The first paragraph: "This is a story about borderwork, about the way that borders appear, disapp... more The first paragraph: "This is a story about borderwork, about the way that borders appear, disappear and reappear, perhaps somewhere else, in the course of everyday life. It is about what makes a place feel ‘borderly’, as if there is something in the air, the streets, the walls, the parks, perhaps even in the people hanging around a place, that gives off a sense of borders at work. It is a story that picks out small fragments of that constant activity, which sometimes, perhaps often in some places, feels like nothing is going on at all — the sense that waiting and stillness, and the dull thud of imperceptible decline and decay that comes from abandonment is all that there is, is all that is left. It is a story about senses of danger as well, the smell of fear that often circulates around crossing points — will I pass? — and the hard, sometimes brutal stare of authority as it carries out its checks, classifications, inspections, assessments. This is a journey through the places inhabited by people who sometimes uncomfortably share each other’s spaces, interfere with one another, who cross paths and zones and lines and fences and walls. It is a story about small and large exchanges, transactions, trades, legal and illegal, both in places where the ragged people go and in the limelight, where everyone is looking. Was it a good deal? It is a story about roads, routes and restrictions, of life and the taking care of the afterlife, of the signs and messages scribbled everywhere — by governments, by passers-by, by the activists and pessimists and optimists. It is a story about personal and impersonal journeys, of the attempt to get somewhere, even if that is only away from somewhere else."
Maps and borders notwithstanding, some places are best described as "gaps"--places with repeatedl... more Maps and borders notwithstanding, some places are best described as "gaps"--places with repeatedly contested boundaries that are wedged in between other places that have clear boundaries. This book explores an iconic example of this in the contemporary Western imagination: the Balkans. Drawing on richly detailed ethnographic research around the Greek-Albanian border, Sarah Green focuses her groundbreaking analysis on the ambiguities of never quite resolving where or what places are. One consequence for some Greek peoples in this border area is a seeming lack of distinction--but in a distinctly "Balkan" way. In gaps (which are never empty), marginality is, in contrast with conventional understandings, not a matter of difference and separation--it is a lack thereof.
Notes from the Balkans represents the first ethnographic approach to exploring "the Balkans" as an ideological concept. Green argues that, rather than representing a tension between "West" and "East," the Balkans makes such oppositions ambiguous. This kind of marginality means that such places and peoples can hardly engage with "multiculturalism." Moreover, the region's ambiguity threatens clear, modernist distinctions. The violence so closely associated with the region can therefore be seen as part of continual attempts to resolve the ambiguities by imposing fixed separations. And every time this fails, the region is once again defined as a place that will continually proliferate such dangerous ambiguity, and could spread it somewhere else.
The late 1980s in London was a period of heady transition for everyone in that city, and lesbian ... more The late 1980s in London was a period of heady transition for everyone in that city, and lesbian feminists were no exception. London's radically socialist local government, the Greater London Council, had been abolished by Margaret Thatcher's administration in 1986; the 1980s boom was rapidly declining; and the feminist theories on which lesbian feminist separatists had based their lives were being seriously challenged, particularly from within their own community. Younger women entering the community seemed more interested in sexual desire and having fun and they were in feminist politics, and others constantly accused lesbian feminists of not taking differences between women, such as race and class, into account. The book traces the relationship between changing theories about gender and sexuality and women's own lives, and looks at how lesbian feminists lived through this period, when it seemed as though their community was fragmenting into an apolitical, postmodernist chaos.
In diesem Interview sprechen die drei Anthropolog*innen Chiara Brambilla, Didier Fassin und Sarah... more In diesem Interview sprechen die drei Anthropolog*innen Chiara Brambilla, Didier Fassin und Sarah Green über ihre empirischen und konzeptuellen Zugänge zum Thema Grenzen. Ausgehend von der Frage, was es bedeutet, Grenzforschung zu betreiben, erörtern sie die Komplexität moderner Grenzen als Zusammenspiel politisch-territorialer und soziosymbolischer Grenzziehungen. Die eigenen Forschungserfahrungen reflektierend werden methodologische Herausforderungen und Möglichkeiten ethnografischer Grenzforschung aufgezeigt. Das Interview schließt mit der Diskussion über Artikulationsmöglichkeiten einer kritischen Grenzforschung im Spannungsfeld von Wissenschaft, Politik und Ästhetik.
The majority of diseases that afflict humans are shared by nonhuman animals, and three-quarters o... more The majority of diseases that afflict humans are shared by nonhuman animals, and three-quarters of emerging diseases do so. People have known this for centuries, understanding that diseases traveled the same routes as did traders, migrants, and soldiers. Zoonosis is a process that involves the movement of a pathogen from a nonhuman animal body to a human animal body, which then triggers disease. In the past, this reality mostly served as an impediment to the bioeconomics of working with animals; in more recent years, research on zoonoses has turned animals into part of bioeconomic logic in themselves.
This is a reflection on how a combination of the concept of 'knowledge economy', academic... more This is a reflection on how a combination of the concept of 'knowledge economy', academic audit of research excellence, and the introduction of the criterion of 'impact' as a measure of research quality, have come together in transforming the practices within, and the purpose of, universities in contemporary Europe.Non peer reviewe
Lactococcus garvieae is the etiological agent of lactococcosis, a bacterial disease affecting man... more Lactococcus garvieae is the etiological agent of lactococcosis, a bacterial disease affecting many species of fish and causing major economic losses in aquaculture. In this study we described, for the first time, the isolation of L. garvieae in brook trout farmed in northwestern Italy by performing a molecular and epidemiological characterization. Results confirmed water as vehicle of infection, favoring the transmission of the pathogen between rainbow trout farmed in the upstream compartments of a raceways system and the brook trout located in downstream tanks.
This paper outlines how the Anthropological Knots debate covered in this special section was fram... more This paper outlines how the Anthropological Knots debate covered in this special section was framed, and offers its own threads for approaching the two questions addressed by it: First, what is it that makes anthropology possible in the contemporary moment? And second, what might count as intervention in anthropological terms? The paper argues that an ethnographic focus is essential to answering both questions. Such a focus is implicitly conceptually comparative, and generates a simultaneous sense that there are no guaranteed understandings which always already hold across space or time; but it also implies that the diversity, endless and complex as it may be, is not random: there are always particularities that make a difference, and which have specific implications for intervention. So while Anthropological Knots generates a sense of endless entanglement, these are crucially historically and socially framed entanglements, both conceptually and in practice.1
Short contribution on Brexit, a year on, and reflection on what that looks like from the perspect... more Short contribution on Brexit, a year on, and reflection on what that looks like from the perspective of Finland.
This commentary revisits the “Rethinking Euro-anthropology” Forums published in the journal Socia... more This commentary revisits the “Rethinking Euro-anthropology” Forums published in the journal Social Anthropology/Anthropologie Sociale. It reconsiders three specific issues: who are the subjects of European anthropology, who are its others, and who are its authors? Noting that European anthropology does not imply a spatial fixity (there is no “there there” in European anthropology), we suggest instead that European anthropological scholarship is the outcome of diverse forms of crossborder and transborder exchanges. Yet as a project that is both intellectual and political, we further discuss some of the contradictions, ambiguities and paradoxes behind this “worlding” of the discipline. By observing that E(e)uropean anthropology in particular should constantly strive to relate the locating endeavours of ethical practice, empirical evidence, historical reflection and humanistic theorising, we call for innovative forms of academic collaboration, narrative creations and belonging to/with ...
The meaning of ‘grey’ as ambiguity, as the outcome of blending and mixture so that no clear diffe... more The meaning of ‘grey’ as ambiguity, as the outcome of blending and mixture so that no clear differences are discernible anymore, is the starting point of this chapter. That is combined with the idea of grey zones as the spatial expression, or location, of that particular meaning of grey: grey zones as literal or metaphorical locations where there is some sense of uncertainty about the difference between here and somewhere else. In that sense, grey zones contrast with a key intention in the explicit marking of borders, which is to remove such uncertainty. In practice of course, places marked as borders often become sites of uncertainty, either because their precise locations are disputed, or because they overlap with, or are cross-cut by, other kinds of border-marking. Drawing upon an account of a territorial dispute between the Greek and Turkish governments about two rocky outcrops in the Aegean sea (the Imia/Kardak islets), and on ethnographic work on the Greek-Albanian border, combined with a survey of debates about the shift from the Cold War period to an era of multiple posts (post-socialist, post-plural, post-modern, post-structural) in Europe, this chapter argues two things. First, it argues that the cross-cuts and overlaps of borders are generated by different epistemological and ideological projects, and that the result is layered border regimes, which sometimes seep into each other, but also sometimes slide past each other in parallel, with neither one affecting the other. This evokes a sense of borderwork operating in three dimensions rather than two. That helps to understand how different border regimes can be operating simultaneously in the same geographical space, which can generate different places in the same location. The Imia/Kardak dispute in the Aegean, which shows how a nation-state border regime can exist in parallel with the European Union’s border regime, is an example of that process. Second, the chapter argues that the shift from the Cold War period to the ‘multiple posts’ period, which some would say coincides with the rise of neoliberalism, valorizes the concept of ‘grey zones’ by simultaneously valuing the concept of difference above all else whilst denying that any particular differences make a difference. The concept of grey zone in that sense constitutes a political project that attempts to narrow the space in which politics might conceivably make a difference. The simultaneous existence of border regimes in the same place tends to prevent the logic of such rhetoric from succeeding.
The first paragraph: "This is a story about borderwork, about the way that borders appear, disapp... more The first paragraph: "This is a story about borderwork, about the way that borders appear, disappear and reappear, perhaps somewhere else, in the course of everyday life. It is about what makes a place feel ‘borderly’, as if there is something in the air, the streets, the walls, the parks, perhaps even in the people hanging around a place, that gives off a sense of borders at work. It is a story that picks out small fragments of that constant activity, which sometimes, perhaps often in some places, feels like nothing is going on at all — the sense that waiting and stillness, and the dull thud of imperceptible decline and decay that comes from abandonment is all that there is, is all that is left. It is a story about senses of danger as well, the smell of fear that often circulates around crossing points — will I pass? — and the hard, sometimes brutal stare of authority as it carries out its checks, classifications, inspections, assessments. This is a journey through the places inhabited by people who sometimes uncomfortably share each other’s spaces, interfere with one another, who cross paths and zones and lines and fences and walls. It is a story about small and large exchanges, transactions, trades, legal and illegal, both in places where the ragged people go and in the limelight, where everyone is looking. Was it a good deal? It is a story about roads, routes and restrictions, of life and the taking care of the afterlife, of the signs and messages scribbled everywhere — by governments, by passers-by, by the activists and pessimists and optimists. It is a story about personal and impersonal journeys, of the attempt to get somewhere, even if that is only away from somewhere else."
Maps and borders notwithstanding, some places are best described as "gaps"--places with repeatedl... more Maps and borders notwithstanding, some places are best described as "gaps"--places with repeatedly contested boundaries that are wedged in between other places that have clear boundaries. This book explores an iconic example of this in the contemporary Western imagination: the Balkans. Drawing on richly detailed ethnographic research around the Greek-Albanian border, Sarah Green focuses her groundbreaking analysis on the ambiguities of never quite resolving where or what places are. One consequence for some Greek peoples in this border area is a seeming lack of distinction--but in a distinctly "Balkan" way. In gaps (which are never empty), marginality is, in contrast with conventional understandings, not a matter of difference and separation--it is a lack thereof.
Notes from the Balkans represents the first ethnographic approach to exploring "the Balkans" as an ideological concept. Green argues that, rather than representing a tension between "West" and "East," the Balkans makes such oppositions ambiguous. This kind of marginality means that such places and peoples can hardly engage with "multiculturalism." Moreover, the region's ambiguity threatens clear, modernist distinctions. The violence so closely associated with the region can therefore be seen as part of continual attempts to resolve the ambiguities by imposing fixed separations. And every time this fails, the region is once again defined as a place that will continually proliferate such dangerous ambiguity, and could spread it somewhere else.
The late 1980s in London was a period of heady transition for everyone in that city, and lesbian ... more The late 1980s in London was a period of heady transition for everyone in that city, and lesbian feminists were no exception. London's radically socialist local government, the Greater London Council, had been abolished by Margaret Thatcher's administration in 1986; the 1980s boom was rapidly declining; and the feminist theories on which lesbian feminist separatists had based their lives were being seriously challenged, particularly from within their own community. Younger women entering the community seemed more interested in sexual desire and having fun and they were in feminist politics, and others constantly accused lesbian feminists of not taking differences between women, such as race and class, into account. The book traces the relationship between changing theories about gender and sexuality and women's own lives, and looks at how lesbian feminists lived through this period, when it seemed as though their community was fragmenting into an apolitical, postmodernist chaos.
In diesem Interview sprechen die drei Anthropolog*innen Chiara Brambilla, Didier Fassin und Sarah... more In diesem Interview sprechen die drei Anthropolog*innen Chiara Brambilla, Didier Fassin und Sarah Green über ihre empirischen und konzeptuellen Zugänge zum Thema Grenzen. Ausgehend von der Frage, was es bedeutet, Grenzforschung zu betreiben, erörtern sie die Komplexität moderner Grenzen als Zusammenspiel politisch-territorialer und soziosymbolischer Grenzziehungen. Die eigenen Forschungserfahrungen reflektierend werden methodologische Herausforderungen und Möglichkeiten ethnografischer Grenzforschung aufgezeigt. Das Interview schließt mit der Diskussion über Artikulationsmöglichkeiten einer kritischen Grenzforschung im Spannungsfeld von Wissenschaft, Politik und Ästhetik.
The majority of diseases that afflict humans are shared by nonhuman animals, and three-quarters o... more The majority of diseases that afflict humans are shared by nonhuman animals, and three-quarters of emerging diseases do so. People have known this for centuries, understanding that diseases traveled the same routes as did traders, migrants, and soldiers. Zoonosis is a process that involves the movement of a pathogen from a nonhuman animal body to a human animal body, which then triggers disease. In the past, this reality mostly served as an impediment to the bioeconomics of working with animals; in more recent years, research on zoonoses has turned animals into part of bioeconomic logic in themselves.
This is a reflection on how a combination of the concept of 'knowledge economy', academic... more This is a reflection on how a combination of the concept of 'knowledge economy', academic audit of research excellence, and the introduction of the criterion of 'impact' as a measure of research quality, have come together in transforming the practices within, and the purpose of, universities in contemporary Europe.Non peer reviewe
Lactococcus garvieae is the etiological agent of lactococcosis, a bacterial disease affecting man... more Lactococcus garvieae is the etiological agent of lactococcosis, a bacterial disease affecting many species of fish and causing major economic losses in aquaculture. In this study we described, for the first time, the isolation of L. garvieae in brook trout farmed in northwestern Italy by performing a molecular and epidemiological characterization. Results confirmed water as vehicle of infection, favoring the transmission of the pathogen between rainbow trout farmed in the upstream compartments of a raceways system and the brook trout located in downstream tanks.
This paper outlines how the Anthropological Knots debate covered in this special section was fram... more This paper outlines how the Anthropological Knots debate covered in this special section was framed, and offers its own threads for approaching the two questions addressed by it: First, what is it that makes anthropology possible in the contemporary moment? And second, what might count as intervention in anthropological terms? The paper argues that an ethnographic focus is essential to answering both questions. Such a focus is implicitly conceptually comparative, and generates a simultaneous sense that there are no guaranteed understandings which always already hold across space or time; but it also implies that the diversity, endless and complex as it may be, is not random: there are always particularities that make a difference, and which have specific implications for intervention. So while Anthropological Knots generates a sense of endless entanglement, these are crucially historically and socially framed entanglements, both conceptually and in practice.1
Short contribution on Brexit, a year on, and reflection on what that looks like from the perspect... more Short contribution on Brexit, a year on, and reflection on what that looks like from the perspective of Finland.
This commentary revisits the “Rethinking Euro-anthropology” Forums published in the journal Socia... more This commentary revisits the “Rethinking Euro-anthropology” Forums published in the journal Social Anthropology/Anthropologie Sociale. It reconsiders three specific issues: who are the subjects of European anthropology, who are its others, and who are its authors? Noting that European anthropology does not imply a spatial fixity (there is no “there there” in European anthropology), we suggest instead that European anthropological scholarship is the outcome of diverse forms of crossborder and transborder exchanges. Yet as a project that is both intellectual and political, we further discuss some of the contradictions, ambiguities and paradoxes behind this “worlding” of the discipline. By observing that E(e)uropean anthropology in particular should constantly strive to relate the locating endeavours of ethical practice, empirical evidence, historical reflection and humanistic theorising, we call for innovative forms of academic collaboration, narrative creations and belonging to/with ...
The meaning of ‘grey’ as ambiguity, as the outcome of blending and mixture so that no clear diffe... more The meaning of ‘grey’ as ambiguity, as the outcome of blending and mixture so that no clear differences are discernible anymore, is the starting point of this chapter. That is combined with the idea of grey zones as the spatial expression, or location, of that particular meaning of grey: grey zones as literal or metaphorical locations where there is some sense of uncertainty about the difference between here and somewhere else. In that sense, grey zones contrast with a key intention in the explicit marking of borders, which is to remove such uncertainty. In practice of course, places marked as borders often become sites of uncertainty, either because their precise locations are disputed, or because they overlap with, or are cross-cut by, other kinds of border-marking. Drawing upon an account of a territorial dispute between the Greek and Turkish governments about two rocky outcrops in the Aegean sea (the Imia/Kardak islets), and on ethnographic work on the Greek-Albanian border, combined with a survey of debates about the shift from the Cold War period to an era of multiple posts (post-socialist, post-plural, post-modern, post-structural) in Europe, this chapter argues two things. First, it argues that the cross-cuts and overlaps of borders are generated by different epistemological and ideological projects, and that the result is layered border regimes, which sometimes seep into each other, but also sometimes slide past each other in parallel, with neither one affecting the other. This evokes a sense of borderwork operating in three dimensions rather than two. That helps to understand how different border regimes can be operating simultaneously in the same geographical space, which can generate different places in the same location. The Imia/Kardak dispute in the Aegean, which shows how a nation-state border regime can exist in parallel with the European Union’s border regime, is an example of that process. Second, the chapter argues that the shift from the Cold War period to the ‘multiple posts’ period, which some would say coincides with the rise of neoliberalism, valorizes the concept of ‘grey zones’ by simultaneously valuing the concept of difference above all else whilst denying that any particular differences make a difference. The concept of grey zone in that sense constitutes a political project that attempts to narrow the space in which politics might conceivably make a difference. The simultaneous existence of border regimes in the same place tends to prevent the logic of such rhetoric from succeeding.
Breaking degree courses up into smaller, modularised units of study has offered students flexibil... more Breaking degree courses up into smaller, modularised units of study has offered students flexibility and cross-disciplinarity in their learning paths and has been widely taken up within the UK university system since first appearing in the 1960s. Deconstructing subjects into constituent components can however be problematic for holistic subjects where students need to reconstruct these individual modules back into successful whole bodies of understanding. Product Design courses is an example of this type of holistic subject, and typically uses project modules as the vehicles for students to re-unite, synthesise and integrate individual subject knowledge back into a common whole. It can however still be problematic, for example; to synchronise subject delivery with project requirements, to avoid overburdening staff and students with modular and project assessment, to balance the requirements of both theory and practice, and to provide the scheduling framework that makes organisational sense to students. In 2013/14 course staff at the University of Brighton introduced a quasi-non-modular course format, which replaced the repetitive weekly format symptomatic of modular delivery. The aims of this change were to overcome some of the problems perceived to be related to modular delivery. The new format stripped apart traditional subject groupings and delivered subject knowledge in a block module format with a sequence mirroring the design process. Whilst educational efficacy is difficult to verify, the findings suggest that this change has been highly effective. It also revealed more explicitly some of the deeper learning structures that can get overlooked within the modular system, through which further enhancement of this non-modular system and the course have been developed in 2015/16. This paper outlines the changes and lessons learnt by the course team over this 2 year period. It is felt that these findings offer lessons not just for Product Design tutors but for practitioners and administrators across the education sector.
Locating the Mediterranean : Connections and Separations across Time and Space, 2022
This chapter considers Mediterranean crosslocations in terms of nonhuman animals. It begins with ... more This chapter considers Mediterranean crosslocations in terms of nonhuman animals. It begins with a hedgehog crossing the border between Jordan and Israel, and describes some of the ways it has been spatially located. One involves formal scientific classification systems: Latin naming conventions, concepts of habitat and ideas about indigeneity. The hedgehog’s designated habitat overlaps with another locating system in the region, the state border territorial structure, which is not at all relevant to hedgehogs. A third layer is to consider how the hedgehog might fit into the idea of Mediterranean, to which the short answer is: awkwardly. The chapter then moves away from hedgehogs to briefly describe how people in different parts of the geographical Mediterranean have accounted for the dramatic rise in populations of wild boar in their area in recent years. Wild boar are among a number of animals that have suddenly appeared, or rapidly increased in number, in many areas in the geographical Mediterranean region. Looking at how people have accounted for this provides one way to briefly explore how the logic of locating regimes might be deployed to explain changes in the spatial presence of non-human animals.
The idea of border as 'line' has attracted a lot of critical attention in borders studies in rece... more The idea of border as 'line' has attracted a lot of critical attention in borders studies in recent years. Yet the idea of borders as lines still carries considerable power, both conceptually and politically. This chapter takes the persistence of the idea of line in contemporary border politics seriously, while also offering a couple of new ways to think about border dynamics, as 'line' suggests something static.
The concept of 'tidemarks' as a way to think about border dynamics was developed in 2009 by the author at the first meeting of the EastBordNet research network (funded by COST as IS0803). That network, which was focusing on the eastern peripheries of Europe and aimed at developing a fresh way to conceptualise border dynamics there, carried on discussing the idea until 2013, when the network's funding ended. Sarah Green carried on thinking about the problem of how to conceptualise 'border' for several years thereafter. This chapter is the outcome of those 8 years of research and thinking, and summarises the idea.
Conclusion to Ashley Lebner (ed), Redescribing Relations: Strathernian conversations on ethnograp... more Conclusion to Ashley Lebner (ed), Redescribing Relations: Strathernian conversations on ethnography, knowledge and politics. Oxford: Berghahn, pp. 197-207
in D. Dalakoglou & G. Ageolopoulos (Eds), Critical Times in Greece: anthropological engagements w... more in D. Dalakoglou & G. Ageolopoulos (Eds), Critical Times in Greece: anthropological engagements with the crisis. London: Routledge, pp. 104-117
Infrastructures and Social Complexity: A Companion
An analysis of the simultaneous collapse of two infrastructures in Greece in the summer of 2015: ... more An analysis of the simultaneous collapse of two infrastructures in Greece in the summer of 2015: the banking system, which was closed during the Greek referendum on whether to accept further austerity measures from the EU in return for more bailout money; and an overwhelming number of refugees and migrants arriving in Greece, leading to an inability to adequately manage the situation. The paper argues that these two 'crises' point to the deep levels of interdependence between locations.
What Are Universities For? On the Current State and the Future of Universities
The paper analyses what the implications are of the introduction of 'Impact' to the idea of what ... more The paper analyses what the implications are of the introduction of 'Impact' to the idea of what universities are for and the value of the work done in them.
Απαγορεύεται η μερική ή ολική αναδημοσίευση του έργου αυτού, καθώς και η αναπαραγωγή του με οποιο... more Απαγορεύεται η μερική ή ολική αναδημοσίευση του έργου αυτού, καθώς και η αναπαραγωγή του με οποιοδήποτε μέσοχωρίς σχετική άδεια του Εκδότη
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Books by Sarah F Green
Notes from the Balkans represents the first ethnographic approach to exploring "the Balkans" as an ideological concept. Green argues that, rather than representing a tension between "West" and "East," the Balkans makes such oppositions ambiguous. This kind of marginality means that such places and peoples can hardly engage with "multiculturalism." Moreover, the region's ambiguity threatens clear, modernist distinctions. The violence so closely associated with the region can therefore be seen as part of continual attempts to resolve the ambiguities by imposing fixed separations. And every time this fails, the region is once again defined as a place that will continually proliferate such dangerous ambiguity, and could spread it somewhere else.
Papers by Sarah F Green
Notes from the Balkans represents the first ethnographic approach to exploring "the Balkans" as an ideological concept. Green argues that, rather than representing a tension between "West" and "East," the Balkans makes such oppositions ambiguous. This kind of marginality means that such places and peoples can hardly engage with "multiculturalism." Moreover, the region's ambiguity threatens clear, modernist distinctions. The violence so closely associated with the region can therefore be seen as part of continual attempts to resolve the ambiguities by imposing fixed separations. And every time this fails, the region is once again defined as a place that will continually proliferate such dangerous ambiguity, and could spread it somewhere else.
The concept of 'tidemarks' as a way to think about border dynamics was developed in 2009 by the author at the first meeting of the EastBordNet research network (funded by COST as IS0803). That network, which was focusing on the eastern peripheries of Europe and aimed at developing a fresh way to conceptualise border dynamics there, carried on discussing the idea until 2013, when the network's funding ended. Sarah Green carried on thinking about the problem of how to conceptualise 'border' for several years thereafter. This chapter is the outcome of those 8 years of research and thinking, and summarises the idea.