Brick
tubali wani nau'in kayan gini ne wanda aka yi amfani da shi don gina ganuwar, shimfidar wurare, da sauran abubuwa a cikin ginin masonry. Daidai, kalmar tubali tana nuna ɗayan da aka fi hada da yumɓu, amma yanzu ana amfani da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba don nuna rukunin gini da aka yi da wasu kayan ko wasu tubalan gini da aka warkar da su.
Ana iya haɗa bulo ta amfani da turmi, manne ko ta hanyar kulle.[1][2] Ana yawan samar da tubali a aikin tubali a yawancin azuzuwan, nau'ikan, kayan aiki, da girma waɗanda suka bambanta da yankin, kuma ana samar da su da yawa.
Block wani irin wannan kalma ne wanda ke nufin ginin rectangular wanda ya ƙunshi yumɓu ko kankare, amma yawanci ya fi tubali girma. Ana yin tubali masu sauƙi (wanda ake kira tubalan nauyi) daga yumbu da aka faɗaɗa.
Ana shimfiɗa tubali a cikin darussan da kuma alamu da yawa da aka sani da bonds, wanda aka sani da brickwork, kuma ana iya shimfiɗa su a cikin nau'ikan turmi daban-daban don riƙe tubali tare don yin tsari mai ɗorewa.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gabas ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Asiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Brick na farko sun bushe da laka, ma'ana an kafa su ne daga yumɓu mai laushi ko laka kuma sun bushe (yawanci a rana) har sai sun isa don amfani. Tsohon tubalin da aka gano, wanda aka yi da laka mai siffar kuma ya kasance kafin 7500 BC, an samo su ne a Tell Aswad, a yankin Tigris na sama da kuma kudu maso gabashin Anatolia kusa da Diyarbakir .
An yi amfani da ginin Mudbrick a Çatalhöyük, daga c. 7,400 BC.[3]
Tsakanin 5000 da 4500 BC, Mesopotamiya ta gano tubali da aka ƙone.[4] Matsakaicin girman tubali a Mesopotamiya ya bi doka ta gaba ɗaya: faɗin tubali da aka bushe ko ƙone zai zama ninki biyu na kauri, kuma tsawonsa zai zama ninka sau biyu.[5]
Mazaunan Kudancin Asiya na Mehrgarh sun kuma gina gine-ginen laka da aka bushe tsakanin 7000 da 3300 BC kuma daga baya tsoffin biranen Indus Valley na Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, da Mehrgarh. An yi amfani da yumbu, ko tubali da aka ƙone tun farkon 3000 BC a farkon biranen Indus Valley kamar Kalibangan .
A tsakiyar karni na uku BC, an sami hauhawar gine-ginen tubali a cikin biranen Indus. Misalan sun hada da Babban Bath a Mohenjo-daro, bagadan wuta na Kaalibangan, da kuma hatsi na Harappa. Akwai daidaito ga girman tubali a duk yankin Indus Valley, daidai da 1:2:4, kauri, faɗin, da tsawon rabo. Yayinda wayewar Indus ta fara raguwa a farkon karni na biyu BC, Harappans sun yi ƙaura zuwa gabas, suna yada iliminsu game da fasahar yin tubali. Wannan ya haifar da tasowa na birane kamar Pataliputra, Kausambi, da Ujjain, inda akwai babbar buƙata don tubalin da aka yi da wuta.[1]
A shekara ta 604 KZ, tubali sune kayan gini don abubuwan al'ajabi na gine-gine kamar Hanging Gardens of Babylon, inda aka sanya tubali masu ƙonewa a aikace.[4]
China
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tubali na farko da aka ƙone ya bayyana a cikin Neolithic China a kusa da 4400 BC a Chengtoushan, wani yanki mai garu na Al'adun Daxi. Wadannan tubalin an yi su ne da jan yumɓu, an ƙone su a kowane bangare zuwa sama da 600 ° C, kuma an yi amfani da su azaman bene don gidaje. A Lokacin Qujialing (3300 BC), ana amfani da tubalin da aka ƙone don shimfiɗa hanyoyi da kuma gina tushe a Chengtoushan.
A cewar Lukas Nickel, amfani da yumbu don karewa da yin ado da bene da ganuwar ya samo asali ne a wurare daban-daban na al'adu zuwa 3000-2000 BC kuma watakila ma kafin, amma waɗannan abubuwa ya kamata su cancanci zama tiles. A mafi tsawo masu ginin sun dogara da itace, laka da ƙasa, yayin da tubali da laka suka kone ba su taka rawar gani a cikin gine-gine ba. Ginin tubali da ya dace, don gina ganuwa da ɗakunan ajiya, a ƙarshe ya fito ne a ƙarni na uku BC, lokacin da aka fara amfani da tubali da aka yi da siffar yau da kullun don ɗora kaburbura na karkashin kasa. Gidan kabari na tubali ya karu da shahara yayin da aka tilasta masu ginin su daidaita saboda rashin itace ko dutse. Ginin tubali mafi tsufa a sama da ƙasa mai yiwuwa ne Songyue Pagoda, wanda aka rubuta a 523 AD.
A ƙarshen ƙarni na uku KZ a China, ana samun rami da ƙananan tubali don amfani a bangon gini da rufin. An fara samar da tubalin da aka yi amfani da su a lokacin da ake gina kabarin Sarkin sarakuna na farko na kasar Sin, Qin Shi Huangdi . An shimfiɗa bene na ramuka uku na Sojojin Terracotta tare da kimanin tubali 230,000, tare da mafi yawan auna 28x14x7 cm, biyo bayan rabo 4:2:1. Amfani da tubali a cikin ganuwar birni na kasar Sin ya fara bayyana a Daular Han ta Gabas (25 AD-220 AD). [6] Har zuwa Zamanin Tsakiya, ana gina gine-gine a Asiya ta Tsakiya da tubali da ba a dafa su ba. Ya fara ne kawai a karni na tara AZ lokacin da aka gina gine-gine gaba ɗaya ta amfani da tubali.
Littafin masassaƙin Yingzao Fashi, wanda aka buga a cikin 1103 a lokacin Daular Song ya bayyana tsarin yin tubali da dabarun gilashi da ake amfani da su a lokacin. Yin amfani da rubutun encyclopedic na ƙarni na 17 Tiangong Kaiwu, masanin tarihi Timothy Brook ya tsara tsarin samar da tubali na Daular Ming ta kasar Sin:
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Interlocking bricks & Compressed stablized earth bricks - CSEB". Buildup Nepal.
- ↑ "Bricks that interlock". Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
- ↑ "Interlocking bricks & Compressed stablized earth bricks - CSEB". Buildup Nepal.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Empty citation (help)
- ↑ "Interlocking bricks & Compressed stablized earth bricks - CSEB". Buildup Nepal.
- ↑ "Interlocking bricks & Compressed stablized earth bricks - CSEB". Buildup Nepal.