C) along with nitrogen and several other elements... more A peatland is a type of ecosystem where carbon (C) along with nitrogen and several other elements has been accumulated as peat originating from the plant litter deposited on the site. A logical consequence of the above definition of peatlands is that they are ecosystems, which by way of nature are a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). This is
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