Aphra Behn’s Oroonoko: or, the Royal Slave (1688) was one of the earliest fictional works to prov... more Aphra Behn’s Oroonoko: or, the Royal Slave (1688) was one of the earliest fictional works to provide an insight into the backstage of the transatlantic slave trade and life of the slaves in the plantations. The desire for freedom in Oroonoko is so strong that it works as a catalyst and motivates Oroonoko to commit the most sorrowful event of his life and endure terrifying pains at the end of the novel. Oroonoko’s protest against his enslavement and his actions to escape the bonds of slavery are suitable for reading from a Lockean point-of-view. In his Two Treatises of Government (1689), John Locke examines the nature of humans and presents his ideas about the state of slavery, under what circumstances a person can be regarded as a slave and how rightful the claim of subjugation would be on behalf of the possessor of the slave. Reading the novel from that point-of-view is intended to show the psychological and physical struggles which the enslaved Africans had to endure for centuries. In addition to that, such reading of the novel will also give an understanding about the ways the enslaved Africans conceptualized slavery. This research paper will analyse Oroonoko’s uncomfortable state of mind, his desire and resolution to become a free man notwithstanding any potential menaces by the overseers of the plantation by taking into consideration the explanations that John Locke had given in his work about the nature of humans and slavery.
Plato’s moral criticism was at the centre of literary criticism until the 19th century and even c... more Plato’s moral criticism was at the centre of literary criticism until the 19th century and even continued to be preferred in critical studies since then. Plato has been associated as a philosopher with his severe attack on art and poetry. However, he had put forth that a work of art could be non-objectionable if that work of art functioned to improve society’s values and promote proper modes behaviour. J.R.R. Tolkien’s trilogy, the Lord of the Rings, published fully first time in 1955 shows conformity with the norms that Plato had set for a work of art to be acceptable and with this trait, the trilogy appears to be a useful guide-book for one to follow to possess values accepted by the society and to promote proper modes of behaviour. This study will profoundly examine the values and behaviour models suggested by the actions of the characters and will evaluate the text according to principles set by Plato in his moral criticism.
In the flow of history, there were several stages that
influenced the way of reasoning of mankin... more In the flow of history, there were several stages that influenced the way of reasoning of mankind to an important extent. Being one of these stages that humankind had gone through, Renaissance, though it’s not an appropriate approach to give an exact date, came into existence in the 14th century, in Italy. Providing a new perspective to almost all areas as well as scholarship, Renaissance soon flourished Europe and reaching finally England. This research paper will conduct the study of renaissance’s birth in Italy, the pioneers of Italian Renaissance briefly, followed by an outstanding scholar, Chrysoloras and Renaissance’s arrival at England and the studies or works and the influence of three significant English Renaissance men, Geoffrey Chaucer, Thomas More and Francis Bacon.
The Middle Ages, also called as the Dark Ages by many scholars in regards to the hardships of soc... more The Middle Ages, also called as the Dark Ages by many scholars in regards to the hardships of social life, political stagnancy and also in terms of intellectuality, life and people had gone through tough times. In every part of life, scholastic philosophy was quite common, which was also creating many obstacles in life in that one who behaved against the popular idea of Church were usually referred as heretic. In a time period like this, women in the middle ages had more problems and were more restrained than today if we consider Church's zeal to condemn people, especially women. Women were seen as traitors who caused men to be expelled from paradise and in any area of life, they were given rights, which were least possible and thus they were ignored in many areas of life. For instance, they were expected to stay in their homes and do the house chores, take care of the children and cook meal for the household. Many women had to follow a life as in the example and any time had they tried to chose a different path for their life or would go against the norms of the society, they were usually oppressed and usually had been beaten up. Based on the light of information given above, we can infer that women actually had hard times in their life in the middle ages and the only matter that caused problem for them was their gender and this was the common way of life how almost all of the women lived, even though if they were the husbands of nobles. They were oppressed, discriminated in many areas of the life and they were always kept at the background. However, with Geoffrey Chaucer and his the Canterbury Tales, literature the middle ages met a new character who was completely breaking down the boundaries of her time and pulling all of stops
There is a quite common quote that one come across when it's time for history which that " It's t... more There is a quite common quote that one come across when it's time for history which that " It's the historian of the victor that writes down the history. " As can be inferred from the quote, sometimes there can be distortions or sometimes one can come across with words that have double meanings or the words that are specially chosen in order to hide something. This is a quite common tactic used by some historiographers that have chauvinistic tendencies. According a friend that I've known, once I was told by him that even Von Hammer, the well-known historiographer, known with his " History of the Ottoman Turks " had had placed information that doesn't reflect the truth with all its clarity. This, however, is a real problem that stands before us and creates an obstacle not only for filling our brains with false information but also leads the reader to wrong understandings about a country. In this very book published by Pearson Education, we can sometimes come across with paragraphs, although they can not be regarded as the distortion of the history, still paragraphs that might have the possibility to lead the reader to have a false idea and also there are points where we come across with words that are likely to be chosen specially in terms of covering up the surface. Some of these points will be pointed out in the following paper under the titles of Adulation and Choosing of the Words.
Charles John Huffam Dickens is a quite well known British novelist of the Victorian Era credited ... more Charles John Huffam Dickens is a quite well known British novelist of the Victorian Era credited with many voluminous novels. When we look at his novels, one striking quality appears which is that no matter what the subject is, Dickens places a mirror within his novels that reflects the social life of his time and thus, he succeeds to bring us to his day and makes us feel the age that it reflects. Hard Times, one of the best novels of Charles Dickens's, is relatively a shorter book compared with his other novels and can be regarded as one of the best literary mirrors written in the Victorian Era and especially in the way it tells about the industrial revolution. Written in 1854, the book has quite an earlier background. When Charles Dickens took a trip to industrial towns 15 years ago before writing his piece, he had a chance to see the industrial towns with all their problems such as urban blight, environmental problems and also social problems that came along with the industrial revolution such as wrong implementation of utilitarianism among society and class divisions occurred due to the unbridgeable gap between the rich and the poor. We learn from his letter to his wife that he had had planned to write a book in which he "meant to strike the heaviest blow in his power" (Urgan 1025). Thus, we come across with many problems occurred due to industrial revolution, both individually and socially among the society and its members in the novel of Hard Times. Majorly, Utilitarianism, poor conditions of the working classes and the Capitalist Order occupies a more significant place in the novel. Accordingly to that information, each of these major elements used by Dickens to reflect the social conditions of the age will be examined in this very paper.
This paper is dedicated to find some of the pagan elements within the works of Beowulf, Das Nibel... more This paper is dedicated to find some of the pagan elements within the works of Beowulf, Das Nibelungenlied, Arthurian Legend and Sir Gawain and Green Knight along with La Chanson de Roland
This research paper will evaluate the Anglo-Turkish Encounters from the Middle Ages to 18 th cent... more This research paper will evaluate the Anglo-Turkish Encounters from the Middle Ages to 18 th century. First encounters with Britain with Ottoman were generally in terms of economical and commercial areas. As time passed, the relations between the two countries amplified, especially in the Elizabethan Era and continued until the Karlowitz Treaty in 1699. In this very paper, early connections were examined between Britain and Ottoman until Karlowitz Treaty in 1699 and appreciations were conveyed to the reader in 2 sections.
7. Kahve ve Avrupa'da Osmanlı Kahvehaneleri Haydi, bu bölümde Osmanlı'nın Batı'da yayılmış kültür... more 7. Kahve ve Avrupa'da Osmanlı Kahvehaneleri Haydi, bu bölümde Osmanlı'nın Batı'da yayılmış kültürel etkisine bir örnek olarak kahve ve kahvehaneler hakkında tartışalım. R. Hattox ve Desmet-Gregoire 115 kahve ve kahvehanelerin Osmanlı ve Fransa'da neden ve nasıl bu kadar yaygınlaşmış olduğunu açıklamaya çalıştılar. Kahvehaneler ilk olarak 1660'lı yıllarda Marsilya'nın Levent ticaret merkezinde ortaya çıkmıştı. 1669 yılında Süleyman Ağa, Osmanlı elçisi, Paris'te adeta bir gelenek olarak kahve içimini başlatan isim oldu ve bu gelenek o zamandan itibaren aristokrat sınıfı arasında moda haline geldi. Paris'teki ilk kahvehane Paskal adında bir Ermeni tarafından açıldı. Etiyopya'da yetiştirilen kahve ilk olarak Yemen topraklarında yayıldı. Kahve içmek, sufiler arasında afyon içmek gibi bir gelenek haline geldi. 15. Asırların ortalarına geldiğimizde ise ilk olarak Hicaz ve Mısır'da olmak üzere diğer İslami ülkelerde de yayılma gösterdi. İşte bu zamandan sonra, Hicaz'a giden Türk hacılar sayesinde kahve tanınmış olmalı. Ancak kişiyi sarhoş ettiğinden ve başının dönmesine sebep olduğundan dolayı ulema tarafından kahve de, aynı şarap gibi İslam dinine karşı bir alışkanlık olarak görüldü. Kahvenin haram olarak sayılmasına ilk olarak 1511 yılında Mekke'de rastlıyoruz. Söylentilere göre, 1517 yılında Sultan Selim, Kahire'deki kahve içicilerini infaz ettirdi. Kahvenin uyarıcı etkilerinin yanında, tıbbi olarak faydaları da bilinmeye başlamıştı ve bu kahvenin Osmanlı ve Fransa topraklarında yayılmasına katkıda bulunmuştu. 116 16. Yüzyıldaki kahvehanelerin minyatürlerdeki betimlemelerine baktığımızda ise bu geleneğin ne kadar yayılmış bir hale geldiğini görebiliyoruz.
Aphra Behn’s Oroonoko: or, the Royal Slave (1688) was one of the earliest fictional works to prov... more Aphra Behn’s Oroonoko: or, the Royal Slave (1688) was one of the earliest fictional works to provide an insight into the backstage of the transatlantic slave trade and life of the slaves in the plantations. The desire for freedom in Oroonoko is so strong that it works as a catalyst and motivates Oroonoko to commit the most sorrowful event of his life and endure terrifying pains at the end of the novel. Oroonoko’s protest against his enslavement and his actions to escape the bonds of slavery are suitable for reading from a Lockean point-of-view. In his Two Treatises of Government (1689), John Locke examines the nature of humans and presents his ideas about the state of slavery, under what circumstances a person can be regarded as a slave and how rightful the claim of subjugation would be on behalf of the possessor of the slave. Reading the novel from that point-of-view is intended to show the psychological and physical struggles which the enslaved Africans had to endure for centuries. In addition to that, such reading of the novel will also give an understanding about the ways the enslaved Africans conceptualized slavery. This research paper will analyse Oroonoko’s uncomfortable state of mind, his desire and resolution to become a free man notwithstanding any potential menaces by the overseers of the plantation by taking into consideration the explanations that John Locke had given in his work about the nature of humans and slavery.
Plato’s moral criticism was at the centre of literary criticism until the 19th century and even c... more Plato’s moral criticism was at the centre of literary criticism until the 19th century and even continued to be preferred in critical studies since then. Plato has been associated as a philosopher with his severe attack on art and poetry. However, he had put forth that a work of art could be non-objectionable if that work of art functioned to improve society’s values and promote proper modes behaviour. J.R.R. Tolkien’s trilogy, the Lord of the Rings, published fully first time in 1955 shows conformity with the norms that Plato had set for a work of art to be acceptable and with this trait, the trilogy appears to be a useful guide-book for one to follow to possess values accepted by the society and to promote proper modes of behaviour. This study will profoundly examine the values and behaviour models suggested by the actions of the characters and will evaluate the text according to principles set by Plato in his moral criticism.
In the flow of history, there were several stages that
influenced the way of reasoning of mankin... more In the flow of history, there were several stages that influenced the way of reasoning of mankind to an important extent. Being one of these stages that humankind had gone through, Renaissance, though it’s not an appropriate approach to give an exact date, came into existence in the 14th century, in Italy. Providing a new perspective to almost all areas as well as scholarship, Renaissance soon flourished Europe and reaching finally England. This research paper will conduct the study of renaissance’s birth in Italy, the pioneers of Italian Renaissance briefly, followed by an outstanding scholar, Chrysoloras and Renaissance’s arrival at England and the studies or works and the influence of three significant English Renaissance men, Geoffrey Chaucer, Thomas More and Francis Bacon.
The Middle Ages, also called as the Dark Ages by many scholars in regards to the hardships of soc... more The Middle Ages, also called as the Dark Ages by many scholars in regards to the hardships of social life, political stagnancy and also in terms of intellectuality, life and people had gone through tough times. In every part of life, scholastic philosophy was quite common, which was also creating many obstacles in life in that one who behaved against the popular idea of Church were usually referred as heretic. In a time period like this, women in the middle ages had more problems and were more restrained than today if we consider Church's zeal to condemn people, especially women. Women were seen as traitors who caused men to be expelled from paradise and in any area of life, they were given rights, which were least possible and thus they were ignored in many areas of life. For instance, they were expected to stay in their homes and do the house chores, take care of the children and cook meal for the household. Many women had to follow a life as in the example and any time had they tried to chose a different path for their life or would go against the norms of the society, they were usually oppressed and usually had been beaten up. Based on the light of information given above, we can infer that women actually had hard times in their life in the middle ages and the only matter that caused problem for them was their gender and this was the common way of life how almost all of the women lived, even though if they were the husbands of nobles. They were oppressed, discriminated in many areas of the life and they were always kept at the background. However, with Geoffrey Chaucer and his the Canterbury Tales, literature the middle ages met a new character who was completely breaking down the boundaries of her time and pulling all of stops
There is a quite common quote that one come across when it's time for history which that " It's t... more There is a quite common quote that one come across when it's time for history which that " It's the historian of the victor that writes down the history. " As can be inferred from the quote, sometimes there can be distortions or sometimes one can come across with words that have double meanings or the words that are specially chosen in order to hide something. This is a quite common tactic used by some historiographers that have chauvinistic tendencies. According a friend that I've known, once I was told by him that even Von Hammer, the well-known historiographer, known with his " History of the Ottoman Turks " had had placed information that doesn't reflect the truth with all its clarity. This, however, is a real problem that stands before us and creates an obstacle not only for filling our brains with false information but also leads the reader to wrong understandings about a country. In this very book published by Pearson Education, we can sometimes come across with paragraphs, although they can not be regarded as the distortion of the history, still paragraphs that might have the possibility to lead the reader to have a false idea and also there are points where we come across with words that are likely to be chosen specially in terms of covering up the surface. Some of these points will be pointed out in the following paper under the titles of Adulation and Choosing of the Words.
Charles John Huffam Dickens is a quite well known British novelist of the Victorian Era credited ... more Charles John Huffam Dickens is a quite well known British novelist of the Victorian Era credited with many voluminous novels. When we look at his novels, one striking quality appears which is that no matter what the subject is, Dickens places a mirror within his novels that reflects the social life of his time and thus, he succeeds to bring us to his day and makes us feel the age that it reflects. Hard Times, one of the best novels of Charles Dickens's, is relatively a shorter book compared with his other novels and can be regarded as one of the best literary mirrors written in the Victorian Era and especially in the way it tells about the industrial revolution. Written in 1854, the book has quite an earlier background. When Charles Dickens took a trip to industrial towns 15 years ago before writing his piece, he had a chance to see the industrial towns with all their problems such as urban blight, environmental problems and also social problems that came along with the industrial revolution such as wrong implementation of utilitarianism among society and class divisions occurred due to the unbridgeable gap between the rich and the poor. We learn from his letter to his wife that he had had planned to write a book in which he "meant to strike the heaviest blow in his power" (Urgan 1025). Thus, we come across with many problems occurred due to industrial revolution, both individually and socially among the society and its members in the novel of Hard Times. Majorly, Utilitarianism, poor conditions of the working classes and the Capitalist Order occupies a more significant place in the novel. Accordingly to that information, each of these major elements used by Dickens to reflect the social conditions of the age will be examined in this very paper.
This paper is dedicated to find some of the pagan elements within the works of Beowulf, Das Nibel... more This paper is dedicated to find some of the pagan elements within the works of Beowulf, Das Nibelungenlied, Arthurian Legend and Sir Gawain and Green Knight along with La Chanson de Roland
This research paper will evaluate the Anglo-Turkish Encounters from the Middle Ages to 18 th cent... more This research paper will evaluate the Anglo-Turkish Encounters from the Middle Ages to 18 th century. First encounters with Britain with Ottoman were generally in terms of economical and commercial areas. As time passed, the relations between the two countries amplified, especially in the Elizabethan Era and continued until the Karlowitz Treaty in 1699. In this very paper, early connections were examined between Britain and Ottoman until Karlowitz Treaty in 1699 and appreciations were conveyed to the reader in 2 sections.
7. Kahve ve Avrupa'da Osmanlı Kahvehaneleri Haydi, bu bölümde Osmanlı'nın Batı'da yayılmış kültür... more 7. Kahve ve Avrupa'da Osmanlı Kahvehaneleri Haydi, bu bölümde Osmanlı'nın Batı'da yayılmış kültürel etkisine bir örnek olarak kahve ve kahvehaneler hakkında tartışalım. R. Hattox ve Desmet-Gregoire 115 kahve ve kahvehanelerin Osmanlı ve Fransa'da neden ve nasıl bu kadar yaygınlaşmış olduğunu açıklamaya çalıştılar. Kahvehaneler ilk olarak 1660'lı yıllarda Marsilya'nın Levent ticaret merkezinde ortaya çıkmıştı. 1669 yılında Süleyman Ağa, Osmanlı elçisi, Paris'te adeta bir gelenek olarak kahve içimini başlatan isim oldu ve bu gelenek o zamandan itibaren aristokrat sınıfı arasında moda haline geldi. Paris'teki ilk kahvehane Paskal adında bir Ermeni tarafından açıldı. Etiyopya'da yetiştirilen kahve ilk olarak Yemen topraklarında yayıldı. Kahve içmek, sufiler arasında afyon içmek gibi bir gelenek haline geldi. 15. Asırların ortalarına geldiğimizde ise ilk olarak Hicaz ve Mısır'da olmak üzere diğer İslami ülkelerde de yayılma gösterdi. İşte bu zamandan sonra, Hicaz'a giden Türk hacılar sayesinde kahve tanınmış olmalı. Ancak kişiyi sarhoş ettiğinden ve başının dönmesine sebep olduğundan dolayı ulema tarafından kahve de, aynı şarap gibi İslam dinine karşı bir alışkanlık olarak görüldü. Kahvenin haram olarak sayılmasına ilk olarak 1511 yılında Mekke'de rastlıyoruz. Söylentilere göre, 1517 yılında Sultan Selim, Kahire'deki kahve içicilerini infaz ettirdi. Kahvenin uyarıcı etkilerinin yanında, tıbbi olarak faydaları da bilinmeye başlamıştı ve bu kahvenin Osmanlı ve Fransa topraklarında yayılmasına katkıda bulunmuştu. 116 16. Yüzyıldaki kahvehanelerin minyatürlerdeki betimlemelerine baktığımızda ise bu geleneğin ne kadar yayılmış bir hale geldiğini görebiliyoruz.
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influenced the way of reasoning of mankind to an important
extent. Being one of these stages that humankind had gone
through, Renaissance, though it’s not an appropriate approach to
give an exact date, came into existence in the 14th century, in
Italy. Providing a new perspective to almost all areas as well
as scholarship, Renaissance soon flourished Europe and reaching
finally England. This research paper will conduct the study of
renaissance’s birth in Italy, the pioneers of Italian
Renaissance briefly, followed by an outstanding scholar,
Chrysoloras and Renaissance’s arrival at England and the studies
or works and the influence of three significant English
Renaissance men, Geoffrey Chaucer, Thomas More and Francis Bacon.
Fall of the Roman Empire 476 AD!
influenced the way of reasoning of mankind to an important
extent. Being one of these stages that humankind had gone
through, Renaissance, though it’s not an appropriate approach to
give an exact date, came into existence in the 14th century, in
Italy. Providing a new perspective to almost all areas as well
as scholarship, Renaissance soon flourished Europe and reaching
finally England. This research paper will conduct the study of
renaissance’s birth in Italy, the pioneers of Italian
Renaissance briefly, followed by an outstanding scholar,
Chrysoloras and Renaissance’s arrival at England and the studies
or works and the influence of three significant English
Renaissance men, Geoffrey Chaucer, Thomas More and Francis Bacon.
Fall of the Roman Empire 476 AD!