Sudd
 Sudd | |||||
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| Fadama | |||||
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| Bayanai | |||||
| Ƙasa | Sudan ta Kudu | ||||
Heritage designation (en)  |
Wajen Ramsar da Tentative World Heritage Site (en) | ||||
| World Heritage criteria (en) |
(v) (en) , (vii) (en) , (ix) (en) da (x) (en) | ||||
| Wuri | |||||
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The Sudd ( Arabic , Nuer : Baki̱ec, Dinka : Toc) wani babban dausayi ne a Kudancin Sudan, wanda sashen Baḥr al-Jabal na White Nile ya samar. Kalmar Larabci sudd ta samo asali ne daga sadd ( سد ), ma'ana "shinge" ko "shingaye". Kalmar "sudd" ta zo ga kowace babban tsibiri ko tabarmi mai ƙarfi da ke iyo a cikin ciyayi. Yankin da fadama ta rufe yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren dausayi a duniya kuma mafi girman wuraren dausayi mai ruwa a cikin Kogin Nilu .
Tsawon ƙarni da yawa, dausayin, musamman ma dausayin ciyayi, ya zama shingen da ba za a iya shiga ba ga hanyoyin tafiya a bakin kogin Nilu. Tsoffin Masarawa sun kasa shiga yankin Sudd su isa yankunan kudu da shi. A shekara ta 61 AD, wani rukunin sojojin Romawa da Sarki Nero ya aika sun hau kogin Fari amma ba su iya ketare kogin Sudd ba, wanda hakan ya nuna iyakar shigar Romawa cikin Afirka ta Equatorial . [1] Saboda irin waɗannan dalilai a zamanin baya, neman tushen kogin Nilu ya kasance da wahala musamman; daga ƙarshe ya ƙunshi balaguron ƙasa daga bakin tekun tsakiyar Afirka, don guje wa yin tafiya ta cikin Sudd.
A shekarar 2019, wani bincike ya nuna cewa karuwar ruwa a cikin Sudd na iya haifar da har zuwa kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dukkan matakan methane na Yammacin Afirka a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. [2] [3]
Girmansa yana da bambanci sosai, matsakaicinsa ya wuce 30,000 square kilometres (12,000 sq mi) . A lokacin damina, zai iya kaiwa sama da 130,000 square kilometres (50,000 sq mi) ya ƙunshi kashi 21% na ƙasar, ya danganta da ruwan da ke shigowa, tare da fitar da ruwa daga Tafkin Victoria shine babban abin da ke daidaita matakan ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa a yankin. Tunda yankin Sudd ya ƙunshi hanyoyi daban-daban na juyawa, tafkuna, filayen reed da papyrus kuma yana rasa rabin ruwan da ke shigowa ta hanyar fitar da ruwa a cikin filayen ambaliyar ruwa na dindindin da na yanayi, ilimin ruwa mai rikitarwa yana da tasirin farko da na biyu. Babban fasalin yankin shine magudanar ruwa ta Jonglei da ba ta cika ba, wanda aka shirya don ratsa ruwa daga Sudd don guje wa asarar fitar da ruwa da kuma ƙara yawan ruwan da ke fita daga mashigar Sudd.
Daga 1961 zuwa 1963, an sami ƙaruwa sosai a yankin da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa lokacin da matakin Tafkin Victoria ya ƙaru, kuma kwararar ruwan ta ƙaru. Jimillar yankin Sudd yana da alaƙa da adadin ruwan da ke isa Bor daga kogin Albert da kuma daga rafuka ko magudanan ruwa na yanayi waɗanda za su iya ƙara yawan kwararar ruwa a ƙarshen kogin Sudd. A lokacin shekarun 1960, kwararar ruwa a Tafkin Victoria ta ƙaru, inda kwararar ruwa a Mongalla ta ninka sau biyu, kwararar ruwa a Malakal a ƙarshen arewa na dausayin ta ƙaru da sau 1.5 matsakaicin kwararar ruwa a baya. Sakamakon waɗannan kwararar ruwa mai yawa, yankunan dausayin ruwa na dindindin da kuma dausayin ruwa na yanayi sun ƙaru, idan aka haɗa su, zuwa sau 2.5 girmansu na dā. Dausayin ruwa sun ƙaru sosai, kuma dausayin ruwa na yanayi ya ninka girmansa na baya sau 1.5. Daga kwararar ruwan Bahr al Jabal ("Tekun Dutse") da ke Mongalla, yankin kogin da aka ayyana yana faɗaɗa a jere zuwa wani fili mai ambaliya, inda ruwan ke gudana a cikin kogi mai yawo da kuma hanyoyi daban-daban da tafkuna a duk lokacin rani. Tare da ƙaruwar ruwan, yana faɗaɗa a kan ciyayi da suka kai rabin ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin ambaliyar.
Daga ƙasan Bor kaɗan, kogin Bahr el Zeraf ("Tekun Raƙuman Ruwa ") ya rarrafe daga Bahr al Jabal zuwa gabas, yana karkatar da wani ɓangare na kwararar, sannan ya sake haɗuwa da Bahr al Jabal kafin ya isa Malakal. A lokacin kwararar sa, Bahr al Jabal ya ratsa Tafkin No, inda Bahr el Ghazal ("Tekun Gazelles ") ya haɗu da Bahr al Jabal, yana ba da gudummawa ga shigowar ruwa tare da bambancin yanayi. A Malakal, Kogin Sobat ya shiga cikin tsarin. Haɗaɗɗen kwararar ruwa daga nan sai ya kwarara zuwa arewa kamar Farin Kogin Nilu a cikin wani gado da aka ƙayyade, yana haɗuwa da ruwan Blue Nile a Khartoum don samar da babban Kogin Nilu.
Yanayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A fannin ruwa, Sudd tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen adana ruwan ambaliya da kuma kama laka daga Bahr al Jabal. Kimanin kashi 55% na ruwan da ke shiga yankin ya ɓace saboda ƙafewa. Matsayin ruwa yana canzawa har zuwa mita 1.5, ya danganta da tsananin ambaliyar ruwa ta yanayi. Yankin yana samun ƙarancin ruwan sama (yawanci tsakanin santimita 55 zuwa 65 a kowace shekara) fiye da yankunan da ke makwabtaka da shi a wannan latitude. Ɗagawa ta fuskar magana a gefen gabas da yamma na Sudd yana taimakawa wajen wannan yanayin.
An bayyana yanayin yankin ta hanyar hanyar ruwa da kuma tsarin tafkin ruwa na dausayin Sudd na dindindin, filayen ambaliyar ruwa da ke kusa, da kuma filin da ke kewaye da shi. Bahr al Jabal yana gudana zuwa arewa maso yamma kuma saboda haka yana cikin kusurwa zuwa ga yanayin ambaliyar ruwa, wanda ke gangarowa zuwa arewa, yayin da arewacin Juba kogin ke gudana a cikin wani rami da aka yanke. Gaɓar wannan ramin yana raguwa a tsayi daga kudu zuwa arewa tare da Bahr al Jabal yana kusantar Bor kuma yana ƙarewa a cikin filin ambaliyar ruwa na Sudd a arewacin Bor a gefen gabas da kuma zuwa Shambe a gefen yamma. A yankin kudu, kogin yana tafiya daga gefe zuwa gefe a cikin kwarin da ke hana ruwa shiga cikin wata hanya ko fiye, amma a arewa, dausayin ba a iyakance shi da ƙasa mai tsayi ba kuma tsarin hanyoyin koguna yana ƙara rikitarwa. Halayen kogin tare da hanyar sadarwa ta hanyoyin ruwa da tafkuna ana iya bambanta su a cikin hotunan tauraron dan adam da samfuran tsayi na dijital.
An bayyana yanayin ƙasa na yankin ta hanyar ƙasa mai nauyi ta yumbu, wadda ba ta shiga cikin ruwa sosai, tare da saman Layer na "auduga baƙi" mai nauyin kusan 500. a matsakaici mm. Ana samun ƙasa mai yashi ne kawai a zurfin kusan 30 metres (98 ft) da ƙasa, kamar yadda bayanan haƙa rijiyoyi suka ƙayyade. Wannan yana nuna ƙarancin tasirin ruwan ƙasa akan ilimin ruwa na yankin.
Yawan Jama'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Makiyayan Nuer da Dinka suna amfani da yankin Sudd da kewaye sosai. Dabbobi da noma da ake nomawa daga ruwan sama sune manyan hanyoyin tallafawa al'ummar karkara, inda ciyayi da ke cike da ruwa a lokacin bazara ke samar da filayen kiwo masu mahimmanci.
Tsire-tsire da tsarin halittu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gabaɗaya, ana iya rarraba murabba'in ciyayi na yankin zuwa rukuni biyar waɗanda suka dogara da tsayin yankin sama da matakin ambaliyar ruwa na kogi: tafkuna da koguna, rayuwar shuke-shuke masu iyo a cikin fadama, ciyayin da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye kogi (Toic), ciyayin da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye, da kuma ciyayin dazuzzuka a gefen. Al'ummar yankin sun noma yankunan ciyayi da dazuzzuka.
Yawan ciyawar da ke gefen Sudd yana canzawa tare da kakar, tare da dogayen ciyawa a lokacin damina da kuma gajeriyar ciyawar busasshiya a lokacin rani, lokacin da gobara ke faruwa akai-akai. Yankin ruwan sama galibi yana cike da ciyayi, tare da wasu manyan hanyoyin ruwa da na gefe da kuma tafkuna masu buɗaɗɗen ruwa. An bayyana yadda ciyayi ke yaɗuwa dalla-dalla a cikin Sutcliffe (1974) da Petersen (2007). Manyan nau'ikan sune:
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Page Samfuri:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ↑ Kirwan, L.P. (1957). "Rome beyond The Southern Egyptian Frontier". Geographical Journal. 123 (1): 13–19. Bibcode:1957GeogJ.123...13K. doi:10.2307/1790717. JSTOR 1790717.
- ↑ Lunt, Mark F.; Palmer, Paul I.; Feng, Liang; et al. (2019). "An increase in methane emissions from tropical Africa between 2010 and 2016 inferred from satellite data". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 19 (23): 14721–14740. Bibcode:2019ACP....1914721L. doi:10.5194/acp-19-14721-2019. S2CID 198448426.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) - ↑ "Climate change: Methane pulse detected from South Sudan wetlands". BBC News. 2019.