3 Citation of this publication: Tefera M. 2013. Atlas of indigenous domestic and wild mammals of ... more 3 Citation of this publication: Tefera M. 2013. Atlas of indigenous domestic and wild mammals of Ethiopia. Haramaya University Press, Ethiopia. 68p. ISBN 978-99944-981-3-0 Library Catalog
The aims of the current study were to identify Pathological Causes and Financial Loss of Camel Or... more The aims of the current study were to identify Pathological Causes and Financial Loss of Camel Organ and Carcass Condemnation at Addis Ababa Abattoirs Enterprise, Ethiopia.Antemortem inspection and postmortem examination was conducted on 407 camels. Out of 407 slaughtered camels examined 269 were found to have abnormalities like branding (36.11%), localized lesion (6.63%), lameness, localized swelling, blindness and hernia. Of the total camels slaughtered, 235(57.73%) lung, 182(44.71%) liver, 32(7.86%) heart and 4(0.98%) kidneys were totally condemned. Some of the major causes of lung condemnation were hydatidosis 52.34%, pneumonia 20%, emphysema 12.76% and pneumonia with cyst 4.68%. Liver condemnation due to cirrhosis and calcification was 43.95%, hydatidosis 24.17%, hepatitis 19.78%, fatty change 8.71% and abscess 3.29%. Heart condemnation due to hydatidosis and adhesion was 50% and 43.75%, respectively. The rejection of edible organs indicates a significant financial loss calculated to be 320,760.00 Ethiopian Birr annually, rendering them unfit for local market on esthetic reason or considering their zoonotic risks to humans. In conclusion, these conditions clearly remain too common and cause considerable financial loss in Addis Ababa abattoirs.
Rabies virus transmission is usually due to animal bites. Subjects bitten by dogs and cats, or th... more Rabies virus transmission is usually due to animal bites. Subjects bitten by dogs and cats, or those noting abnormal behavior in their pets, often bring in such animals for veterinary evaluation. Results can significantly influence management decisions. However, dogs experimentally infected with street rabies virus showed clinical signs of rabies before death, but up to 18% of the dogs died without showing detectable signs of illness. In dogs showing signs, rabies was not invariably fatal. Up to 20% of dogs recovered with-out any supportive treatment. Some dogs inoculated with American (southern Texas) or Ethiopian canine street virus excreted virus in their saliva up to 14 days before signs appeared (Fekadu et al., 1983). One dog that recovered from rabies intermittently excreted rabies virus in its saliva for a long time. The carrier state in rabies may play a significant role in the perpetuation and survival of the virus and may become a source for rabies outbreaks whenever a new generation of rabies susceptible reaches critical density. And it is a challenge to the medical practitioner either to stop or imitate post exposure rabies treatment in humans.
Education is a veritable tool in the development of any nation. Most countries in the world spend... more Education is a veritable tool in the development of any nation. Most countries in the world spend higher annuals budgets for it. Educational corruption is pandemic. If corruption continues unabated there is a negative relationship with economic growth. There are various forms of educational corruption. The most common forms that occur are discussed in this paper: fraud in academic performance, exam cheating: misappropriation of budgets. missaccreditation, 'ghost' teaching sessions, unqualified staff recruitment, differential payment, paying bribes for admittance to favored schools, turning a deaf ear to corruption, brain drain, fake degrees and diplomas, fake universities, fake thesis, fake publications, and pseudoacademia. The situation is worldwide alarming and urgent remedial is required.
The quality of veterinary services in Ethiopia is at the crossroads in limbo. Veterinary Clinical... more The quality of veterinary services in Ethiopia is at the crossroads in limbo. Veterinary Clinical Governance (VCG) is the term used to describe a systematic approach to maintaining and improving the quality of animal care within a health system. This paper introduces the concept of VCG as a tool for improving the animal health care and as a strategy for quality improvement. As a major component of VCG, this paper highlights a code of Ethics or veterinary professionalism (VP), within the scope of veterinarians and their role in Ethiopian context. To guide veterinarians to keep up to date, maintain and develop standards. It also emphasizes the inclusion VCG in veterinary school curriculum. to establish a White Coat Ceremony (WCC) to undergraduate students .As most of the veterinary services are government owned, the government needs to match step by step its commitment to ten-year programmed of change with realistic timetables to secure the cultural and organizational changes needed to improve quality of animal health care.
An archaeological survey was conducted at Aksum and its vicinity in 2011. Accordingly, stellae, b... more An archaeological survey was conducted at Aksum and its vicinity in 2011. Accordingly, stellae, base plates, altars, coinage iconography were investigated. Axumite stellae depicted the sun, moon and star gods while the base plates incorporated sacrificial vessels and altars evidence of worship and dedication to these gods. Coins were also associated with the cult of sun, star and moon. Religious changes from sun, and moon god, Judaism and Christianity have occurred.
Increasingly we look to scientific research to drive development and economic growth. There is a ... more Increasingly we look to scientific research to drive development and economic growth. There is a pressing need for the evaluation of results from university research activity, particularly to permit the efficient allocation of ever scarcer resources. This paper reviews a methodology for measuring the technical efficiency of research needed in order to demonstrate that the university is making progress toward its goal. Many of the Ethiopian university policies emphasize the quantity dimension of research output, while neglecting that of productivity. Until now most studies of research productivity have much effort to look on publication being counted than to try to evaluate the end product of the research process, and yet so little in trying to understand the role of those same publications as a key input into the knowledge production process. Our study show considering number of papers published in indexed journals per se is a poor indicator of productivity. The papers published in reputable journal have many tradeoffs instead of supporting the tax payers mainly report problems with little solution. Researches that take longer interval are on decrease and rapid crossectional studies that require little effort are on the rise. Researchers generate a variety of products, some of them oriented to move the scientific frontier, and others seeking for solutions to production problems. Although measuring all the products of a research is difficult, different types of research should be measured ex post facto by the output they generate at micro, macro and Meta level. And ex ant facto analysis on national and international relevance of the research proposal. The current research metrics is 40 years old. New recommendations on research metrics should be introduced. Our study has important implication on university policy on incentives and promotion offered to researchers and academic staff.
The objective of this paper is to assess the current status of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus nil... more The objective of this paper is to assess the current status of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in Ethiopia and its possible use as indicator species in bioclimatology. Despite heavy hunting pressure in the 1960s, viable populations have survived in the more inaccessible rivers and lakes, on lakes Abaya and Chamo in the Rift Valley. In Ethiopia crocodile farming is described as an emerging industry and as such has little experience. There is only one crocodile farm established 1985 by UNDP-FAO. Hitherto, there is no progress done. Crocodiles are sensitive to hydrology, salinity and habitat therefore can be used as indicators of climate change and restoration success. Habitat loss, pressure on resources: including water, fish, sand and wetlands, uncontrolled killing in response to attacks on humans, pollutants, poor water quality and dam-building, uncontrolled hunting for their leather are main threats. Nile crocodiles are keystone species with disproportionate effect on the environment relative to their abundance. Removal or decline of that species from the ecosystem will have a dramatic effect on ecosystem structure and function. Research and monitoring will be essential to ensure the continued improvement of this species in this changing environment.
The aim of this study was to explore the consequences of the current global crisis namely climate... more The aim of this study was to explore the consequences of the current global crisis namely climate change, financial crisis, food and energy crisis on veterinary education. In the advent of these events quality of education is expected to be falling and the role of veterinarians will change. Hence an attempt was done to provide an insight into the current state and future changes of veterinary education in Ethiopia. The paper address coping strategies for the veterinary education, it also elaboratedthe Principles of "The One World One Health concept" (OWOH), the need to incorporate medical courses in veterinary education; In general it emphasized on using the current crisis for innovation and reform of the veterinary education.
Livestock contribute nearly all the draught power for agricultural production at small holder lev... more Livestock contribute nearly all the draught power for agricultural production at small holder level in Ethiopia. In terms accessibility, affordability, sustainability oxenization is better than tracterization especially for small holder farmers. Ethiopia has 6 million draught oxen equivalent to 500,000 tractors and additional 6 million oxen are required to meet demands because 60% of the farmers own either one or no oxen, A number of factors are responsible for the insufficiency of draught oxen production cascade among them poor reproductive performances of indigenous cattle, competition with dairy and beef fattening, meat export expansions and scarcity of animal feed. Biotechnology appears not to have impact on improving draught animal power. Although animal power needs should not remain static but respond to innovations and new challenges, a short term strategy could be investing in animal feed and health schemes and a long term solution could be an establishment of national animal power development program or as third option integrating motorized technology with draft animal technology is recommended. Otherwise shortage of animal power could severely aggravate crop production. This paper briefly reviews the above situation.
Obstetrical knowledge and skill is one of the core competencies required at day zero of veterinar... more Obstetrical knowledge and skill is one of the core competencies required at day zero of veterinary graduates. However, in the last three years out of 198 students interviewed in three veterinary colleges in Ethiopia only 6 students have palpated the reproductive organ of a cow 0.02% and none had ever applied ultrasound, showing a huge lag in technological adaption and the non existence of appropriate teaching method. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of obstetrics simulator training for veterinary students by comparing measures of confidence, anxiety and attitude with and without prior training. In this study it was found that the innovation described here obstetrics and gynecology simulator offers the means by which students can manipulate reproductive organs move and zoom within ultrasound images, sketch, and compare images. It was realized that this solution would provide a more cost-effective and convenient method of teaching to a large numbers of students. Students can be trained to perform invasive procedures prior to examining real animals, which has benefits for animal welfare.
The objective of this study was to evaluate a non animal teaching model referred as surgical dumm... more The objective of this study was to evaluate a non animal teaching model referred as surgical dummy, for teaching surgery, to novice veterinary students. Students' confidence level and experience in surgical practice was evaluated via questionnaire. In addition student observation was done during the practices by the instructor. The results show that students who first practiced using the surgical dummy had better psychomotor and basic surgical skills. Comments made by the students were positive in relation to sensation of tissue during handling rated as natural. Their confidence increased during surgical procedure due to freedom from worry of consequences of surgical errors. Students had the opportunity to practice adlibitum as the dummy was economical and simple to make. The skill gained in the dummy was adaptable to live animal surgery and decreased the use of cadaver or live animal utilization.
In this study chicken were able to express about 30 sounds (Words/ syllables) of which 19 were di... more In this study chicken were able to express about 30 sounds (Words/ syllables) of which 19 were distinctly identified as : A combination of two and three syllables/ cackle). There were also some sounds that were not deciphered. Local chicken have had a good sense of hearing to these sounds as observed from postural, visual and auditory displays. It was found that baby chicks from broody and non broody breeds responded to the acoustic stimulus. While the adults of the commercial breed, did not respond to the acoustic stimulus, showed less motor reactions, postural and vocal displays. Also they produced less syllables. It was concluded that they do not know the language. The songram indicate that chicken produced sound frequency ranging from 50Hz to 10 kHz, this hearing range is within the hearing realm of humans which is 20-20,000Hz. Thus, Birdsong can be used as a biological model of human language, and acoustic communication in chicken can be demonstrated to students without the requirement of special apparatus. The results showed the usefulness of the chicken model in teaching acoustic communication, animal behavior and the importance of imprinting in language learning.
3 Citation of this publication: Tefera M. 2013. Atlas of indigenous domestic and wild mammals of ... more 3 Citation of this publication: Tefera M. 2013. Atlas of indigenous domestic and wild mammals of Ethiopia. Haramaya University Press, Ethiopia. 68p. ISBN 978-99944-981-3-0 Library Catalog
The aims of the current study were to identify Pathological Causes and Financial Loss of Camel Or... more The aims of the current study were to identify Pathological Causes and Financial Loss of Camel Organ and Carcass Condemnation at Addis Ababa Abattoirs Enterprise, Ethiopia.Antemortem inspection and postmortem examination was conducted on 407 camels. Out of 407 slaughtered camels examined 269 were found to have abnormalities like branding (36.11%), localized lesion (6.63%), lameness, localized swelling, blindness and hernia. Of the total camels slaughtered, 235(57.73%) lung, 182(44.71%) liver, 32(7.86%) heart and 4(0.98%) kidneys were totally condemned. Some of the major causes of lung condemnation were hydatidosis 52.34%, pneumonia 20%, emphysema 12.76% and pneumonia with cyst 4.68%. Liver condemnation due to cirrhosis and calcification was 43.95%, hydatidosis 24.17%, hepatitis 19.78%, fatty change 8.71% and abscess 3.29%. Heart condemnation due to hydatidosis and adhesion was 50% and 43.75%, respectively. The rejection of edible organs indicates a significant financial loss calculated to be 320,760.00 Ethiopian Birr annually, rendering them unfit for local market on esthetic reason or considering their zoonotic risks to humans. In conclusion, these conditions clearly remain too common and cause considerable financial loss in Addis Ababa abattoirs.
Rabies virus transmission is usually due to animal bites. Subjects bitten by dogs and cats, or th... more Rabies virus transmission is usually due to animal bites. Subjects bitten by dogs and cats, or those noting abnormal behavior in their pets, often bring in such animals for veterinary evaluation. Results can significantly influence management decisions. However, dogs experimentally infected with street rabies virus showed clinical signs of rabies before death, but up to 18% of the dogs died without showing detectable signs of illness. In dogs showing signs, rabies was not invariably fatal. Up to 20% of dogs recovered with-out any supportive treatment. Some dogs inoculated with American (southern Texas) or Ethiopian canine street virus excreted virus in their saliva up to 14 days before signs appeared (Fekadu et al., 1983). One dog that recovered from rabies intermittently excreted rabies virus in its saliva for a long time. The carrier state in rabies may play a significant role in the perpetuation and survival of the virus and may become a source for rabies outbreaks whenever a new generation of rabies susceptible reaches critical density. And it is a challenge to the medical practitioner either to stop or imitate post exposure rabies treatment in humans.
Education is a veritable tool in the development of any nation. Most countries in the world spend... more Education is a veritable tool in the development of any nation. Most countries in the world spend higher annuals budgets for it. Educational corruption is pandemic. If corruption continues unabated there is a negative relationship with economic growth. There are various forms of educational corruption. The most common forms that occur are discussed in this paper: fraud in academic performance, exam cheating: misappropriation of budgets. missaccreditation, 'ghost' teaching sessions, unqualified staff recruitment, differential payment, paying bribes for admittance to favored schools, turning a deaf ear to corruption, brain drain, fake degrees and diplomas, fake universities, fake thesis, fake publications, and pseudoacademia. The situation is worldwide alarming and urgent remedial is required.
The quality of veterinary services in Ethiopia is at the crossroads in limbo. Veterinary Clinical... more The quality of veterinary services in Ethiopia is at the crossroads in limbo. Veterinary Clinical Governance (VCG) is the term used to describe a systematic approach to maintaining and improving the quality of animal care within a health system. This paper introduces the concept of VCG as a tool for improving the animal health care and as a strategy for quality improvement. As a major component of VCG, this paper highlights a code of Ethics or veterinary professionalism (VP), within the scope of veterinarians and their role in Ethiopian context. To guide veterinarians to keep up to date, maintain and develop standards. It also emphasizes the inclusion VCG in veterinary school curriculum. to establish a White Coat Ceremony (WCC) to undergraduate students .As most of the veterinary services are government owned, the government needs to match step by step its commitment to ten-year programmed of change with realistic timetables to secure the cultural and organizational changes needed to improve quality of animal health care.
An archaeological survey was conducted at Aksum and its vicinity in 2011. Accordingly, stellae, b... more An archaeological survey was conducted at Aksum and its vicinity in 2011. Accordingly, stellae, base plates, altars, coinage iconography were investigated. Axumite stellae depicted the sun, moon and star gods while the base plates incorporated sacrificial vessels and altars evidence of worship and dedication to these gods. Coins were also associated with the cult of sun, star and moon. Religious changes from sun, and moon god, Judaism and Christianity have occurred.
Increasingly we look to scientific research to drive development and economic growth. There is a ... more Increasingly we look to scientific research to drive development and economic growth. There is a pressing need for the evaluation of results from university research activity, particularly to permit the efficient allocation of ever scarcer resources. This paper reviews a methodology for measuring the technical efficiency of research needed in order to demonstrate that the university is making progress toward its goal. Many of the Ethiopian university policies emphasize the quantity dimension of research output, while neglecting that of productivity. Until now most studies of research productivity have much effort to look on publication being counted than to try to evaluate the end product of the research process, and yet so little in trying to understand the role of those same publications as a key input into the knowledge production process. Our study show considering number of papers published in indexed journals per se is a poor indicator of productivity. The papers published in reputable journal have many tradeoffs instead of supporting the tax payers mainly report problems with little solution. Researches that take longer interval are on decrease and rapid crossectional studies that require little effort are on the rise. Researchers generate a variety of products, some of them oriented to move the scientific frontier, and others seeking for solutions to production problems. Although measuring all the products of a research is difficult, different types of research should be measured ex post facto by the output they generate at micro, macro and Meta level. And ex ant facto analysis on national and international relevance of the research proposal. The current research metrics is 40 years old. New recommendations on research metrics should be introduced. Our study has important implication on university policy on incentives and promotion offered to researchers and academic staff.
The objective of this paper is to assess the current status of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus nil... more The objective of this paper is to assess the current status of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in Ethiopia and its possible use as indicator species in bioclimatology. Despite heavy hunting pressure in the 1960s, viable populations have survived in the more inaccessible rivers and lakes, on lakes Abaya and Chamo in the Rift Valley. In Ethiopia crocodile farming is described as an emerging industry and as such has little experience. There is only one crocodile farm established 1985 by UNDP-FAO. Hitherto, there is no progress done. Crocodiles are sensitive to hydrology, salinity and habitat therefore can be used as indicators of climate change and restoration success. Habitat loss, pressure on resources: including water, fish, sand and wetlands, uncontrolled killing in response to attacks on humans, pollutants, poor water quality and dam-building, uncontrolled hunting for their leather are main threats. Nile crocodiles are keystone species with disproportionate effect on the environment relative to their abundance. Removal or decline of that species from the ecosystem will have a dramatic effect on ecosystem structure and function. Research and monitoring will be essential to ensure the continued improvement of this species in this changing environment.
The aim of this study was to explore the consequences of the current global crisis namely climate... more The aim of this study was to explore the consequences of the current global crisis namely climate change, financial crisis, food and energy crisis on veterinary education. In the advent of these events quality of education is expected to be falling and the role of veterinarians will change. Hence an attempt was done to provide an insight into the current state and future changes of veterinary education in Ethiopia. The paper address coping strategies for the veterinary education, it also elaboratedthe Principles of "The One World One Health concept" (OWOH), the need to incorporate medical courses in veterinary education; In general it emphasized on using the current crisis for innovation and reform of the veterinary education.
Livestock contribute nearly all the draught power for agricultural production at small holder lev... more Livestock contribute nearly all the draught power for agricultural production at small holder level in Ethiopia. In terms accessibility, affordability, sustainability oxenization is better than tracterization especially for small holder farmers. Ethiopia has 6 million draught oxen equivalent to 500,000 tractors and additional 6 million oxen are required to meet demands because 60% of the farmers own either one or no oxen, A number of factors are responsible for the insufficiency of draught oxen production cascade among them poor reproductive performances of indigenous cattle, competition with dairy and beef fattening, meat export expansions and scarcity of animal feed. Biotechnology appears not to have impact on improving draught animal power. Although animal power needs should not remain static but respond to innovations and new challenges, a short term strategy could be investing in animal feed and health schemes and a long term solution could be an establishment of national animal power development program or as third option integrating motorized technology with draft animal technology is recommended. Otherwise shortage of animal power could severely aggravate crop production. This paper briefly reviews the above situation.
Obstetrical knowledge and skill is one of the core competencies required at day zero of veterinar... more Obstetrical knowledge and skill is one of the core competencies required at day zero of veterinary graduates. However, in the last three years out of 198 students interviewed in three veterinary colleges in Ethiopia only 6 students have palpated the reproductive organ of a cow 0.02% and none had ever applied ultrasound, showing a huge lag in technological adaption and the non existence of appropriate teaching method. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of obstetrics simulator training for veterinary students by comparing measures of confidence, anxiety and attitude with and without prior training. In this study it was found that the innovation described here obstetrics and gynecology simulator offers the means by which students can manipulate reproductive organs move and zoom within ultrasound images, sketch, and compare images. It was realized that this solution would provide a more cost-effective and convenient method of teaching to a large numbers of students. Students can be trained to perform invasive procedures prior to examining real animals, which has benefits for animal welfare.
The objective of this study was to evaluate a non animal teaching model referred as surgical dumm... more The objective of this study was to evaluate a non animal teaching model referred as surgical dummy, for teaching surgery, to novice veterinary students. Students' confidence level and experience in surgical practice was evaluated via questionnaire. In addition student observation was done during the practices by the instructor. The results show that students who first practiced using the surgical dummy had better psychomotor and basic surgical skills. Comments made by the students were positive in relation to sensation of tissue during handling rated as natural. Their confidence increased during surgical procedure due to freedom from worry of consequences of surgical errors. Students had the opportunity to practice adlibitum as the dummy was economical and simple to make. The skill gained in the dummy was adaptable to live animal surgery and decreased the use of cadaver or live animal utilization.
In this study chicken were able to express about 30 sounds (Words/ syllables) of which 19 were di... more In this study chicken were able to express about 30 sounds (Words/ syllables) of which 19 were distinctly identified as : A combination of two and three syllables/ cackle). There were also some sounds that were not deciphered. Local chicken have had a good sense of hearing to these sounds as observed from postural, visual and auditory displays. It was found that baby chicks from broody and non broody breeds responded to the acoustic stimulus. While the adults of the commercial breed, did not respond to the acoustic stimulus, showed less motor reactions, postural and vocal displays. Also they produced less syllables. It was concluded that they do not know the language. The songram indicate that chicken produced sound frequency ranging from 50Hz to 10 kHz, this hearing range is within the hearing realm of humans which is 20-20,000Hz. Thus, Birdsong can be used as a biological model of human language, and acoustic communication in chicken can be demonstrated to students without the requirement of special apparatus. The results showed the usefulness of the chicken model in teaching acoustic communication, animal behavior and the importance of imprinting in language learning.
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Papers by Melaku Tefera