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Zahoor Khan

Higher Colleges of Technology, Computer and Information Science, Division Chair (CIS and Applied Communications)

Dalhousie University, Engineering Math and Internetworking, Faculty Member

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Dr. Zahoor Khan’s experience in academia, industry, research and development spans over two decades. He is currently working as a Division Chair of Computer Information Science (CIS) and Applied Media Divisions at Higher Colleges of Technology, Fujairah Campuses, UAE. Previously, he held different academic positions at Dalhousie and Saint Mary's universities, Canada. He received his Ph.D. and Master's degrees from Dalhousie University, Canada. His areas of research include Wireless Sensor Networks, Smart Grids and Internet of Things. His research outcomes include several journal papers, book chapters, and numerous conference proceedings, all peer-reviewed. Dr. Khan serves as an Executive Editor, guest Editor and an editorial board member of several prestigious journals.
Address: Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

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Muhammad Junaid Rasheed Muhammad Junaid Rasheed

Muhammad Babar Rasheed

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology

Anurag Engineering College

Syed Hassan Ahmed

Kyungpook National University

Dionisis Kandris

University of West Attica / Πανεπιστήμιο Δυτικής Αττικής

Emmanuel Tuyishimire

University of the Western Cape

Adnan Akhunzada

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Papers by Zahoor Khan

Improving Network Efficiency by Removing Energy Holes in WSNs

arXiv: Networking and Internet Architecture, Mar 21, 2013

Cluster based Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been widely used for better performance in ter... more Cluster based Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been widely used for better performance in terms of energy efficiency. Efficient use of energy is challenging task of designing these protocols. Energy holedare created due to quickly drain the energy of a few nodes due to non-uniform distribution in the network. Normally, energy holes make the data routing failure when nodes transmit data back to the base station. We proposedEnergy-efficient HOleRemoving Mechanism (E-HORM) technique to remove energy holes. In this technique, we use sleep and awake mechanism for sensor nodes to save energy. This approach finds the maximum distance node to calculate the maximum energy for data transmission. We considered it as a threshold energy E th. Every node first checks its energy level for data transmission. If the energy level is less than E th , it cannot transmit data. We also explain mathematically the energy consumption and average energy saving of sensor nodes in each round. Extensive simulations showed that when use this approach for WSNs significantly helps to extend the network lifetime and stability period.

REEC: Reliable Energy Efficient Critical Data Routing in Wireless Body Area Networks

2014 Ninth International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications, 2014

ABSTRACT Energy efficient routing is important for increasing the lifetime of Wireless Body Area ... more ABSTRACT Energy efficient routing is important for increasing the lifetime of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). Uniform load distribution is necessary for reliable and long term moni-toring of patients in WBANs. In this paper, we propose Reliable Energy Efficient Critical data routing in WBANs (REEC). We deploy eight nodes and a sink on the human body. Two forwarder nodes are used which reduce the communication distance between nodes and the sink. The nodes send only critical data to the forwarder nodes. In order to distribute the load uniformly, forwarder nodes are selected/rotated in each round. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol achieves increased network lifetime and throughput. Therefore, REEC is useful for reliable health monitoring in WBANs.

Mobility Model for WBANs

2014 Ninth International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications, 2014

Mobility models play a vital role on the accuracy of simulations in Wireless Body Area Networks (... more Mobility models play a vital role on the accuracy of simulations in Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). In this paper, we propose a mobility model for the movement of nodes placed on the human body. During routine activities, body exhibits different postures like standing, sitting, laying, etc. We form a mathematical model for the movement of nodes according to the posture pattern. Postures change from one state to another depending upon probabilities. During movement, the distance between nodes and sink is changed which affects the energy consumption of nodes. We implement the proposed mobility model in multi-hop and forwarder based routing techniques and study their performance parameters.

Underwater Wireless Sensor Network's Performance Enhancement with Cooperative Routing and Sink Mobility

2014 Ninth International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications, 2014

Network efficiency and reliability in terms of high throughput, energy conservation, low bit erro... more Network efficiency and reliability in terms of high throughput, energy conservation, low bit error rate (BER) and reduced delay are pre-requisites for many applications in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs). However, distinctive features of UWSNs like low available bandwidth, large propagation delay, highly dynamic network topology, and high error probability pose many challenges for devising efficient and reliable communication protocols. In this paper, we therefore propose a protocol that focuses on enhancing network reliability and efficiency using cooperative routing and sink mobility. Many cooperative communication protocols have been developed which investigate the physical and MAC layer aspects to improve link efficiency in harsh underwater environment, however, at network layer, it is still unexplored. Similarly, cooperative routing is not yet collaborated with sink mobility. In this paper, Cooperative routing is implemented at network layer along with sink mobility...

An Efficient Power Scheduling in Smart Homes Using Jaya Based Optimization with Time-of-Use and Critical Peak Pricing Schemes

Energies, 2018

Presently, the advancements in the electric system, smart meters, and implementation of renewable... more Presently, the advancements in the electric system, smart meters, and implementation of renewable energy sources (RES) have yielded extensive changes to the current power grid. This technological innovation in the power grid enhances the generation of electricity to meet the demands of industrial, commercial and residential sectors. However, the industrial sectors are the focus of power grid and its demand-side management (DSM) activities. Neglecting other sectors in the DSM activities can deteriorate the total performance of the power grid. Hence, the notion of DSM and demand response by way of the residential sector makes the smart grid preferable to the current power grid. In this circumstance, this paper proposes a home energy management system (HEMS) that considered the residential sector in DSM activities and the integration of RES and energy storage system (ESS). The proposed HEMS reduces the electricity cost through scheduling of household appliances and ESS in response to t...

Co-CEStat: Cooperative Critical Data Transmission in Emergency in Static Wireless Body Area Network

2014 Ninth International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications, 2014

ABSTRACT Cooperative routing is a promising technique which exploits the broadcast nature of wire... more ABSTRACT Cooperative routing is a promising technique which exploits the broadcast nature of wireless medium to enhance network performance. Sensor nodes simultaneously transmit their data on different links and utilize cooperation between nodes. In this paper, a new protocol, Co-CEStat; Cooperative Critical data transmission in Emergency for Static Wireless Body Area Networks, is proposed. The protocol utilizes the merits of both direct and cooperative transmission to achieve higher stability period and end-to-end throughput with greater network lifetime. Simulations are conducted in MATLAB to compare the Co-CEStat&#39;s performance with that of three other contemporary non-cooperative routing protocols.

Incremental Relay-Based Co-CEStat Protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks

2014 Ninth International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications, 2014

ABSTRACT This paper presents Incremental relay-based Co-CEStat protocol for Wireless Body Area Ne... more ABSTRACT This paper presents Incremental relay-based Co-CEStat protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks (InCo-CEStat). This protocol is proposed to enhance the performance of Cooper-ative Critical data transmission in Emergency for Static Wireless Body Area Networks (Co-CEStat) and Advanced Co-CEStat (ACo-CEStat). Proposed protocol utilizes the merits of both direct and cooperative transmission to achieve reliable and quick data delivery and greater network stability period. Incremental relay-based cooperation is utilized to improve energy efficiency of the network. At relays, Detect-and-Forward (DF) technique is used, whereas, selection combining technique is utilized at sink. Simulation results are obtained in MATLAB in which proposed protocol is compared with ACo-CEStat and Co-CEStat protocols. Simulations show that InCo-CEStat has 37% and 58 % more stability period than ACo-CEStat and Co-CEStat. InCo-CEStat also achieved 51% and 79% higher throughput than that of compared protocols.

On Reliable and Efficient Data Gathering Based Routing in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors, 2016

This paper presents cooperative routing scheme to improve data reliability. The proposed protocol... more This paper presents cooperative routing scheme to improve data reliability. The proposed protocol achieves its objective, however, at the cost of surplus energy consumption. Thus sink mobility is introduced to minimize the energy consumption cost of nodes as it directly collects data from the network nodes at minimized communication distance. We also present delay and energy optimized versions of our proposed RE-AEDG to further enhance its performance. Simulation results prove the effectiveness of our proposed RE-AEDG in terms of the selected performance matrics.

Exploiting Outage and Error Probability of Cooperative Incremental Relaying in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), Jan 12, 2016

This paper embeds a bi-fold contribution for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs); perform... more This paper embeds a bi-fold contribution for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs); performance analysis of incremental relaying in terms of outage and error probability, and based on the analysis proposition of two new cooperative routing protocols. Subject to the first contribution, a three step procedure is carried out; a system model is presented, the number of available relays are determined, and based on cooperative incremental retransmission methodology, closed-form expressions for outage and error probability are derived. Subject to the second contribution, Adaptive Cooperation in Energy (ACE) efficient depth based routing and Enhanced-ACE (E-ACE) are presented. In the proposed model, feedback mechanism indicates success or failure of data transmission. If direct transmission is successful, there is no need for relaying by cooperative relay nodes. In case of failure, all the available relays retransmit the data one by one till the desired signal quality is achieved at ...

An Enhanced System Architecture for Optimized Demand Side Management in Smart Grid

Applied Sciences, 2016

Demand Side Management (DSM) through optimization of home energy consumption in the smart grid en... more Demand Side Management (DSM) through optimization of home energy consumption in the smart grid environment is now one of the well-known research areas. Appliance scheduling has been done through many different algorithms to reduce peak load and, consequently, the Peak to Average Ratio (PAR). This paper presents a Comprehensive Home Energy Management Architecture (CHEMA) with integration of multiple appliance scheduling options and enhanced load categorization in a smart grid environment. The CHEMA model consists of six layers and has been modeled in Simulink with an embedded MATLAB code. A single Knapsack optimization technique is used for scheduling and four different cases of cost reduction are modeled at the second layer of CHEMA. Fault identification and electricity theft control have also been added in CHEMA. Furthermore, carbon footprint calculations have been incorporated in order to make the users aware of environmental concerns. Simulation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed model.

DSM: Dynamic Sink Mobility Equipped DBR for Underwater WSNs

Procedia Computer Science, 2015

In this paper, we present Dynamic Sink Mobility equipped DBR (DSM) routing protocol for Underwate... more In this paper, we present Dynamic Sink Mobility equipped DBR (DSM) routing protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs). Our proposed scheme increases the stability period, network lifetime, and throughput of the UWSN. The scheme incorporates dynamic sink mobility in a way that sink moves towards most dense (in terms of number of nodes) region (quadrant) of the network. Moving the sink to high density region ensures maximum collection of data. As, more number of nodes (sensors) are able to send data directly to sink, therefore, significant amount of energy is saved in each particular round. However, there is a certain drawback to this approach. Nodes which are far from sink have to wait much for their turn. So, there are chances of data loss in the considered scenario. To overcome this issue our scheme includes Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) in the other regions of the network. AUVs act as relays by collecting data from the nodes of their respective regions and then transmit data to sink at a closest distance with it. Simulation results show that DSM outperforms the other existing routing protocol DBR in terms of stability period, network lifetime, and network throughput.

Delay-Sensitive Routing Schemes for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 2015

Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) offer their practicable applications in seismic monit... more Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) offer their practicable applications in seismic monitoring, sea mine detection, and disaster prevention. In these networks, fundamental difference between operational methodologies of routing schemes arises due to the requirement of time-critical applications; therefore, there is a need for the design of delay-sensitive techniques. In this paper, Delay-Sensitive Depth-Based Routing (DSDBR), Delay-Sensitive Energy Efficient Depth-Based Routing (DSEEDBR), and Delay-Sensitive Adaptive Mobility of Courier nodes in Threshold-optimized Depth-based routing (DSAMCTD) protocols are proposed to empower the depth-based routing schemes. The performance of the proposed schemes is validated in UASNs. All of the three schemes formulate delay-efficient Priority Factors (PF) and Delay-Sensitive Holding time ([Formula: see text]) to minimize end-to-end delay with a small decrease in network throughput. These schemes also employ an optimal weight function ([...

E-HORM: An energy-efficient hole removing mechanism in Wireless Sensor Networks

2013 26th IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE), 2013

Cluster based routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been widely used for bet... more Cluster based routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been widely used for better performance in terms of energy efficiency. Efficient use of energy is challenging task of designing these protocols. Energy holes are created due to quickly drain the energy of a few nodes due to nonuniform node distribution in the network. Normally, energy holes make the data routing failure when nodes transmit data back to the sink. We propose Energy-efficient HOle Removing Mechanism (E-HORM) technique to remove energy holes. In this technique, we use sleep and awake mechanism for sensor nodes to save energy. This approach finds the maximum distance nodes to calculate the maximum energy for data transmission. We consider it as a threshold energy E th. Every node first checks its energy level for data transmission. If the energy level of node is less than E th , it cannot transmit data.

An Energy Consumption Analysis of Beacon Enabled Slotted CSMA/CA IEEE 802.15.4

2014 28th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops, 2014

ABSTRACT Due to low power consumption and low duty cycle, IEEE 802.15.4 standard is widely used f... more ABSTRACT Due to low power consumption and low duty cycle, IEEE 802.15.4 standard is widely used for Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR − W P AN s). It works in Beacon Enabled (BEn) and Non Beacon Enabled (N BEn) mode. In BEn mode, it has Contention Access Period (CAP) and an optional Contention Free Period (CFP). During CAP, nodes contend to access the medium for communication while CFP period provides Guaranteed Time Slot (GTS) for low latency and applications requiring specific bandwidth. In this paper, we evaluate the comprehensive energy consumption of slotted CSMA/CA algorithm of IEEE 802.15.4 standard during idle and backoff periods. Simulation results with acknowledgment frame are given at the end of the paper. Index Terms—Slotted CSMA/CA; GTS; IEEE 802.15.4 ; MAC Layer; LR-WPANs.

iAMCTD: Improved Adaptive Mobility of Courier Nodes in Threshold-Optimized DBR Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 2014

We propose forwarding-function ([Formula: see text]) based routing protocol for underwater sensor... more We propose forwarding-function ([Formula: see text]) based routing protocol for underwater sensor networks (UWSNs): improved adaptive mobility of courier nodes in threshold-optimized depth-based-routing (iAMCTD). Unlike existing depth-based acoustic protocols, the proposed protocol exploits network density for time-critical applications. In order to tackle flooding, path loss, and propagation latency, we calculate optimal holding time ([Formula: see text]) and use routing metrics: localization-free signal-to-noise ratio (LSNR), signal quality index (SQI), energy cost function (ECF), and depth-dependent function (DDF). Our proposal provides on-demand routing by formulating hard threshold ([Formula: see text]), soft threshold ([Formula: see text]), and prime energy limit ([Formula: see text]). Simulation results verify effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed iAMCTD.

Forwarding Nodes Constraint based DBR (CDBR) and EEDBR (CEEDBR) in Underwater WSNs

Procedia Computer Science, 2014

Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSN) has recently become an important field due to the importance of... more Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSN) has recently become an important field due to the importance of underwater exploration. The unique characteristics of underwater environment make the designing of routing protocol a challenging task. It is difficult to replace the batteries, therefore, it is very important to design a routing protocol that gives maximum network lifetime. Depth Based Routing (DBR) and Energy Efficient Depth Based Routing (EEDBR) are two such routing protocols which give very good performance in underwater environment. In DBR and EEDBR while forwarding the data all the neighboring nodes receive the data. In our work by limiting the number of forwarding nodes, we have extended the network lifetime and energy consumption of DBR and EEDBR. Extensive simulations have been conducted in which show considerable improvement in terms of network lifetime and energy consumption.

On Sink Mobility Trajectory in Clustering Routing Protocols in WSNs

Energy efficient routing protocols are consistently cited as efficient solutions for Wireless Sen... more Energy efficient routing protocols are consistently cited as efficient solutions for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) routing. The area of WSNs is one of the emerging and fast growing fields which brought low cost, low power and multi-functional sensor nodes. In this paper, we examine some protocols related to homogeneous and heterogeneous networks. To evaluate the efficiency of different clustering schemes, we compare five clustering routing protocols; Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficient Sensor Network (TEEN), Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering (DEEC) and two variants of TEEN which are Clustering and Multi-Hop Protocol in Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficient Sensor Network (CAMPTEEN) and Hierarchical Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficient Sensor Network (H-TEEN). The contribution of this paper is to introduce sink mobility to increase the network life time of hierarchal routing protocols. Two scenarios are discussed to compare the performances of routing protocols; in first scenario static sink is implanted and in later one mobile sink is used. We perform analytical simulations in MATLAB by using different performance metrics such as, number of alive nodes, number of dead nodes and throughput.

Link and path duration of routing protocols in mobile ad-hoc networks and vehcular ad-hoc networks

ABSTRACT Mobility constraints and speed cause the radio link to break frequently, the main issue ... more ABSTRACT Mobility constraints and speed cause the radio link to break frequently, the main issue in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) is how to select the path which is more reliable. In this paper, we propose a model to calculate the reliable link between the nodes and reliable path for the purpose of communication. This paper also evaluates and compares the performance of routing protocols with different number of nodes, mobilities and speeds in MANETs and VANETs using Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Normalized Routing Overhead (NRO), End-to-End Delay (E2ED), Average Link Duration (ALD) and Average Path Duration (APD). We select three routing protocols namely Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Fish-eye State Routing (FSR) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR). We perform these simulations with NS-2 using Two Ray Ground propagation model. The Vanet MobiSim simulator is used to generate a random mobility pattern for VANETs. From the extensive simulations, we observe that AODV is more efficient than both FSR and OLSR at the cost of delay but the ALD and APD of FSR and OLSR are greater as compared to AODV. Moreover these protocols perform better in MANETs as compared to VANETs.

Analyzing link and path availability of routing protocols in vehcular ad-hoc networks

In this paper, a novel framework is presented through link and path duration for link availabilit... more In this paper, a novel framework is presented through link and path duration for link availability of paths. Further, we evaluate and analyze our work by varying the number of nodes, pause time and speed in VANETs. We select three routing protocols namely Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Fish-eye State Routing (FSR). Performance of these protocols is analyzed using Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Normalized Routing Overhead (NRO), End-to-End Delay (E2ED), Average Link Duration (ALD) and Average Path Duration (APD) against varying scalability, pause time and speed as performance metrices. We perform these simulations with NS-2 implementing Nakagami radio propagation model. The SUMO simulator is used to generate a random mobility pattern for VANETs. To find link duration and path duration we also use MATLAB. From the extensive simulations, we observe that AODV and DSR outperform better among all three routing protocols.

FEEL: Forwarding Data Energy Efficiently with Load Balancing in Wireless Body Area Networks

2014 IEEE 28th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, 2014

ABSTRACT In this paper, we propose a reliable, energy efficient and high throughput routing proto... more ABSTRACT In this paper, we propose a reliable, energy efficient and high throughput routing protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). In Forwarding Data Energy Efficiently with Load Balancing in Wireless Body Area Networks (FEEL), a forwarder node is incorporated which reduces the transmission distance between sender and receiver to save energy of other nodes. Nodes consume energy in an efficient manner resulting in longer stability period. Nodes measuring electrocardiography (ECG) and glucose level send their data directly to the sink in order to have minimum delay. Simulation results show that FEEL protocol achieves improved stability period and throughput. As a result it helps in continuous monitoring of patients in WBANs.

Improving Network Efficiency by Removing Energy Holes in WSNs

arXiv: Networking and Internet Architecture, Mar 21, 2013

Cluster based Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been widely used for better performance in ter... more Cluster based Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been widely used for better performance in terms of energy efficiency. Efficient use of energy is challenging task of designing these protocols. Energy holedare created due to quickly drain the energy of a few nodes due to non-uniform distribution in the network. Normally, energy holes make the data routing failure when nodes transmit data back to the base station. We proposedEnergy-efficient HOleRemoving Mechanism (E-HORM) technique to remove energy holes. In this technique, we use sleep and awake mechanism for sensor nodes to save energy. This approach finds the maximum distance node to calculate the maximum energy for data transmission. We considered it as a threshold energy E th. Every node first checks its energy level for data transmission. If the energy level is less than E th , it cannot transmit data. We also explain mathematically the energy consumption and average energy saving of sensor nodes in each round. Extensive simulations showed that when use this approach for WSNs significantly helps to extend the network lifetime and stability period.

REEC: Reliable Energy Efficient Critical Data Routing in Wireless Body Area Networks

2014 Ninth International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications, 2014

ABSTRACT Energy efficient routing is important for increasing the lifetime of Wireless Body Area ... more ABSTRACT Energy efficient routing is important for increasing the lifetime of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). Uniform load distribution is necessary for reliable and long term moni-toring of patients in WBANs. In this paper, we propose Reliable Energy Efficient Critical data routing in WBANs (REEC). We deploy eight nodes and a sink on the human body. Two forwarder nodes are used which reduce the communication distance between nodes and the sink. The nodes send only critical data to the forwarder nodes. In order to distribute the load uniformly, forwarder nodes are selected/rotated in each round. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol achieves increased network lifetime and throughput. Therefore, REEC is useful for reliable health monitoring in WBANs.

Mobility Model for WBANs

2014 Ninth International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications, 2014

Mobility models play a vital role on the accuracy of simulations in Wireless Body Area Networks (... more Mobility models play a vital role on the accuracy of simulations in Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). In this paper, we propose a mobility model for the movement of nodes placed on the human body. During routine activities, body exhibits different postures like standing, sitting, laying, etc. We form a mathematical model for the movement of nodes according to the posture pattern. Postures change from one state to another depending upon probabilities. During movement, the distance between nodes and sink is changed which affects the energy consumption of nodes. We implement the proposed mobility model in multi-hop and forwarder based routing techniques and study their performance parameters.

Underwater Wireless Sensor Network's Performance Enhancement with Cooperative Routing and Sink Mobility

2014 Ninth International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications, 2014

Network efficiency and reliability in terms of high throughput, energy conservation, low bit erro... more Network efficiency and reliability in terms of high throughput, energy conservation, low bit error rate (BER) and reduced delay are pre-requisites for many applications in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs). However, distinctive features of UWSNs like low available bandwidth, large propagation delay, highly dynamic network topology, and high error probability pose many challenges for devising efficient and reliable communication protocols. In this paper, we therefore propose a protocol that focuses on enhancing network reliability and efficiency using cooperative routing and sink mobility. Many cooperative communication protocols have been developed which investigate the physical and MAC layer aspects to improve link efficiency in harsh underwater environment, however, at network layer, it is still unexplored. Similarly, cooperative routing is not yet collaborated with sink mobility. In this paper, Cooperative routing is implemented at network layer along with sink mobility...

An Efficient Power Scheduling in Smart Homes Using Jaya Based Optimization with Time-of-Use and Critical Peak Pricing Schemes

Energies, 2018

Presently, the advancements in the electric system, smart meters, and implementation of renewable... more Presently, the advancements in the electric system, smart meters, and implementation of renewable energy sources (RES) have yielded extensive changes to the current power grid. This technological innovation in the power grid enhances the generation of electricity to meet the demands of industrial, commercial and residential sectors. However, the industrial sectors are the focus of power grid and its demand-side management (DSM) activities. Neglecting other sectors in the DSM activities can deteriorate the total performance of the power grid. Hence, the notion of DSM and demand response by way of the residential sector makes the smart grid preferable to the current power grid. In this circumstance, this paper proposes a home energy management system (HEMS) that considered the residential sector in DSM activities and the integration of RES and energy storage system (ESS). The proposed HEMS reduces the electricity cost through scheduling of household appliances and ESS in response to t...

Co-CEStat: Cooperative Critical Data Transmission in Emergency in Static Wireless Body Area Network

2014 Ninth International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications, 2014

ABSTRACT Cooperative routing is a promising technique which exploits the broadcast nature of wire... more ABSTRACT Cooperative routing is a promising technique which exploits the broadcast nature of wireless medium to enhance network performance. Sensor nodes simultaneously transmit their data on different links and utilize cooperation between nodes. In this paper, a new protocol, Co-CEStat; Cooperative Critical data transmission in Emergency for Static Wireless Body Area Networks, is proposed. The protocol utilizes the merits of both direct and cooperative transmission to achieve higher stability period and end-to-end throughput with greater network lifetime. Simulations are conducted in MATLAB to compare the Co-CEStat&#39;s performance with that of three other contemporary non-cooperative routing protocols.

Incremental Relay-Based Co-CEStat Protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks

2014 Ninth International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications, 2014

ABSTRACT This paper presents Incremental relay-based Co-CEStat protocol for Wireless Body Area Ne... more ABSTRACT This paper presents Incremental relay-based Co-CEStat protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks (InCo-CEStat). This protocol is proposed to enhance the performance of Cooper-ative Critical data transmission in Emergency for Static Wireless Body Area Networks (Co-CEStat) and Advanced Co-CEStat (ACo-CEStat). Proposed protocol utilizes the merits of both direct and cooperative transmission to achieve reliable and quick data delivery and greater network stability period. Incremental relay-based cooperation is utilized to improve energy efficiency of the network. At relays, Detect-and-Forward (DF) technique is used, whereas, selection combining technique is utilized at sink. Simulation results are obtained in MATLAB in which proposed protocol is compared with ACo-CEStat and Co-CEStat protocols. Simulations show that InCo-CEStat has 37% and 58 % more stability period than ACo-CEStat and Co-CEStat. InCo-CEStat also achieved 51% and 79% higher throughput than that of compared protocols.

On Reliable and Efficient Data Gathering Based Routing in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors, 2016

This paper presents cooperative routing scheme to improve data reliability. The proposed protocol... more This paper presents cooperative routing scheme to improve data reliability. The proposed protocol achieves its objective, however, at the cost of surplus energy consumption. Thus sink mobility is introduced to minimize the energy consumption cost of nodes as it directly collects data from the network nodes at minimized communication distance. We also present delay and energy optimized versions of our proposed RE-AEDG to further enhance its performance. Simulation results prove the effectiveness of our proposed RE-AEDG in terms of the selected performance matrics.

Exploiting Outage and Error Probability of Cooperative Incremental Relaying in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), Jan 12, 2016

This paper embeds a bi-fold contribution for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs); perform... more This paper embeds a bi-fold contribution for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs); performance analysis of incremental relaying in terms of outage and error probability, and based on the analysis proposition of two new cooperative routing protocols. Subject to the first contribution, a three step procedure is carried out; a system model is presented, the number of available relays are determined, and based on cooperative incremental retransmission methodology, closed-form expressions for outage and error probability are derived. Subject to the second contribution, Adaptive Cooperation in Energy (ACE) efficient depth based routing and Enhanced-ACE (E-ACE) are presented. In the proposed model, feedback mechanism indicates success or failure of data transmission. If direct transmission is successful, there is no need for relaying by cooperative relay nodes. In case of failure, all the available relays retransmit the data one by one till the desired signal quality is achieved at ...

An Enhanced System Architecture for Optimized Demand Side Management in Smart Grid

Applied Sciences, 2016

Demand Side Management (DSM) through optimization of home energy consumption in the smart grid en... more Demand Side Management (DSM) through optimization of home energy consumption in the smart grid environment is now one of the well-known research areas. Appliance scheduling has been done through many different algorithms to reduce peak load and, consequently, the Peak to Average Ratio (PAR). This paper presents a Comprehensive Home Energy Management Architecture (CHEMA) with integration of multiple appliance scheduling options and enhanced load categorization in a smart grid environment. The CHEMA model consists of six layers and has been modeled in Simulink with an embedded MATLAB code. A single Knapsack optimization technique is used for scheduling and four different cases of cost reduction are modeled at the second layer of CHEMA. Fault identification and electricity theft control have also been added in CHEMA. Furthermore, carbon footprint calculations have been incorporated in order to make the users aware of environmental concerns. Simulation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed model.

DSM: Dynamic Sink Mobility Equipped DBR for Underwater WSNs

Procedia Computer Science, 2015

In this paper, we present Dynamic Sink Mobility equipped DBR (DSM) routing protocol for Underwate... more In this paper, we present Dynamic Sink Mobility equipped DBR (DSM) routing protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs). Our proposed scheme increases the stability period, network lifetime, and throughput of the UWSN. The scheme incorporates dynamic sink mobility in a way that sink moves towards most dense (in terms of number of nodes) region (quadrant) of the network. Moving the sink to high density region ensures maximum collection of data. As, more number of nodes (sensors) are able to send data directly to sink, therefore, significant amount of energy is saved in each particular round. However, there is a certain drawback to this approach. Nodes which are far from sink have to wait much for their turn. So, there are chances of data loss in the considered scenario. To overcome this issue our scheme includes Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) in the other regions of the network. AUVs act as relays by collecting data from the nodes of their respective regions and then transmit data to sink at a closest distance with it. Simulation results show that DSM outperforms the other existing routing protocol DBR in terms of stability period, network lifetime, and network throughput.

Delay-Sensitive Routing Schemes for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 2015

Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) offer their practicable applications in seismic monit... more Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) offer their practicable applications in seismic monitoring, sea mine detection, and disaster prevention. In these networks, fundamental difference between operational methodologies of routing schemes arises due to the requirement of time-critical applications; therefore, there is a need for the design of delay-sensitive techniques. In this paper, Delay-Sensitive Depth-Based Routing (DSDBR), Delay-Sensitive Energy Efficient Depth-Based Routing (DSEEDBR), and Delay-Sensitive Adaptive Mobility of Courier nodes in Threshold-optimized Depth-based routing (DSAMCTD) protocols are proposed to empower the depth-based routing schemes. The performance of the proposed schemes is validated in UASNs. All of the three schemes formulate delay-efficient Priority Factors (PF) and Delay-Sensitive Holding time ([Formula: see text]) to minimize end-to-end delay with a small decrease in network throughput. These schemes also employ an optimal weight function ([...

E-HORM: An energy-efficient hole removing mechanism in Wireless Sensor Networks

2013 26th IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE), 2013

Cluster based routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been widely used for bet... more Cluster based routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been widely used for better performance in terms of energy efficiency. Efficient use of energy is challenging task of designing these protocols. Energy holes are created due to quickly drain the energy of a few nodes due to nonuniform node distribution in the network. Normally, energy holes make the data routing failure when nodes transmit data back to the sink. We propose Energy-efficient HOle Removing Mechanism (E-HORM) technique to remove energy holes. In this technique, we use sleep and awake mechanism for sensor nodes to save energy. This approach finds the maximum distance nodes to calculate the maximum energy for data transmission. We consider it as a threshold energy E th. Every node first checks its energy level for data transmission. If the energy level of node is less than E th , it cannot transmit data.

An Energy Consumption Analysis of Beacon Enabled Slotted CSMA/CA IEEE 802.15.4

2014 28th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops, 2014

ABSTRACT Due to low power consumption and low duty cycle, IEEE 802.15.4 standard is widely used f... more ABSTRACT Due to low power consumption and low duty cycle, IEEE 802.15.4 standard is widely used for Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR − W P AN s). It works in Beacon Enabled (BEn) and Non Beacon Enabled (N BEn) mode. In BEn mode, it has Contention Access Period (CAP) and an optional Contention Free Period (CFP). During CAP, nodes contend to access the medium for communication while CFP period provides Guaranteed Time Slot (GTS) for low latency and applications requiring specific bandwidth. In this paper, we evaluate the comprehensive energy consumption of slotted CSMA/CA algorithm of IEEE 802.15.4 standard during idle and backoff periods. Simulation results with acknowledgment frame are given at the end of the paper. Index Terms—Slotted CSMA/CA; GTS; IEEE 802.15.4 ; MAC Layer; LR-WPANs.

iAMCTD: Improved Adaptive Mobility of Courier Nodes in Threshold-Optimized DBR Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 2014

We propose forwarding-function ([Formula: see text]) based routing protocol for underwater sensor... more We propose forwarding-function ([Formula: see text]) based routing protocol for underwater sensor networks (UWSNs): improved adaptive mobility of courier nodes in threshold-optimized depth-based-routing (iAMCTD). Unlike existing depth-based acoustic protocols, the proposed protocol exploits network density for time-critical applications. In order to tackle flooding, path loss, and propagation latency, we calculate optimal holding time ([Formula: see text]) and use routing metrics: localization-free signal-to-noise ratio (LSNR), signal quality index (SQI), energy cost function (ECF), and depth-dependent function (DDF). Our proposal provides on-demand routing by formulating hard threshold ([Formula: see text]), soft threshold ([Formula: see text]), and prime energy limit ([Formula: see text]). Simulation results verify effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed iAMCTD.

Forwarding Nodes Constraint based DBR (CDBR) and EEDBR (CEEDBR) in Underwater WSNs

Procedia Computer Science, 2014

Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSN) has recently become an important field due to the importance of... more Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSN) has recently become an important field due to the importance of underwater exploration. The unique characteristics of underwater environment make the designing of routing protocol a challenging task. It is difficult to replace the batteries, therefore, it is very important to design a routing protocol that gives maximum network lifetime. Depth Based Routing (DBR) and Energy Efficient Depth Based Routing (EEDBR) are two such routing protocols which give very good performance in underwater environment. In DBR and EEDBR while forwarding the data all the neighboring nodes receive the data. In our work by limiting the number of forwarding nodes, we have extended the network lifetime and energy consumption of DBR and EEDBR. Extensive simulations have been conducted in which show considerable improvement in terms of network lifetime and energy consumption.

On Sink Mobility Trajectory in Clustering Routing Protocols in WSNs

Energy efficient routing protocols are consistently cited as efficient solutions for Wireless Sen... more Energy efficient routing protocols are consistently cited as efficient solutions for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) routing. The area of WSNs is one of the emerging and fast growing fields which brought low cost, low power and multi-functional sensor nodes. In this paper, we examine some protocols related to homogeneous and heterogeneous networks. To evaluate the efficiency of different clustering schemes, we compare five clustering routing protocols; Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficient Sensor Network (TEEN), Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering (DEEC) and two variants of TEEN which are Clustering and Multi-Hop Protocol in Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficient Sensor Network (CAMPTEEN) and Hierarchical Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficient Sensor Network (H-TEEN). The contribution of this paper is to introduce sink mobility to increase the network life time of hierarchal routing protocols. Two scenarios are discussed to compare the performances of routing protocols; in first scenario static sink is implanted and in later one mobile sink is used. We perform analytical simulations in MATLAB by using different performance metrics such as, number of alive nodes, number of dead nodes and throughput.

Link and path duration of routing protocols in mobile ad-hoc networks and vehcular ad-hoc networks

ABSTRACT Mobility constraints and speed cause the radio link to break frequently, the main issue ... more ABSTRACT Mobility constraints and speed cause the radio link to break frequently, the main issue in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) is how to select the path which is more reliable. In this paper, we propose a model to calculate the reliable link between the nodes and reliable path for the purpose of communication. This paper also evaluates and compares the performance of routing protocols with different number of nodes, mobilities and speeds in MANETs and VANETs using Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Normalized Routing Overhead (NRO), End-to-End Delay (E2ED), Average Link Duration (ALD) and Average Path Duration (APD). We select three routing protocols namely Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Fish-eye State Routing (FSR) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR). We perform these simulations with NS-2 using Two Ray Ground propagation model. The Vanet MobiSim simulator is used to generate a random mobility pattern for VANETs. From the extensive simulations, we observe that AODV is more efficient than both FSR and OLSR at the cost of delay but the ALD and APD of FSR and OLSR are greater as compared to AODV. Moreover these protocols perform better in MANETs as compared to VANETs.

Analyzing link and path availability of routing protocols in vehcular ad-hoc networks

In this paper, a novel framework is presented through link and path duration for link availabilit... more In this paper, a novel framework is presented through link and path duration for link availability of paths. Further, we evaluate and analyze our work by varying the number of nodes, pause time and speed in VANETs. We select three routing protocols namely Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Fish-eye State Routing (FSR). Performance of these protocols is analyzed using Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Normalized Routing Overhead (NRO), End-to-End Delay (E2ED), Average Link Duration (ALD) and Average Path Duration (APD) against varying scalability, pause time and speed as performance metrices. We perform these simulations with NS-2 implementing Nakagami radio propagation model. The SUMO simulator is used to generate a random mobility pattern for VANETs. To find link duration and path duration we also use MATLAB. From the extensive simulations, we observe that AODV and DSR outperform better among all three routing protocols.

FEEL: Forwarding Data Energy Efficiently with Load Balancing in Wireless Body Area Networks

2014 IEEE 28th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, 2014

ABSTRACT In this paper, we propose a reliable, energy efficient and high throughput routing proto... more ABSTRACT In this paper, we propose a reliable, energy efficient and high throughput routing protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). In Forwarding Data Energy Efficiently with Load Balancing in Wireless Body Area Networks (FEEL), a forwarder node is incorporated which reduces the transmission distance between sender and receiver to save energy of other nodes. Nodes consume energy in an efficient manner resulting in longer stability period. Nodes measuring electrocardiography (ECG) and glucose level send their data directly to the sink in order to have minimum delay. Simulation results show that FEEL protocol achieves improved stability period and throughput. As a result it helps in continuous monitoring of patients in WBANs.

Delay-Sensitive Routing Schemes for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

by Mohsin Raza Jafri and Zahoor Khan