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These nanoflagellates form a sister lineage to opisthokonts and may have retained ancestral features helpful to understanding the early evolution of this large supergroup. Although molecular environmental analyses indicate that apusomonads are genetically diverse, few species have been described. Here, we morphologically characterize 11 new apusomonad strains. Based on molecular phylogenetic analyses of the rRNA gene operon, we describe four new strains of the known species Multimonas media , Podomonas capensis , Apusomonas proboscidea , and Apusomonas australiensis , and rename Thecamonas oxoniensis as Mylnikovia oxoniensis n. gen., n. comb. Additionally, we describe four new genera and six new species: Catacumbia lutetiensis n. gen. n. sp., Cavaliersmithia chaoae n. gen. n. sp., Singekia montserratensis n. gen. n. sp., Singekia franciliensis n. gen. n. sp., Karpovia croatica n. gen. n. sp., and Chelonemonas dolani n. sp. Our comparative analysis suggests that apusomonad ancestor was a fusiform biflagellate with a dorsal pellicle, a plastic ventral surface, and a sleeve covering the anterior flagellum, that thrived in marine, possibly oxygen\u2010poor, environments. It likely had a complex cell cycle with dormant and multiple fission stages, and sex. Our results extend known apusomonad diversity, allow updating their taxonomy, and provide elements to understand early eukaryotic evolution."}}}}},"back":{"listOrg":{"@attributes":{"type":"structures"},"org":[{"@attributes":{"type":"laboratory","status":"VALID"},"idno":["069503907","0000000404459548","200212739T","https:\/\/ror.org\/00kk89y84"],"orgName":["Ecologie, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et Evolution (ex-Ecologie, Syst\u00e9matique et Evolution)","ESE"],"date":"2020-01-01","desc":{"address":{"addrLine":"B\u00e2t. 680 \u2013 12, route 128 - 91190 Gif sur Yvette","country":{"@attributes":{"key":"FR"}}},"ref":"https:\/\/www.ese.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/"},"listRelation":{"relation":[{"@attributes":{"active":"#struct-148117","type":"direct"}},{"@attributes":{"active":"#struct-419361","type":"direct"}},{"@attributes":{"name":"UMR8079","active":"#struct-441569","type":"direct"}}]}},{"@attributes":{"type":"institution","status":"VALID"},"orgName":["Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro 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