Papers by Volker Rybatzki
Common opinion holds that the medieval Mongγols had a very tolerant and positive attitude towards... more Common opinion holds that the medieval Mongγols had a very tolerant and positive attitude towards other peoples’ cultures and religions – sometimes styled Pax mongolica. An examination of the original Middle Mongγol documents (13th-15th c.) does not confirm his view. The attitude of the Mongγols of that time must be defined as arrogant, coupled with a high feeling of superiority over other people. The acceptance of foreign cultures and religions was one aspect of putting everything – spiritual and material – into the service of the Mongγols, either in support of their far-reaching conquests, or their search for longevity and health of the Mongγol emperors.
Önceki araştırıcılar, Uygur Bozkır Kağanlığı'nın Tes, Taryat ve Şine Usu Yazıtları arasında yakın... more Önceki araştırıcılar, Uygur Bozkır Kağanlığı'nın Tes, Taryat ve Şine Usu Yazıtları arasında yakın bir tarihî ve filolojik bağlantı olduğunu varsaymaktadır. Bu tartışmada bu üç yazıtın kronolojisi, bir yenisi sunulan sonuçla eleştirel olarak incelenmiştir. Filolojik benzerliklerle ilgili olarak, bu üç yazıtın işlevinin aynı olmadığı gerçeğinden ötürü, varsayılandan çok daha az olduğu gösterilmiştir. Şine Usu Yazıtı mezar yapısıyla ilişkiliyken, Taryat ve Tes Yazıtları yazılı sınır işaretleri türündendir. Abstract:
This is the second part of a series of papers (to be continued) on Mongolic words in Özbek. There... more This is the second part of a series of papers (to be continued) on Mongolic words in Özbek. There seem to be no direct borrowings from Mongolic languages in Özbek, with the majority of loanwords finding their way into Özbek through Modern Uyghur, Kazakh, or Kirghiz. Some Mongolic words entered Özbek through Persian, and some (very few) words seem to have arrived through languages located to the west and northwest of Özbek — most notably, through Turkmen and Kara-Kalpak.
Keywords: Özbek, Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, language contact, inner-Turkic borrowings
Originally the title of this contribution to the Festschrift of Prof. Sertkaya bore the title "Mo... more Originally the title of this contribution to the Festschrift of Prof. Sertkaya bore the title "Mongolic loanwords in Özbek". However, during my work on Mongolic (Mo.) loanwords in Modern Uyγur, it turned out that there seem to be only a limited number of Turkic (Tu.) languages that have received direct loanwords from Mo. and that function further as channels in distributing these words to other Tu. languages. Tu. languages that have borrowed Mo. words might be arranged geographically into three groups: (i) Northern Turkic. Here especially Mo. l.-w.s in Yakut and Tuvinian have been treated in a very fine way by Kałużyński (1961 [1995]) and Khabtagaeva (2009). With regard to Mo. l.-w.s this group forms a unit of its own with no or only very limited contacts with the other two groups. (ii) Central Turkic. Turkic languages of the steppe-zone from Kazakhstan in the east to Eastern and Northern Europe in the west. Short articles dealing with Mo. l.-w.s in these Tu. languages are mentioned in Uçar & Yener 2007; a comprehensive work on Mo. l.-w.s in these traditionally nomadic Tu. languages is missing. In this group there are two Tu. languages that acted as entrance for the transmission of Mo. l.-w.s into other Tu. languages. Kazakh is most important for the transmission of Mo. words further to the west, sometimes to the south; Kirghiz transmits Mo. words on one hand to Tu. languages to its south, on the other hand it is responsible (together with Uyγur) for the diffusion of Mo. (and Tu.) l.-w.s into Eastern Iranian languages of Afghanistan and Pakistan. (iii) Southern Turkic. Mostly sedentary Tu. languages. The most important language in this group with regard to Mo. l.-w.s is Uyγur (with a clearly higher rate of Mo. l.-w.s than f. ex. Kazakh), transmitting these l.-w.s to Özbek, as well as Eastern Iranian languages. Özbek in its turn receives Mo. words mainly from Uyγur or Kazakh, direct l.-w.s are extremely rare; Turkmen receives Mo. words from Özbek and Azeri, partly directly from Mo. (Uçar & Yener 2007 is incomplete). Both Özbek and Turkmen transmit Mo. (and Tu.) l.-w.s to Eastern Iranian languages. However, in group (iii) also the transmission (M)Mo. > Pe. > Tu. is possible. As far as I am aware, no research has been done on Mo. l.-w.s in Azeri and other Tu. languages of the Caucasus with the exception of Csáki (2006a), although this could be a very interesting area of research due to the fact that here were not only situated important residences of the medieval Mongols, but also because this Özb. alvaŋ (≠ Bor59, CAHG) (Ja64.21) | Uyγ. alwaŋ corvée, assignment; cf. säysi, yügür-yetim (Sch) ~ alvan (land-)tax (Ja64 id.) || Mo. > Uyγ., or MMo. > Uig.
Journal de la Société Finno-Ougrienne, Jan 1, 1994
Central Asiatic Journal, Jan 1, 2000
Per Urales ad Orientem. Iter polyphonicum multilingue.
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Papers by Volker Rybatzki
Keywords: Özbek, Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, language contact, inner-Turkic borrowings
Keywords: Özbek, Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, language contact, inner-Turkic borrowings