Papers by Pauli Heikkilä
European Integration Beyond Brussels
Journal of Cold War Studies
Europe plurielle / Multiple Europes, 2014
The sailing regatta for the Olympic games of 1980 was organized at the Pirita Sailing Centre in T... more The sailing regatta for the Olympic games of 1980 was organized at the Pirita Sailing Centre in Tallinn. It is generally assumed that emigrant Estonians opposed the event. By December 1979, attempts to boycott the Moscow Olympics had faded. However, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan again opened the question. Eventually a large number of Western countries stayed home and many others did not participate in the sailing regatta. The situation was discussed again in the Estonian emigrant press but the focus of the general discussion was on Afghanistan and the Baltic question remained in its shadow. Besides writing memorandums to state officials and the International Olympic Committee, Estonian emigrants organized public demonstrations and sports festivals to support their cause. Although general interest in the Baltic question increased due to the Olympic sailing contests, the interest diminished soon after the games.
During World War ii, postwar Europe was planned mostly along federalist lines. This article conce... more During World War ii, postwar Europe was planned mostly along federalist lines. This article concentrates on four Baltic proposals by Kazys Pakštas, Alfrēds Bīlmānis, Aleksander Warma and Jānis Volmārs for Baltic and/or European unification, which mostly have been ignored in the previous literature. The variety of the contents and mutual relations of these proposals demonstrate wide alternatives in political thinking even from such a small region as the Baltic states. Instead of grouping them as Baltic due to their origins, they can present different types of plans for unification: Nordic, Western, Central Eastern and postwar.
Valahian Journal of Historical Studies, Jan 1, 2010
This article deals with international relations of Finnish Fascism in 1941-1944. It reveals contr... more This article deals with international relations of Finnish Fascism in 1941-1944. It reveals contradictions in their concept of Europe as it focuses on images of other German allies/co-belligerents, namely Croatia, Slovakia and Estonia. As the reports and articles concerning these countries had little to do with reality, they tell more about the Finnish Fascists, their expectations for a European nation and foremost about the European system of international relations. The news from these countries can be divided into three categories. Firstly, the increased productivity under the new governments was emphasized. Secondly, the news stressed the common battle against the Soviet Union paying attention to the armaments or actual soldiers. Thirdly, and related to the previous one, appraisals in public speeches towards Finland were reprinted: Europeans had to respect each other and this respect was gained on the battlefield. Although none of the states could provide a desired old state independence, earlier representations of national spirit were brought forward. Estonia was used as a warning example of perils of Bolshevism due to the Soviet rule there in [1940][1941]. The fact that nearly all the news derived from Germany, emphasizes the centralized nature of their Europe. The direct criticism was unsurprisingly avoided in these presentations. This was easy in the cases of distant Slovakia and Croatia but the actual situation in Estonia was more known in Finland and could not be totally ignored. Consequently the news ceased long before the war ended.
NORDEUROPAforum, Jan 1, 2010
Der Artikel beschäftigt sich mit den der Europäischen Bewegung zugehörigen estnischen Exil-Politi... more Der Artikel beschäftigt sich mit den der Europäischen Bewegung zugehörigen estnischen Exil-Politikern zu Beginn des Kalten Krieges. Ihr Ziel war die Wiederherstellung der Unabhängigkeit ihres Landes. Um dies zu erreichen, suchten sie den Kontakt zu westlichen Politikern. Die Europäische Bewegung war die einzige Organisation, die Akteure aus Ost und West involvierte und sich auf diese Weise mit dem estnischen Diskurs über Europa als Ganzes deckte. Die Europäische Bewegung war geschätzt, wenn auch ihre begrenzten Möglichkeiten zu konkreter Handlung erkannt wurden. In Ost-wie Westeuropa ließ das Interesse an der Europäischen Bewegung nach, als mit Gründung der Europäischen Gemeinschaft für Kohle und Stahl (EGKS) und insbesondere mit der Londoner Osteuropakonferenz vom Januar 1952 die westeuropäische Integration intensiviert wurde. Ab 1957 wurde die Enttäuschung über die Unfähigkeit zu einer europäischen Einigung, die für die Wiederherstellung estnischer Unabhängigkeit hätte dienlich sein können, offensichtlich.
Acta Historica Tallinnensia, Jan 1, 2008
kirj.ee
The First World War resulted in both numerous independent states and intensified plans for Europe... more The First World War resulted in both numerous independent states and intensified plans for European unification. This article deals with the Estonian discussion on the unification during the interwar period as a national question: finding an Estonian place in Europe. The reasons to ...
Ikkunat auki Paneurooppaan! : suomalainen keskustelu kreivi Coudenhove-Kalergin Euroopan kansalli... more Ikkunat auki Paneurooppaan! : suomalainen keskustelu kreivi Coudenhove-Kalergin Euroopan kansallisvaltiosta 1923-1937. DSpace/Manakin Repository. University of Jyväskylä | University Library | SherpaRomeo | JYKDOK. Login | Send Feedback | User's Guide | en | fi. ...
Historiallinen aikakauskirja 99 (2001): 4, Jan 1, 2001
Books by Pauli Heikkilä
Estonia as a Captive Nation. International Cooperation in Exile within the Assembly of Captive European Nations, 1954–1972, 2021
Estonia as a Captive Nation illuminates the history of the Cold War from the perspective of Easte... more Estonia as a Captive Nation illuminates the history of the Cold War from the perspective of Eastern European emigrants. Politicians who had fled Soviet power and wished to return to their home soon found corresponding aspirations with other nationalities. The main platform for this cooperation was the Assembly of Captive European Nations (ACEN), founded in New York in 1954 and funded by the Free Europe Committee. Nearly forgotten nowadays, the ACEN was a major organisation at the time, with foreign delegations around the world and with a wide set of publications. Concentrating on the Estonian diplomats, lawyers, and scholars involved in the ACEN, this monograph provides a comprehensive introduction to the tragic disappointments of emigrant policies: troublesome relations with the American authorities, schisms among Europeans and extended national disputes. This monograph collates, for the first time, an overview of Estonian political emigration during the first half of the Cold War into one volume, and hopefully inspires further studies on Estonian and wider Eastern European political history.
Suomi on ollut Euroopan unionin jäsen 25 vuotta ja muutenkin tiiviisti kiinni maailmantaloudessa.... more Suomi on ollut Euroopan unionin jäsen 25 vuotta ja muutenkin tiiviisti kiinni maailmantaloudessa. Itsenäisenä Euroopassa tuo historiallista taustaa Suomen asemaan kansainvälisissä verkostoissa. Kirjassa tarkastellaan suomalaisten talousvaikuttajien ja poliittisten päättäjien näkemyksiä Euroopan yhdentymisen suunnitelmiin itsenäistymisen alkuvuosina, toisen maailmansodan pyörteissä ja jälleenrakennuksen aikana. Teos tarjoaa uuden näkökulman kansainvälisen politiikan ja taloussuhteiden historiaan.
"Itsenäisenä Euroopassa" on jatkoa tekijän edelliskirjalle "Tasavalta vai tasapaino?" (SKS 2017)
East Central European Migrations During the Cold War, 2019
"An extremely useful and much needed survey. Over eleven chapters, authors from eight countries c... more "An extremely useful and much needed survey. Over eleven chapters, authors from eight countries cover the complex history of migration from the perspective of Central and Eastern Europe between 1945 and 1993. Following in the footsteps of Klaus Bade’s Encyclopedia of European Migrations, the authors make extensive use of sources in national languages, while providing an extensive overview of population movements in the region between the Baltic, Black, and Adriatic Seas. The individual chapters shed light on phenomena overlooked in other volumes, including individual state reactions to various migratory phenomenon, and the political, economic, and ideological consequences of human movement. The chapters of this volume are uniform not only in their informative nature, but also in suggesting new pathways for in-depth research." Adam Walaszek, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland "Eastern Europe is an emblematic space of mobility and its Cold War history cannot be told without considering migration from and into the countries of the region. This volume comes at a timely moment and provides a uniquely comprehensive account, full with useful information for further research. It will be a must-read both for migration studies scholars and for area specialists." Ulf Brunnbauer, Leibniz Institute for East and Southeast European Studies, Regensburg, Germany "The Handbook is a gift to students of migration on three counts. It gathers the expertise of scholars fluent in the languages – and familiar with the archives – of Eastern and Central Europe. Thus it brings the multi-layered and complex histories of movement beyond the flat descriptor of "Soviet bloc" or Eastern European migrations. The Handbook is both rich and lucid, presenting in-depth materials on the European twentieth-century, on one hand, and organizing each chapter in a similar way, offering the reader transparently comparable histories. From Estonia south to Albania, and from the USSR west to the GDR, each chapter elucidates a complex migration history distinguished by national politics, ethnic composition, and economics – moving from the cataclysmic impacts of World War II to the international migrations and politics of Cold War movement, as well as the politics of Cold War emigrants themselves. Each chapter ends with an epilogue on post-1989 international migrations and a valuable addendum on published and archival sources. Finally, the Handbook models the kind of high quality work produced by international scholarly cooperation at its best." Leslie Page Moch, Michigan State University Table of contents Introduction (Anna Mazurkiewicz, ed.). Authors: Albania (Agata Domachowska) Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (Pauli Heikkilä) Bulgaria (Detelina Dineva) Czechoslovakia (Michael Cude and Ellen Paul) Germany (Bethany Hicks) Hungary (Katalin Kádár Lynn) Poland (Sławomir Łukasiewicz) Romania (Beatrice Scutaru) Ukraine (Anna Fiń) USSR (Alexey Antoshin) Yugoslavia (Brigitte Le Normand).
Drafts by Pauli Heikkilä
Suomen ensimmäiset mäkihyppykisat järjestettiin Katajanokalla maaliskuussa 1886 ja ensimmäinen py... more Suomen ensimmäiset mäkihyppykisat järjestettiin Katajanokalla maaliskuussa 1886 ja ensimmäinen pysyvä hyppyrimäki rakennettiin Alppilaan 1905. Tuleva kirja tarkastelee hyppyrimäkien historiaa Helsingissä lähes vuosisadan ajalta.
Conference Presentations by Pauli Heikkilä
54th ASEEES Convention Chicago, Illinois, 2022
Estonia – and other Baltic states – is on the opposite side of the globe from Australia. However,... more Estonia – and other Baltic states – is on the opposite side of the globe from Australia. However, thousands of Balts arrived after World War II in Australia and build a life there. In this paper, I’ll look at Estonian political organizations in Australia and their cooperation with refugee groups. With whom did the Estonians cooperate and how did this collaboration develop? Was the Baltic cooperation different from other contacts? The Australian recognition of Soviet annexation in August 1974 is considered a crucial event in the Baltic-Australian history, but I’m looking for longer trends towards the decision and the subsequent exile reactions. In general, the whole Whitlam government has a controversial legacy in the Australian history, and their differences emphasize the difficulties in writing the exile political history. The paper is based on the Estonian newspaper Meie Kodu (Our Home) in Sydney. Despite claims of “general interests”, the diaspora was politically divided. Additionally, Australia is a huge country, and the local newspaper in Sydney selected material even from New South Wales and could hardly follow developments across the continent. Consequently, perspective to the international exile activity in Australia during the Cold War is limited, but hopefully invites subsequent research to fill in from other angles.
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Papers by Pauli Heikkilä
Books by Pauli Heikkilä
"Itsenäisenä Euroopassa" on jatkoa tekijän edelliskirjalle "Tasavalta vai tasapaino?" (SKS 2017)
Drafts by Pauli Heikkilä
Conference Presentations by Pauli Heikkilä
"Itsenäisenä Euroopassa" on jatkoa tekijän edelliskirjalle "Tasavalta vai tasapaino?" (SKS 2017)
This paper is a continuation for my research on Estonian political emigrants during the Cold War. My monograph Estonia as a Captive Nation, 1954–1972 (Brill 2021) dealt with their contribution to the Assembly of Captive European Nations. The book is as much a story of the rise and fall of captive cooperation as the story of Baltic collaboration, which gradually replaced the former group and became crucial in the latter half of the Cold War. This paper is a pilot study to continue the themes of the book both in time and scope. The Soviet Union had annexed the Baltic states in 1940, which was never recognized de jure by the US. Perplexingly, the Baltic states were both among Central Europeans and in the Soviet Union, although either definition was not satisfactory. The goal of my project is to look Estonian exile perceptions and contacts with both Central Europeans and Soviet nations 1945–1991. The obvious rationale is the Russian invasion of Ukraine; the goal is to integrate Ukrainian emigrants with their neighbors and to the general European story.
This pilot study is based on the largest Estonian newspaper in the US, Vaba Eesti Sõna. I used the digital collection Digar with the search word “Ukraine” to locate the relevant articles (703). The articles reveal increased cooperation with the Baltic and Ukrainian groups in the late 1970s to enhance their voice regarding the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Although there was little indications of solidarity with the Ukrainians, they were by far the most important Soviet nation in the articles, and considered to suffer from the same suppression as Estonians.