In recent years, the growth of internet-based technologies increased at a rapid pace. The develop... more In recent years, the growth of internet-based technologies increased at a rapid pace. The development of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) influenced the enormous increase in the use of data and internet services. IoT devices use different algorithms for facilitating connectivity between devices and control them. However, ensuring smooth connectivity using protocols across a shared medium of network resources is challenging. IoT ecosystems utilize several routing algorithms to deliver the best path/ route for network traffic to control cyber physical systems. These routing algorithms allow IoT networks to use network routes, thereby increasing network traffic mobility effectively. So, a comprehensive survey is needed, which paves the path for researchers. Specifically, this survey investigates and compares the routing solutions in the IoT environment from different perspectives than current surveys such as safety, flow control of data and other essential parameters in IoT physical and nonphysical systems.
Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, Apr 20, 2022
Stress is the response or a change in our bodies to environmental factors like challenges or dema... more Stress is the response or a change in our bodies to environmental factors like challenges or demands that are physical and emotional. e main cause of stress is illnesses and it is gaining more interest, a hot topic for many researchers. Stress can be brought about by a wide range of normal life occasions that are hard to avoid. Stress generally refers to two things: rst, the psychological perception of pressure and the body's response to it. On the other hand, it involves multiple systems, from metabolism to muscles to memory. Many methods and tools are being developed to reduce stress in humans. Stress can be a short-term issue or a long-term problem, depending on what changes in your life. e emphasis of this article is to reduce the e ects of stress by developing a stress-releasing game and verifying its results through the Pro le of Mood States (POMS) and POMS-2 survey. Games are associated with stress levels; hence, parameters like sounds, visuals, and colors associated with reducing stress are used to develop a game for the stress reduction in the players. e survey research aims to determine that the purpose-built game will a ect the player's stress level using a reliable psychological survey paper. e survey collected a variety of information from its participants over six months. Di erent aspects of a person's psychology and reactions are recorded in this scenario by calculating the mean, standard deviation, degree of freedom, zero-error, and probability-value%. e POMS and POMS-2 results are obtained from the custom-built game, and these are found to be e ective in reducing stress.
The original version of the chapter "Improve Heteroscedastic Discriminant Analysis by Using CBP A... more The original version of the chapter "Improve Heteroscedastic Discriminant Analysis by Using CBP Algorithm", starting on p. 130 has been revised. The affiliations were incorrect and mismatched.
Linear discriminant analysis is considered as current techniques in feature extraction so, LDA, b... more Linear discriminant analysis is considered as current techniques in feature extraction so, LDA, by discriminant information which obtains in mapping space, does the classification act. When the classes' distribution is not normal, LDA, to perform classification, will face problem and will resulted the poor performance of criteria in performing the classification act. One of the proposed ways is the use of other measures, such as Chernoff's distance so, by using Chernoff's measure LDA has been spreading to its heterogeneous states and LDA in this state, in addition to use information among the medians, uses the information of the classes' Covariance matrices. By defining scattering matrix , based on Boundary and non-Boundary samples and using these matrices in Chernoff's criteria, the decrease of the classes' overlapping in the mapping space in as result, the rate of classification correctness increases. Using Boundary and non-Boundary samples in scattering matrices causes improvement over the result. In this article, we use a new discovering multi-stage Algorithm to choose Boundary and non-Boundary samples so, the results of the conducted experiments shows promising performance of the proposing method.
Accounting for people is the first step for every manpower-based organization in today's world. H... more Accounting for people is the first step for every manpower-based organization in today's world. Hence, it takes a significant amount of energy and value in the form of money from respective organizations for both implementing a suitable system for manpower management as well as maintaining that same system. Although this amount of expenditure for big organizations is near to nothing and rather just a formality, it does not hold as much truth for small organizations, such as schools, colleges, and even universities, to a certain degree. This is the first point. The second point for discussion is that much work has been done to solve this issue. Various technologies, like biometrics, RFID, Bluetooth, GPS, and QR Code, have been used to tackle the issues of attendance collection. This study paves the path for researchers by reviewing practical methods and technologies used for existing attendance systems.
Today, Internet of things (IoT), Cloud and Fog networks have spread out around the world. The mor... more Today, Internet of things (IoT), Cloud and Fog networks have spread out around the world. The more these networks grow, the more their energy consumption comes to attention. Many efforts have been made during recent years to decrease this energy consumption, mainly focused on utilizing low‐power devices. Green algorithms are recently proposed to reduce energy consumption by modifying the structure of many algorithms employed in the network and its protocols. This paper proposes a new green reliability algorithm for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP protocol) in Fog computing. The proposed algorithm does not require extensive TCP/IP protocol changes or relevant hardware. It is based on transferring less number of packets in the network by using the advantage of differences between TCP and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). TCP and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) are different in nature as the number of total packets in UDP is half that of TCP. As a result, the number of complete packets in UDP is half that of TCP. The proposed method is built around the loss of some packets in applications, such as voice and online video, does not severely degrade the end results. Therefore, the UDP protocol can substitute TCP in such situations. The criterion to switch between the two is the minimum acceptable Quality of Service (QoS) of the overall network. In other words, the UDP protocol will be used as long as QoS requirements are met. The switching process between UDP and TCP is dynamic, optimized by estimating network noise in the period. Additionally, we evaluated the proposed method based on several QoS functions, including delay, throughput, and energy usage.
Arising from solar storms, the emerging disturbances imposed on Earth’s magnetic field, can drive... more Arising from solar storms, the emerging disturbances imposed on Earth’s magnetic field, can drive the flow of quasi-DC geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) in power transmission systems. The ground connections of power transformers provide a closed path through which GICs flow and push their cores into half-cycle saturation. In addition, series capacitor units are often utilized to compensate HV transmission systems. The half-cycle saturation of power transformers due to GICs, on the one hand, and the proximity of such saturated transformers to capacitor compensation units on the other can lead to the inception of ferroresonance in series compensated power systems. To prevent catastrophic equipment failures due to ferroresonance during GICs, it is crucial to determine ferroresonance solutions of networks. This paper’s principal contribution is to develop an approach to analyze ferroresonance in series capacitor compensated networks during GICs. This is attained by employing a simplified equivalent single-phase model on which to mount the analysis. The authenticity of this method is verified through an EMTP-RV simulation of a benchmark example power system.
Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Mar 25, 2021
To improve the interpretability or perception of information in images for human viewers is the m... more To improve the interpretability or perception of information in images for human viewers is the main goal of image enhancement. Aiming at the problem that image edges are difficult to determine due to artefacts, plaques, and vascular branches in cardiovascular ultrasound, an edge ultrasound imaging detection algorithm based on spatial-frequency-domain image enhancement is proposed to improve the clarity of ultrasound images. Firstly, this paper uses the space-frequency-domain enhancement algorithm to enhance the image. is algorithm overcomes the problem of low contrast of conventional algorithms. e enhanced data matrix is used as the cost matrix, and then, the heuristic image search method is used to search the image of the cost matrix. e results show that the use of spatial-frequency-domain image ultrasound imaging algorithm can improve the contrast and sharpness of ultrasound images of cardiovascular disease, which can make the middle edge of the image clearer, the detection accuracy rate is increased to 92.76%, and the ultrasound of cardiovascular disease is improved. e edge of the image gets accuracy. e paper confirms that the ultrasound imaging algorithm based on spatial-frequency-domain image enhancement is worthy of application in clinical ultrasound image processing. e performance of the proposed technique is 32.54%, 75.30%, 21.19%, 21.26%, and 11.10% better than the existing technique in terms of edge energy, detail energy, sharpness, contrast, and information entropy, respectively.
Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, Nov 14, 2022
Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) are popular subsets of robots that come in various shapes and si... more Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) are popular subsets of robots that come in various shapes and sizes. Te group's use in the industry ranges from applications for carrying pallets, carts, and utensils to helping the elderly or transporting medicine to hospitals. Even recently, they have been used in libraries to carry books on shelves. Te main part of an AGV includes its body, motor, driver, processor, and sensors, which are more or less the same in all types of AGVs, and addons vary depending on the application and the work environment. Te part that afects AGV performance is the control strategy, to which researchers have shown diferent approaches. Using various techniques and simulations to obtain a model is the key and can help to improve and evaluate the performance of the strategy of the robot. In this study, based on the actual design of the AGV system, all data and components are described, and the simulation is performed in MATLAB software. Ten, for controlling the platform based on the PID controller tuning, four methods of Ziegler Nichols, empirical, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Beetle Antennae Searching (BAS) (optimizer) are discussed, and the results are compared in the four paths including the circle, ellipse, Spiral and 8-shaped paths by observing and testing the tuned PID parameters. Finally, a series of subsequent experiences were carried out in CoppeliaSim (VREP) as a famous robot simulator to overcome the environmental constraints for the same paths that were used in Matlab based on the extracted PID values. Based on the results, the empirical methods, PSO, and BAS errors are very close together. But in general, the BAS algorithm is the fastest, and the PSO had better performance. In general, the maximum error is linked to the path of 8 shapes and the minimum is related to circle shape one. Finally, the analysis of results in diferent paths in both simulators shows the same results. Terefore, concerning the limited test on the real platform and using the PID coefcients obtained from the simulation shows the model's ability for the researchers in robotic research.
The rapid evolution in computing has enabled the growth of low cost wireless sensor networks (WSN... more The rapid evolution in computing has enabled the growth of low cost wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In the past few years, much research efforts has been put into view to implement the physical world with a large number of networked sensor nodes that are collaborating despite the fact of self-configuring. Wireless sensor networks produce a huge quantity of data that needs to be processed, delivered, and measured according to the application objectives. Data storage has become an important issue in sensor networks as a large amount of collected data need to be archived for future information retrieval. This paper review Semantic Sensor data Storages to find best of them and use it to control our physical world better.
Patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) are faced with various physical and psychological st... more Patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) are faced with various physical and psychological stressful factors, which leads to decreased quality of life. Considering the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation (CER) and existential anxiety with early maladaptive schemas, one of the methods capable of assisting the rehabilitation of the patients with CHF is the schema therapy. The current study aimed at determining the effectiveness of schema therapy integrated with rehabilitation on CER and existential anxiety in patients with CHF. The study was a true experimental with pretest/posttest design and a control group. The study sample was consisted of 25 patients with CHF in Guilan Province, Iran, 2017, selected by the convenience sampling method and assigned into two groups (one experimental and one control). To collect the data, cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ) and existential anxiety inventory (EAI) were used before and after the intervention. A ten-session young schema therapy was implemented for the experimental group. Two-way ANOVA was used for data analysis and Cohen's d test measured effect extent. The results of analysis showed that the group schema therapy integrated with rehabilitation improved CER and existential anxiety in patients with CHF (p < 0.001). According to the findings of the research, schema therapy can improve the cognitive and emotional symptoms in patients with CHF.
Data quality plays a crucial role in the context of smart buildings. Meanwhile, missing data is r... more Data quality plays a crucial role in the context of smart buildings. Meanwhile, missing data is relatively common in acquired datasets from sensors within the smart buildings. Poor data could result in a big bias in forecasting, control and operational services. Despite the common techniques to handle missing data, it is essential to systematically select the most appropriate approach for such missing values. This paper aims to focus on the lift systems as one of the essential parts in the smart buildings by exploring the most appropriate data imputation methods to handle missing data and to provide its service and allow a better understanding of patterns to issue the correct control actions based on forecasted models. The imputed data is not only investigated statistically but also modelled through machine learning algorithm to explore the impact of selecting inappropriate imputation techniques. Seven imputation techniques deployed on datasets with three level of missing values including 10%, 20% and 30% and the performance of methods examined through the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) approach. In addition, the interaction between imputation techniques and a machine learning algorithm, namely random forest were examined. Findings from this paper can be employed in identifying an appropriate imputation technique not only within the lift datasets, but smart building context.
In recent years, the growth of internet-based technologies increased at a rapid pace. The develop... more In recent years, the growth of internet-based technologies increased at a rapid pace. The development of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) influenced the enormous increase in the use of data and internet services. IoT devices use different algorithms for facilitating connectivity between devices and control them. However, ensuring smooth connectivity using protocols across a shared medium of network resources is challenging. IoT ecosystems utilize several routing algorithms to deliver the best path/ route for network traffic to control cyber physical systems. These routing algorithms allow IoT networks to use network routes, thereby increasing network traffic mobility effectively. So, a comprehensive survey is needed, which paves the path for researchers. Specifically, this survey investigates and compares the routing solutions in the IoT environment from different perspectives than current surveys such as safety, flow control of data and other essential parameters in IoT physical and nonphysical systems.
Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, Apr 20, 2022
Stress is the response or a change in our bodies to environmental factors like challenges or dema... more Stress is the response or a change in our bodies to environmental factors like challenges or demands that are physical and emotional. e main cause of stress is illnesses and it is gaining more interest, a hot topic for many researchers. Stress can be brought about by a wide range of normal life occasions that are hard to avoid. Stress generally refers to two things: rst, the psychological perception of pressure and the body's response to it. On the other hand, it involves multiple systems, from metabolism to muscles to memory. Many methods and tools are being developed to reduce stress in humans. Stress can be a short-term issue or a long-term problem, depending on what changes in your life. e emphasis of this article is to reduce the e ects of stress by developing a stress-releasing game and verifying its results through the Pro le of Mood States (POMS) and POMS-2 survey. Games are associated with stress levels; hence, parameters like sounds, visuals, and colors associated with reducing stress are used to develop a game for the stress reduction in the players. e survey research aims to determine that the purpose-built game will a ect the player's stress level using a reliable psychological survey paper. e survey collected a variety of information from its participants over six months. Di erent aspects of a person's psychology and reactions are recorded in this scenario by calculating the mean, standard deviation, degree of freedom, zero-error, and probability-value%. e POMS and POMS-2 results are obtained from the custom-built game, and these are found to be e ective in reducing stress.
The original version of the chapter "Improve Heteroscedastic Discriminant Analysis by Using CBP A... more The original version of the chapter "Improve Heteroscedastic Discriminant Analysis by Using CBP Algorithm", starting on p. 130 has been revised. The affiliations were incorrect and mismatched.
Linear discriminant analysis is considered as current techniques in feature extraction so, LDA, b... more Linear discriminant analysis is considered as current techniques in feature extraction so, LDA, by discriminant information which obtains in mapping space, does the classification act. When the classes' distribution is not normal, LDA, to perform classification, will face problem and will resulted the poor performance of criteria in performing the classification act. One of the proposed ways is the use of other measures, such as Chernoff's distance so, by using Chernoff's measure LDA has been spreading to its heterogeneous states and LDA in this state, in addition to use information among the medians, uses the information of the classes' Covariance matrices. By defining scattering matrix , based on Boundary and non-Boundary samples and using these matrices in Chernoff's criteria, the decrease of the classes' overlapping in the mapping space in as result, the rate of classification correctness increases. Using Boundary and non-Boundary samples in scattering matrices causes improvement over the result. In this article, we use a new discovering multi-stage Algorithm to choose Boundary and non-Boundary samples so, the results of the conducted experiments shows promising performance of the proposing method.
Accounting for people is the first step for every manpower-based organization in today's world. H... more Accounting for people is the first step for every manpower-based organization in today's world. Hence, it takes a significant amount of energy and value in the form of money from respective organizations for both implementing a suitable system for manpower management as well as maintaining that same system. Although this amount of expenditure for big organizations is near to nothing and rather just a formality, it does not hold as much truth for small organizations, such as schools, colleges, and even universities, to a certain degree. This is the first point. The second point for discussion is that much work has been done to solve this issue. Various technologies, like biometrics, RFID, Bluetooth, GPS, and QR Code, have been used to tackle the issues of attendance collection. This study paves the path for researchers by reviewing practical methods and technologies used for existing attendance systems.
Today, Internet of things (IoT), Cloud and Fog networks have spread out around the world. The mor... more Today, Internet of things (IoT), Cloud and Fog networks have spread out around the world. The more these networks grow, the more their energy consumption comes to attention. Many efforts have been made during recent years to decrease this energy consumption, mainly focused on utilizing low‐power devices. Green algorithms are recently proposed to reduce energy consumption by modifying the structure of many algorithms employed in the network and its protocols. This paper proposes a new green reliability algorithm for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP protocol) in Fog computing. The proposed algorithm does not require extensive TCP/IP protocol changes or relevant hardware. It is based on transferring less number of packets in the network by using the advantage of differences between TCP and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). TCP and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) are different in nature as the number of total packets in UDP is half that of TCP. As a result, the number of complete packets in UDP is half that of TCP. The proposed method is built around the loss of some packets in applications, such as voice and online video, does not severely degrade the end results. Therefore, the UDP protocol can substitute TCP in such situations. The criterion to switch between the two is the minimum acceptable Quality of Service (QoS) of the overall network. In other words, the UDP protocol will be used as long as QoS requirements are met. The switching process between UDP and TCP is dynamic, optimized by estimating network noise in the period. Additionally, we evaluated the proposed method based on several QoS functions, including delay, throughput, and energy usage.
Arising from solar storms, the emerging disturbances imposed on Earth’s magnetic field, can drive... more Arising from solar storms, the emerging disturbances imposed on Earth’s magnetic field, can drive the flow of quasi-DC geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) in power transmission systems. The ground connections of power transformers provide a closed path through which GICs flow and push their cores into half-cycle saturation. In addition, series capacitor units are often utilized to compensate HV transmission systems. The half-cycle saturation of power transformers due to GICs, on the one hand, and the proximity of such saturated transformers to capacitor compensation units on the other can lead to the inception of ferroresonance in series compensated power systems. To prevent catastrophic equipment failures due to ferroresonance during GICs, it is crucial to determine ferroresonance solutions of networks. This paper’s principal contribution is to develop an approach to analyze ferroresonance in series capacitor compensated networks during GICs. This is attained by employing a simplified equivalent single-phase model on which to mount the analysis. The authenticity of this method is verified through an EMTP-RV simulation of a benchmark example power system.
Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Mar 25, 2021
To improve the interpretability or perception of information in images for human viewers is the m... more To improve the interpretability or perception of information in images for human viewers is the main goal of image enhancement. Aiming at the problem that image edges are difficult to determine due to artefacts, plaques, and vascular branches in cardiovascular ultrasound, an edge ultrasound imaging detection algorithm based on spatial-frequency-domain image enhancement is proposed to improve the clarity of ultrasound images. Firstly, this paper uses the space-frequency-domain enhancement algorithm to enhance the image. is algorithm overcomes the problem of low contrast of conventional algorithms. e enhanced data matrix is used as the cost matrix, and then, the heuristic image search method is used to search the image of the cost matrix. e results show that the use of spatial-frequency-domain image ultrasound imaging algorithm can improve the contrast and sharpness of ultrasound images of cardiovascular disease, which can make the middle edge of the image clearer, the detection accuracy rate is increased to 92.76%, and the ultrasound of cardiovascular disease is improved. e edge of the image gets accuracy. e paper confirms that the ultrasound imaging algorithm based on spatial-frequency-domain image enhancement is worthy of application in clinical ultrasound image processing. e performance of the proposed technique is 32.54%, 75.30%, 21.19%, 21.26%, and 11.10% better than the existing technique in terms of edge energy, detail energy, sharpness, contrast, and information entropy, respectively.
Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, Nov 14, 2022
Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) are popular subsets of robots that come in various shapes and si... more Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) are popular subsets of robots that come in various shapes and sizes. Te group's use in the industry ranges from applications for carrying pallets, carts, and utensils to helping the elderly or transporting medicine to hospitals. Even recently, they have been used in libraries to carry books on shelves. Te main part of an AGV includes its body, motor, driver, processor, and sensors, which are more or less the same in all types of AGVs, and addons vary depending on the application and the work environment. Te part that afects AGV performance is the control strategy, to which researchers have shown diferent approaches. Using various techniques and simulations to obtain a model is the key and can help to improve and evaluate the performance of the strategy of the robot. In this study, based on the actual design of the AGV system, all data and components are described, and the simulation is performed in MATLAB software. Ten, for controlling the platform based on the PID controller tuning, four methods of Ziegler Nichols, empirical, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Beetle Antennae Searching (BAS) (optimizer) are discussed, and the results are compared in the four paths including the circle, ellipse, Spiral and 8-shaped paths by observing and testing the tuned PID parameters. Finally, a series of subsequent experiences were carried out in CoppeliaSim (VREP) as a famous robot simulator to overcome the environmental constraints for the same paths that were used in Matlab based on the extracted PID values. Based on the results, the empirical methods, PSO, and BAS errors are very close together. But in general, the BAS algorithm is the fastest, and the PSO had better performance. In general, the maximum error is linked to the path of 8 shapes and the minimum is related to circle shape one. Finally, the analysis of results in diferent paths in both simulators shows the same results. Terefore, concerning the limited test on the real platform and using the PID coefcients obtained from the simulation shows the model's ability for the researchers in robotic research.
The rapid evolution in computing has enabled the growth of low cost wireless sensor networks (WSN... more The rapid evolution in computing has enabled the growth of low cost wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In the past few years, much research efforts has been put into view to implement the physical world with a large number of networked sensor nodes that are collaborating despite the fact of self-configuring. Wireless sensor networks produce a huge quantity of data that needs to be processed, delivered, and measured according to the application objectives. Data storage has become an important issue in sensor networks as a large amount of collected data need to be archived for future information retrieval. This paper review Semantic Sensor data Storages to find best of them and use it to control our physical world better.
Patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) are faced with various physical and psychological st... more Patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) are faced with various physical and psychological stressful factors, which leads to decreased quality of life. Considering the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation (CER) and existential anxiety with early maladaptive schemas, one of the methods capable of assisting the rehabilitation of the patients with CHF is the schema therapy. The current study aimed at determining the effectiveness of schema therapy integrated with rehabilitation on CER and existential anxiety in patients with CHF. The study was a true experimental with pretest/posttest design and a control group. The study sample was consisted of 25 patients with CHF in Guilan Province, Iran, 2017, selected by the convenience sampling method and assigned into two groups (one experimental and one control). To collect the data, cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ) and existential anxiety inventory (EAI) were used before and after the intervention. A ten-session young schema therapy was implemented for the experimental group. Two-way ANOVA was used for data analysis and Cohen's d test measured effect extent. The results of analysis showed that the group schema therapy integrated with rehabilitation improved CER and existential anxiety in patients with CHF (p < 0.001). According to the findings of the research, schema therapy can improve the cognitive and emotional symptoms in patients with CHF.
Data quality plays a crucial role in the context of smart buildings. Meanwhile, missing data is r... more Data quality plays a crucial role in the context of smart buildings. Meanwhile, missing data is relatively common in acquired datasets from sensors within the smart buildings. Poor data could result in a big bias in forecasting, control and operational services. Despite the common techniques to handle missing data, it is essential to systematically select the most appropriate approach for such missing values. This paper aims to focus on the lift systems as one of the essential parts in the smart buildings by exploring the most appropriate data imputation methods to handle missing data and to provide its service and allow a better understanding of patterns to issue the correct control actions based on forecasted models. The imputed data is not only investigated statistically but also modelled through machine learning algorithm to explore the impact of selecting inappropriate imputation techniques. Seven imputation techniques deployed on datasets with three level of missing values including 10%, 20% and 30% and the performance of methods examined through the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) approach. In addition, the interaction between imputation techniques and a machine learning algorithm, namely random forest were examined. Findings from this paper can be employed in identifying an appropriate imputation technique not only within the lift datasets, but smart building context.
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