The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dentinal tubule penetration of root canal sealers a... more The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dentinal tubule penetration of root canal sealers after root canal dressing with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). Forty-two single-rooted teeth were instrumented to size 60. Six teeth served as the control group, and the remaining teeth were assigned to two groups. Root canals of the first group were filled with the Ca(OH)2 paste; the second group was filled with TempCanal, and all were incubated for 7 days. The samples were either irrigated with only NaOCl or with EDTA, followed by NaOCl to remove Ca(OH)2. All of the teeth were obturated with CRCS, AH26, and Ketac Endo by a lateral condensation technique. The specimens were then kept at the same conditions for another 7 days, and then all of the roots were prepared for scanning electron microscopic evaluation. Scanning electron microscopic examination revealed that Ca(OH)2 was not completely removed from the root canal surfaces, and root canal sealers did not penetrate into the dentinal tubules when only NaOCl was used. EDTA followed by NaOCl irrigation resulted in complete removal of Ca(OH)2 and root canal sealers penetrated into the dentinal tubules.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate Ca 2+ and OH-diffusion properties through root dentin b... more The purpose of this study was to evaluate Ca 2+ and OH-diffusion properties through root dentin by using different calcium hydroxide (CH) dressing materials. Twenty-eight single-rooted teeth were instrumented and external defects were created on the root surface. 17% EDTA was used to eliminate the smear layer. All surfaces except the external defects were sealed, and the teeth were placed in normal saline. Ca 2÷ concentrations and the pH in the saline were determined for 3 days as the control period. After removing the teeth from normal saline, they were filled with: (i) DT Temporary Dressing CH; (ii) CH powder and normal saline; (iii) TempCanal; and (iv) CH points. The teeth were then placed in normal saline, and Ca 2+ concentrations and pH values were measured at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. Nonsetting CH pastes gradually released Ca 2+, whereas this increase was absent from CH points. None of the test materials induced a pH increase in the media during the observation period. This study demonstrated that, when nonsetting CH pastes are applied to the root canal, diffusion of Ca 2+ without an increase in pH to the surrounding media occurs. This implies that these type of material are more suitable than CH points for treatment of external root resorption.
Effects of combined and single use of EDTA, RC-Prep, and NaOCl on mineral content of root dentin ... more Effects of combined and single use of EDTA, RC-Prep, and NaOCl on mineral content of root dentin were evaluated in vitro using energy dispersion spectrometric microanalysis. Thirty-six standardized midroot dentin specimens obtained from human anterior teeth were used. Specimens were polished and divided into six experimental groups. The first two groups were treated with EDTA or RC-Prep followed by NaOCl irrigation. Groups 3 to 5 were treated with EDTA, RC-Prep, and NaOCl, respectively. The last group was irrigated with saline solution as a control. Levels of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium were measured in the root dentin after treatments. The results showed that (i) EDTA combined with NaOCl irrigation as final flush and NaOCl alone changed the calcium/phosphorus ratio of root dentin significantly (p < 0.05); and (ii) there was a significant increase in the magnesium level after the use of chelating agent combined with NaOCl (p < 0.05). It was concluded that using NaOCl irrigation as final flush altered the effectiveness of chelating agents on root dentin. 578 FIG1. Ca/P ratio in root dentin after treatment with chelating agents and NaOCl. Data are mean Ϯ SE.
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of concentration and pH variations of EDTA o... more The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of concentration and pH variations of EDTA on dentin demineralization. Twenty extracted, human permanent teeth with single canals were used in this study. Demineralizing effects of EDTA solutions at 10% and 17% concentrations at pH 7.5 and 9.0 were determined by measuring the amount of liberated phosphorus 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 min after exposure. The results showed that the amount of phosphorus liberated from dentin was greater with increased EDTA concentration and increased time of exposure, and it was more effective at neutral pH than pH 9.0. The pH of the EDTA solutions did not display any significant alterations during the demineralization process.
This study compared the ability of several techniques to remove calcium hydroxide (CH) from the r... more This study compared the ability of several techniques to remove calcium hydroxide (CH) from the root canal and determined the influence of CH residues on the accuracy of the electronic apex locator. Root canals of 90 human maxillary lateral incisors with confirmed true working length (TWL) were prepared and filled with CH. The teeth were randomly assigned to one of the experimental groups according to the CH removal technique (n = 14): 0.9% saline; 0.9% saline + master apical file (MAF); 17% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA); 17% EDTA + MAF; 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); 5.25% NaOCl + MAF. Six teeth were used as negative control. After CH removal, the electronic working length was measured using Root-ZX (Morita Corp.) and compared with TWL to evaluate Root-ZX accuracy. All specimens were sectioned longitudinally, and the area of remaining CH (CH) and total canal area were measured using imaging software. The EDTA + MAF and NaOCl + MAF groups showed better CH removal than other groups (p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05). Root-ZX reliability to prevent overestimated working length to be &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; 85% within a tolerance of ± 1.0 mm (p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05). There was strong negative correlation between amount of CH residues and EAL accuracy (r = -0.800 for ± 0.5 mm; r = -0.940 for ± 1.0 mm). The mechanical instrumentation improves the CH removal of irrigation solutions although none of the techniques removed the dressing completely. Residues of CH medication in root canals affected the accuracy of Root-ZX adversely.
Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate and compare the time-dependent chemical... more Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate and compare the time-dependent chemical and ultramorphologic effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in young and old dentin. Methods: Sixty-four teeth scheduled for extraction were collected from young (<30 years) and old (>60 years) patients. In 48 teeth, the dentin was reduced to a powder state and treated with EDTA or EDTA + NaOCl for 1 and 10 minutes, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis was used to determine the changes in the composition of dentin through dissolution of hydroxyapatite (HAp). In the remaining teeth (n = 16), the root canals were prepared, bisected, and subjected to the same time-dependent treatment regimens. The changes in the number and area of dentinal tubules were calculated by image analysis. The data were analyzed statistically by paired t test and one-way analysis of variance, followed by Tukey honestly significant difference test at P = .05. Results: In both young and old dentin, EDTA significantly decreased the HAp intensity at 1 and 10 minutes, whereas EDTA + NaOCl only decreased that of old dentin at 10 minutes. Pair-wise comparisons revealed that in old dentin, the reduction in HAp intensity after treatment with EDTA and EDTA + NaOCl was significantly greater at 10 minutes than at 1 minute, whereas in young dentin, a significant decrease was only observed in the EDTA/10-minute subgroup. Compared with their 1-minute counterparts, 10-minute treatment with EDTA + NaOCl significantly increased the tubular diameter and tubular area of old dentin. In young dentin, the tubular area and diameter values were not affected by treatment time (P > .05). Conclusions: In young root dentin, 10-minute treatment with EDTA + NaOCl does not significantly alter the chemical and ultramorphologic structure and thus appears to be unnecessary. In old dentin, extended treatment time with EDTA + NaOCl should be avoided owing to excessive demineralization and erosion. In both types of dentin, EDTA was not effective in complete removal of the smear layer. (J Endod 2012;38:204-208)
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of EDTA on smear layer removal and on the s... more The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of EDTA on smear layer removal and on the structure of dentin, after 1 and 10 min of application. Six extracted single-rooted teeth were instrumented to #60. Apical and coronal thirds of each root were removed, leaving a 5 mm middle third that was then cut longitudinally into two equal segments. Using 10 ml of 17% EDTA solution, halves belonging to the same root were irrigated for 1 and 10 min, respectively. All specimens were subjected to irrigation with 10 ml of 5% NaOCl. Then all the specimens were prepared for SEM evaluation. The results showed that 1 min EDTA irrigation is effective in removing the smear layer. However a 10-min application of EDTA caused excessive peritubular and intertubular dentinal erosion. Therefore we suggest that this procedure should not be prolonged >1 min during endodontic treatment.
Dogan Buzoglu H, Calt S, Gü mü sderelioglu M. Evaluation of the surface free energy on root canal... more Dogan Buzoglu H, Calt S, Gü mü sderelioglu M. Evaluation of the surface free energy on root canal dentine walls treated with chelating agents and NaOCl. International Endodontic Journal, 40, 18-24, 2007. Aim To evaluate ex vivo the effects of combined and single use of EDTA, RC-Prep and NaOCl on the surface free energy of canal wall dentine using the captive bubble technique. Methodology Eighteen extracted human pre-molar teeth were sectioned at the crown and the apical third, the remaining mid-root portion were bisected longitudinally. Thereafter, the root halves were embedded in resin blocks that exposed the dentine surface of the canal wall. The specimens were randomly assigned to six experimental groups (n ¼ 6) after polishing. The root dentine surfaces of the first two groups were treated with 17% EDTA or RC-Prep followed by 2.5% NaOCl irrigation. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were treated with either 17% EDTA, RC-Prep or 2.5% NaOCl alone.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dentinal tubule penetration of root canal sealers a... more The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dentinal tubule penetration of root canal sealers after root canal dressing with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). Forty-two single-rooted teeth were instrumented to size 60. Six teeth served as the control group, and the remaining teeth were assigned to two groups. Root canals of the first group were filled with the Ca(OH)2 paste; the second group was filled with TempCanal, and all were incubated for 7 days. The samples were either irrigated with only NaOCl or with EDTA, followed by NaOCl to remove Ca(OH)2. All of the teeth were obturated with CRCS, AH26, and Ketac Endo by a lateral condensation technique. The specimens were then kept at the same conditions for another 7 days, and then all of the roots were prepared for scanning electron microscopic evaluation. Scanning electron microscopic examination revealed that Ca(OH)2 was not completely removed from the root canal surfaces, and root canal sealers did not penetrate into the dentinal tubules when only NaOCl was used. EDTA followed by NaOCl irrigation resulted in complete removal of Ca(OH)2 and root canal sealers penetrated into the dentinal tubules.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate Ca 2+ and OH-diffusion properties through root dentin b... more The purpose of this study was to evaluate Ca 2+ and OH-diffusion properties through root dentin by using different calcium hydroxide (CH) dressing materials. Twenty-eight single-rooted teeth were instrumented and external defects were created on the root surface. 17% EDTA was used to eliminate the smear layer. All surfaces except the external defects were sealed, and the teeth were placed in normal saline. Ca 2÷ concentrations and the pH in the saline were determined for 3 days as the control period. After removing the teeth from normal saline, they were filled with: (i) DT Temporary Dressing CH; (ii) CH powder and normal saline; (iii) TempCanal; and (iv) CH points. The teeth were then placed in normal saline, and Ca 2+ concentrations and pH values were measured at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. Nonsetting CH pastes gradually released Ca 2+, whereas this increase was absent from CH points. None of the test materials induced a pH increase in the media during the observation period. This study demonstrated that, when nonsetting CH pastes are applied to the root canal, diffusion of Ca 2+ without an increase in pH to the surrounding media occurs. This implies that these type of material are more suitable than CH points for treatment of external root resorption.
Effects of combined and single use of EDTA, RC-Prep, and NaOCl on mineral content of root dentin ... more Effects of combined and single use of EDTA, RC-Prep, and NaOCl on mineral content of root dentin were evaluated in vitro using energy dispersion spectrometric microanalysis. Thirty-six standardized midroot dentin specimens obtained from human anterior teeth were used. Specimens were polished and divided into six experimental groups. The first two groups were treated with EDTA or RC-Prep followed by NaOCl irrigation. Groups 3 to 5 were treated with EDTA, RC-Prep, and NaOCl, respectively. The last group was irrigated with saline solution as a control. Levels of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium were measured in the root dentin after treatments. The results showed that (i) EDTA combined with NaOCl irrigation as final flush and NaOCl alone changed the calcium/phosphorus ratio of root dentin significantly (p < 0.05); and (ii) there was a significant increase in the magnesium level after the use of chelating agent combined with NaOCl (p < 0.05). It was concluded that using NaOCl irrigation as final flush altered the effectiveness of chelating agents on root dentin. 578 FIG1. Ca/P ratio in root dentin after treatment with chelating agents and NaOCl. Data are mean Ϯ SE.
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of concentration and pH variations of EDTA o... more The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of concentration and pH variations of EDTA on dentin demineralization. Twenty extracted, human permanent teeth with single canals were used in this study. Demineralizing effects of EDTA solutions at 10% and 17% concentrations at pH 7.5 and 9.0 were determined by measuring the amount of liberated phosphorus 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 min after exposure. The results showed that the amount of phosphorus liberated from dentin was greater with increased EDTA concentration and increased time of exposure, and it was more effective at neutral pH than pH 9.0. The pH of the EDTA solutions did not display any significant alterations during the demineralization process.
This study compared the ability of several techniques to remove calcium hydroxide (CH) from the r... more This study compared the ability of several techniques to remove calcium hydroxide (CH) from the root canal and determined the influence of CH residues on the accuracy of the electronic apex locator. Root canals of 90 human maxillary lateral incisors with confirmed true working length (TWL) were prepared and filled with CH. The teeth were randomly assigned to one of the experimental groups according to the CH removal technique (n = 14): 0.9% saline; 0.9% saline + master apical file (MAF); 17% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA); 17% EDTA + MAF; 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); 5.25% NaOCl + MAF. Six teeth were used as negative control. After CH removal, the electronic working length was measured using Root-ZX (Morita Corp.) and compared with TWL to evaluate Root-ZX accuracy. All specimens were sectioned longitudinally, and the area of remaining CH (CH) and total canal area were measured using imaging software. The EDTA + MAF and NaOCl + MAF groups showed better CH removal than other groups (p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05). Root-ZX reliability to prevent overestimated working length to be &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; 85% within a tolerance of ± 1.0 mm (p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05). There was strong negative correlation between amount of CH residues and EAL accuracy (r = -0.800 for ± 0.5 mm; r = -0.940 for ± 1.0 mm). The mechanical instrumentation improves the CH removal of irrigation solutions although none of the techniques removed the dressing completely. Residues of CH medication in root canals affected the accuracy of Root-ZX adversely.
Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate and compare the time-dependent chemical... more Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate and compare the time-dependent chemical and ultramorphologic effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in young and old dentin. Methods: Sixty-four teeth scheduled for extraction were collected from young (<30 years) and old (>60 years) patients. In 48 teeth, the dentin was reduced to a powder state and treated with EDTA or EDTA + NaOCl for 1 and 10 minutes, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis was used to determine the changes in the composition of dentin through dissolution of hydroxyapatite (HAp). In the remaining teeth (n = 16), the root canals were prepared, bisected, and subjected to the same time-dependent treatment regimens. The changes in the number and area of dentinal tubules were calculated by image analysis. The data were analyzed statistically by paired t test and one-way analysis of variance, followed by Tukey honestly significant difference test at P = .05. Results: In both young and old dentin, EDTA significantly decreased the HAp intensity at 1 and 10 minutes, whereas EDTA + NaOCl only decreased that of old dentin at 10 minutes. Pair-wise comparisons revealed that in old dentin, the reduction in HAp intensity after treatment with EDTA and EDTA + NaOCl was significantly greater at 10 minutes than at 1 minute, whereas in young dentin, a significant decrease was only observed in the EDTA/10-minute subgroup. Compared with their 1-minute counterparts, 10-minute treatment with EDTA + NaOCl significantly increased the tubular diameter and tubular area of old dentin. In young dentin, the tubular area and diameter values were not affected by treatment time (P > .05). Conclusions: In young root dentin, 10-minute treatment with EDTA + NaOCl does not significantly alter the chemical and ultramorphologic structure and thus appears to be unnecessary. In old dentin, extended treatment time with EDTA + NaOCl should be avoided owing to excessive demineralization and erosion. In both types of dentin, EDTA was not effective in complete removal of the smear layer. (J Endod 2012;38:204-208)
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of EDTA on smear layer removal and on the s... more The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of EDTA on smear layer removal and on the structure of dentin, after 1 and 10 min of application. Six extracted single-rooted teeth were instrumented to #60. Apical and coronal thirds of each root were removed, leaving a 5 mm middle third that was then cut longitudinally into two equal segments. Using 10 ml of 17% EDTA solution, halves belonging to the same root were irrigated for 1 and 10 min, respectively. All specimens were subjected to irrigation with 10 ml of 5% NaOCl. Then all the specimens were prepared for SEM evaluation. The results showed that 1 min EDTA irrigation is effective in removing the smear layer. However a 10-min application of EDTA caused excessive peritubular and intertubular dentinal erosion. Therefore we suggest that this procedure should not be prolonged >1 min during endodontic treatment.
Dogan Buzoglu H, Calt S, Gü mü sderelioglu M. Evaluation of the surface free energy on root canal... more Dogan Buzoglu H, Calt S, Gü mü sderelioglu M. Evaluation of the surface free energy on root canal dentine walls treated with chelating agents and NaOCl. International Endodontic Journal, 40, 18-24, 2007. Aim To evaluate ex vivo the effects of combined and single use of EDTA, RC-Prep and NaOCl on the surface free energy of canal wall dentine using the captive bubble technique. Methodology Eighteen extracted human pre-molar teeth were sectioned at the crown and the apical third, the remaining mid-root portion were bisected longitudinally. Thereafter, the root halves were embedded in resin blocks that exposed the dentine surface of the canal wall. The specimens were randomly assigned to six experimental groups (n ¼ 6) after polishing. The root dentine surfaces of the first two groups were treated with 17% EDTA or RC-Prep followed by 2.5% NaOCl irrigation. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were treated with either 17% EDTA, RC-Prep or 2.5% NaOCl alone.
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