Papers by Solfrid Bratland-Sanda
European journal of sport science, Jan 9, 2015
To examine the prevalence and factors associated with instruction-related injuries and musculoske... more To examine the prevalence and factors associated with instruction-related injuries and musculoskeletal pain among group fitness instructors. Descriptive epidemiology study. Online survey. Group fitness instructors from three fitness centre companies in Norway (n = 1473). Assessment of independent variables: questions regarding duration of working as a group fitness instructor, weekly instruction and exercise loading and modality, instruction-related injuries, musculoskeletal pain, use of alcohol, tobacco, snuff, menstrual dysfunction and disordered eating (Eating Disorder Inventory, EDI). The respondents were divided into high instruction loading (HIL), ≥5 h/w with instruction; and low instruction loading (LIL), <5 h/w with instruction). The response rate was 57% (n = 837). Mean total loading (instruction and exercise) was 11.8 h/w and 6.3 h/w in the HIL and LIL groups (p < .001), respectively. The prevalence of acute (9% vs. 6%, p < .05), overuse (38% vs. 24%, p < .001)...
The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 2010
To examine (i) aerobic fitness, muscular strength, and bone mineral density (BMD) in female inpat... more To examine (i) aerobic fitness, muscular strength, and bone mineral density (BMD) in female inpatients with longstanding eating disorders and non-clinical controls, and (ii) associated and explanatory factors for BMD among the inpatients. Adult females with DSM-IV anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) or eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS) (n=59, mean(SD) age 30.1(8.5) yrs and ED duration 14.3 yrs) and non-clinical age-matched controls (n=53, mean(SD) age 31.3(8.3) yrs) accepted participation in this cross-sectional study. Measurements included accelerometer assessed and self reported amount of different types of physical activities, VO2max on treadmill, 1RM in leg and chest press, and BMD in lumbar spine (L2-L4), femur neck and total body analyzed by DXA. Muscular strength and BMD were lower in patients with AN, not in patients with BN or EDNOS, compared to controls. Aerobic fitness did not differ between patients and controls. BMD in the patients was positively ...
New Insights into the Prevention and Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa, 2011
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2010
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2006
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2010
Objective: To examine the prevalence of dieting, reasons for dieting and prevalence of disordered... more Objective: To examine the prevalence of dieting, reasons for dieting and prevalence of disordered eating among adolescent elite athletes and age-matched controls, and to examine the differences between athletes competing in leanness and non-leanness sports. Methods: First-year students of 16 different Norwegian Elite Sport High Schools (athlete group, n = 682) and two randomly selected ordinary high schools from a county representative of the general Norwegian population (control group, n = 423) were invited to participate in this cross-sectional study. A total of 606 athletes and 355 controls completed the questionnaire, giving a response rate of 89% and 84%, respectively. The questionnaire contained questions regarding training patterns, menstrual status and history, dieting, use of pathogenic weight control methods and the drive for thinness (DT) and body dissatisfaction (BD) subscales from the Eating Disorders Inventory. Main outcome measure: Disordered eating, defined as meeting one or more of the following criteria: DT score >15 (girls) and >10 (boys), BD score >14 (girls) and >10 (boys), body mass index ,17.9 kg/m 2 (girls) and ,17.5 kg/m 2 (boys), current and/or >3 previous efforts to lose weight, use of pathogenic weight control methods and self-reported menstrual dysfunction. Results: A higher prevalence of control subjects were dieting and classified with disordered eating compared with the athletes. An improvement of appearance was a more common reason for dieting among controls compared with athletes. No differences in dieting or disordered eating were found between leanness and nonleanness sports athletes. Conclusions: Self-reported disordered eating is more prevalent among controls than adolescent elite athletes, and losing weight to enhance performance is an important reason for dieting among adolescent elite athletes.
International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2014
To examine group fitness instructors&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; knowledge and attitudes toward ... more To examine group fitness instructors&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; knowledge and attitudes toward identification and management of disordered eating (DE). Group fitness instructors representing the three largest fitness center companies in Norway (n = 837, response rate: 57%) completed a questionnaire through Questback (www.questback.com). The questionnaire contained items regarding gender, age, educational background, exercise behavior, and knowledge of recognition and response to DE. Eighty-nine percent of the respondents reported knowledge about symptoms of DE, 29% was classified with adequate DE knowledge skills. Forty-nine percent of the instructors reported current concern about DE among one or more members, 47% reported knowledge about how to recognize and respond to DE, and 37% reported knowledge about their fitness center&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s guidelines for approaching DE concerns. The level of formal education in sports and exercise, and a history of self-reported eating disorder, but not fitness instructor experience, were explanatory factors for knowledge about DE symptoms. Both exercise specific educational level and instructor experience were explanatory variables for knowledge about recognition of and response to DE concerns. Implications of the findings include a need for increased confidence among group fitness instructors regarding how to approach DE concerns, increased awareness of excessive/compulsive exercise as a symptom of DE, and enhanced dissemination of existing guidelines for managing DE concerns among members and/or staff. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014).
International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2009
Objective: To describe changes in physical activity (PA) and exercise dependence score during tre... more Objective: To describe changes in physical activity (PA) and exercise dependence score during treatment of eating disorders (ED), and to explore correlations among changes in PA, exercise motivation, exercise dependence score and ED psychopathology in excessive and nonexcessive exercisers.
International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2009
Objective: To examine self reported versus objectively assessed moderate-tovigorous physical acti... more Objective: To examine self reported versus objectively assessed moderate-tovigorous physical activity (MVPA), and different reasons for exercise, in patients with longstanding eating disorders (ED) when compared with controls.
Neurourology and Urodynamics, 2011
Controversies exist on the role of physical activity on urinary incontinence (UI), and search on ... more Controversies exist on the role of physical activity on urinary incontinence (UI), and search on PubMed revealed no studies on UI in fitness instructors. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of UI among female group fitness instructors, including Pilates and yoga teachers. This was a cross-sectional study of 1,473 instructors representing three of the largest fitness companies recruited from 59 fitness centers in Norway. They filled in an online survey (Questback) about general health, educational background, and number of hours teaching per week. Prevalence of UI was evaluated by the International Consensus on Incontinence Questionnaire, short form (ICIQ-UI SF). Three out of 152 men (2%) reported UI. Six hundred eighty-five women, mean age 32.7 years (range 18-68) answered the questionnaire. 26.3% of all the female instructors reported to have UI, with 21.4% reporting leakage ≥ once a week, 3.2% 2-3 times/week and 1.7% ≥ once per day. 24.4% reported the leakage to be small to moderate and the bother score was 4.6 (SD 2.4) out of 21. 15.3% reported leakage during physical activity and 10.9% when coughing/sneezing. 25.9% of yoga and Pilates instructors reported UI. This is the first report on UI among fitness instructors and the results indicate that UI is prevalent among female fitness instructors, including yoga and Pilates teachers. More information about this topic seems to be important in the basic education of fitness instructors.
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2012
ABSTRACT Støren, Ø, Bratland-Sanda, S, Haave, M, and Helgerud, J. Improved V[Combining Dot Above]... more ABSTRACT Støren, Ø, Bratland-Sanda, S, Haave, M, and Helgerud, J. Improved V[Combining Dot Above]O2max and time trial performance with more high aerobic intensity interval training and reduced training volume: a case study on an elite national cyclist. J Strength Cond Res 26(10): 2705-2711, 2012-The present study investigated to what extent more high aerobic intensity interval training (HAIT) and reduced training volume would influence maximal oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max) and time trial (TT) performance in an elite national cyclist in the preseason period. The cyclist was tested for V[Combining Dot Above]O2max, cycling economy (Cc), and TT performance on an ergometer cycle during 1 year. Training was continuously logged using heart rate monitor during the entire period. Total monthly training volume was reduced in the 2011 preseason compared with the 2010 preseason, and 2 HAIT blocks (14 sessions in 9 days and 15 sessions in 10 days) were performed as running. Between the HAIT blocks, 3 HAIT sessions per week were performed as cycling. From November 2010 to February 2011, the cyclist reduced total average monthly training volume by 18% and cycling training volume by 60%. The amount of training at 90-95% HRpeak increased by 41%. V[Combining Dot Above]O2max increased by 10.3% on ergometer cycle. TT performance improved by 14.9%. Cc did not change. In conclusion, preseason reduced total training volume but increased amount of HAIT improved V[Combining Dot Above]O2max and TT performance without any changes in Cc. These improvements on cycling appeared despite that the HAIT blocks were performed as running. Reduced training time, and training transfer from running into improved cycling form, may be beneficial for cyclists living in cold climate areas.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise - MED SCI SPORT EXERCISE, 2008
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2012
The purpose of this study was to examine changes in aerobic fitness, muscular strength, bone mine... more The purpose of this study was to examine changes in aerobic fitness, muscular strength, bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition during inpatient treatment of underweight and normal weight patients with longstanding eating disorders (ED). Twenty-nine underweight (BMI < 18.5, n = 7) and normal weight (BMI ≥ 18.5, n = 22) inpatients (mean (SD) age: 31.0 (9.0) years, ED duration: 14.9 (8.8) years, duration of treatment: 16.6 (5.5) weeks) completed this prospective naturalistic study. The treatment consisted of nutritional counseling, and 2 × 60 min weekly moderate intensive physical activity in addition to psychotherapy and milieu therapy. Underweight patients aimed to increase body weight with 0.5 kg/week until the weight gain goal was reached. Aerobic fitness, muscular strength, BMD and body composition were measured at admission and discharge. Results showed an increase in mean muscular strength, total body mass, fat mass, and body fat percentage, but not aerobic capacity, among both underweight and normal weight patients. Lumbar spine BMD increased among the underweight patients, no changes were observed in BMD among the normal weight patients. Three out of seven OPEN ACCESS Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2012, 9 316 underweight patients were still underweight at discharge, and only three out of nine patients with excessive body fat (i.e., >33%) managed to reduce body fat to normal values during treatment. These results calls for a more individualized treatment approach to achieve a more optimal body composition among both underweight and normal to overweight patients with longstanding ED.
European Journal of Sport Science, 2013
European Eating Disorders Review, 2012
The aim of this study was to examine symptoms of eating disorders (ED), drive for muscularity and... more The aim of this study was to examine symptoms of eating disorders (ED), drive for muscularity and physical activity in a Norwegian adolescent population. A total of 722 adolescents aged 12-18 years (response rate: 83%) filled out a questionnaire containing the Drive for Muscularity Scale, Eating Disorders Inventory subscales Drive for Thinness (EDI-DT), Body Dissatisfaction (EDI-BD) and Bulimia (EDI-B), and questions about amount of and motives for physical activity. Eating Disorders Inventory subscale scores were higher, and Drive for Muscularity Scale Score (DMS) scores were lower among girls compared with boys. EDI and DMS were correlated with motives for, but not amount of, physical activity. EDI and DMS were associated in boys, not girls. The associations between EDI and DMS among boys call for a wider approach when examining ED among boys.
European Eating Disorders Review, 2011
Objective: To examine associations among exercise dependence score, amount of physical activity a... more Objective: To examine associations among exercise dependence score, amount of physical activity and eating disorder (ED) symptoms in patients with longstanding ED and non-clinical controls. Methods: Adult female inpatients (n ¼ 59) and 53 age-matched controls participated in this cross sectional study. Assessments included the eating disorders examination, eating disorders inventory, exercise dependence scale, reasons for exercise inventory, and MTI Actigraph accelerometer. Results: Positive associations were found among vigorous, not moderate, physical activity, exercise dependence score and ED symptoms in patients. In the controls, ED symptoms were negatively associated with vigorous physical activity and not correlated with exercise dependence score. Exercise for negative affect regulation, not weight/ appearance, and amount of vigorous physical activity were explanatory variables for exercise dependence score in both groups. Conclusions: The positive associations among exercise dependence score, vigorous physical activity and ED symptoms need proper attention in the treatment of longstanding ED.
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Papers by Solfrid Bratland-Sanda