Urban landscape combines built-up areas with strongly altered natural (green and blue) and other ... more Urban landscape combines built-up areas with strongly altered natural (green and blue) and other open spaces. Voluminous literature examines urban socio-environmental interactions in tropical and temperate cities, whereas high-latitude cities are rarely considered. Here, we create a historical perspective on urban green (vegetation) and blue (water) spaces in a sub-Arctic city of Nadym in Russia. Our study explores a novel way to combine quantitative information from satellite imagery and biometric studies with qualitative information from interviews with stakeholders and residents. Such a joint analysis helps to understand dynamics of the urban green and blue space as well as its value for society. Furthermore, we propose objective indicators reflecting societal values of spaces in connection with recreational and ecological services. By contrast to temperate city studies, we found that green space is less used in summer, but still highly valued, deep lakes are used and valued more than warmer shallow lakes, and winter white space do not shrink but enhance the urban public space. Satellite images reveal inevitable loss of green space to urban construction and its remediation by artificial plantings (almost by 30% at present), whereas less valued blue space decreased almost threefold. Interviews reveal that shallow lakes have reduced recreational values due to ice bottom and algae bloom. High values are attributed to deep artificial lakes, which are more than ten times deeper than natural lakes and do not freeze throughout in winter. Our biometric studies show that trees in urban environment are significantly taller than in the corresponding undisturbed areas. Since majority of the Arctic cities are built using very similar planning ideas and technologies, our findings shall help objective appreciation of green and blue spaces in other settlements.
Urban landscape combines built-up areas with strongly altered natural (green and blue) and other ... more Urban landscape combines built-up areas with strongly altered natural (green and blue) and other open spaces. Voluminous literature examines urban socio-environmental interactions in tropical and temperate cities, whereas high-latitude cities are rarely considered. Here, we create a historical perspective on urban green (vegetation) and blue (water) spaces in a sub-Arctic city of Nadym in Russia. Our study explores a novel way to combine quantitative information from satellite imagery and biometric studies with qualitative information from interviews with stakeholders and residents. Such a joint analysis helps to understand dynamics of the urban green and blue space as well as its value for society. Furthermore, we propose objective indicators reflecting societal values of spaces in connection with recreational and ecological services. By contrast to temperate city studies, we found that green space is less used in summer, but still highly valued, deep lakes are used and valued more than warmer shallow lakes, and winter white space do not shrink but enhance the urban public space. Satellite images reveal inevitable loss of green space to urban construction and its remediation by artificial plantings (almost by 30% at present), whereas less valued blue space decreased almost threefold. Interviews reveal that shallow lakes have reduced recreational values due to ice bottom and algae bloom. High values are attributed to deep artificial lakes, which are more than ten times deeper than natural lakes and do not freeze throughout in winter. Our biometric studies show that trees in urban environment are significantly taller than in the corresponding undisturbed areas. Since majority of the Arctic cities are built using very similar planning ideas and technologies, our findings shall help objective appreciation of green and blue spaces in other settlements.
Boreal forest landscapes are experiencing various anthropogenic pressures from industrial activit... more Boreal forest landscapes are experiencing various anthropogenic pressures from industrial activity, transportation, urbanization, and recreation compounding already significant changes in regional climate. However, the impact of the transportation infrastructure on boreal forests is rarely considered, and information about road extent is often incomplete, especially in the case of informal roads. Using a combination of landscape observations and interviews with local residents this case study examines the role of informal roads, i.e. vehicular roadways existing outside of the current publicly governed road networks, in transforming Siberian boreal forest landscapes in the Vershina Khandy taiga, Russia. Informal roads constitute 88% of the total road length in the study area and exert significant and multifaceted effects on social-ecological systems and landscape sustainability. Native dark coniferous forests have been disturbed by cutting, logging and human-caused fires proliferated from the roads. In their immediate vicinity, the informal road networks also exacerbate the replacement of primary forests with different successional states. Landscape vulnerability was assessed using three main factors of road-related disturbance: erosion, permafrost degradation and wildfires. Valley landscapes, where roads are prevalent, found to be the most vulnerable to environmental degradation. They are more often located within the wetlands with permafrost occurrences. The impact of informal roads is not limited to environmental changes. Among consequences there are also increased mobilities of local and Indigenous communities, as well an improved access to the area by outsiders: recreational anglers and poachers. The effects on subsistence activities and mobility vary across different landscapes. Further research on natural and social components of landscape sustainability in boreal forests affected by informal road networks is needed to better understand the local, regional and global role of this phenomena.
Green spaces have recently received wide acknowledgement for urban sustainability benefits and ar... more Green spaces have recently received wide acknowledgement for urban sustainability benefits and are mentioned in the Sustainable Development Goals SDGs Target 11.7. The article aims to address the knowledge gap on indicators used for assessment of green spaces for urban sustainability in the Arctic using an example of Nadym, Russia which is illustrative of compact cities built during the Soviet time using a system of microrayons. Different indicators implemented by international organizations for assessment of green spaces are compared with indicators used in Russia. Utilizing very high-resolution WorldView-3 satellite image and open source data, the quantity and quality of green spaces are estimated with high accuracy. In addition to traditionally used indicators of share of green space per capita, share of public spaces for common use within walking distance to assess availability and accessibility of green spaces, the paper suggests importance of taking into account governance, distribution, and composition using analysis of historic legacies, municipal budget allocation for green space maintenance, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index values. Such detailed view can enrich discussions about green spaces as sources for resilience both at the local and global levels, in comparison with other cities and across countries.
Road infrastructure development is an existing, but not a frequent element of extractive industry... more Road infrastructure development is an existing, but not a frequent element of extractive industry benefit-sharing frameworks in remote northern regions. However, it is often at the center of extractive activity and inflicts major impact on environment and communities. This paper examines the benefits and impacts derived from development of informal roads, i.e., vehicular roadways beyond the current publicly-governed road networks constructed, maintained and/or used by various entities and individuals based on private, special purpose and/or informal practices and regulations. Based on several field studies, GIS analysis of road networks and examination of secondary sources, the article investigates the use of informal roads as a form of benefit-sharing and details their impact on mobilities, environment and livelihoods of local and indigenous communities in the Irkutsk Oil and Gas region, Russia. We argue that construction, maintenance and use of the industry-built roads can be a part of benefit-sharing agreements, albeit mostly semi-formal and negotiated. The gains and problems stemming from 'trickle-down' (i.e., unintended) effects of the road networks are the most significant. The community-relevant implications of informal roads go far beyond immediate impacts on surrounding environment, but deeply affect subsistence activities, mobility, food security, personal safety and even consumer preferences of the indigenous residents.
This article explores the role of higher education institutions in the development of indigenous ... more This article explores the role of higher education institutions in the development of indigenous cultures in the Arctic city of Yakutsk. Although indigenous cultures have historically been related to traditional subsistence activities and a rural lifestyle, the growing urbanization of indigenous people brings new challenges and opportunities. The article draws on statistical data, as well as qualitative data from the Institute of Languages and Cultures of the Peoples of the Northeast (ILCPN) at the North-Eastern Federal University (NEFU) and the Arctic State Institute of Culture and Arts (AGIKI): annual reports, focus groups, interviews, and participant observations. The article argues that students and graduates contribute to the creation of a new image of the city as one in which indigenous cultures can find their own niche.
Рассматриваются вопросы восприятия и трансформации транспортной доступности во взаимосвязи и взаи... more Рассматриваются вопросы восприятия и трансформации транспортной доступности во взаимосвязи и взаимо-зависимости с кочевым, сельским и городским образом жизни. Материалами для анализа послужили данные полевых исследований авторов в 2017 г., полученные в г. Якутске, и в 2009-2017 гг. в Алданском, Верхнеколымском, Нижне-колымском, Нерюнгринском, Оленёкском, Среднеколымском улусах (районах). Отмечены трансформации транспорт-ной доступности, связанные с социально-экономическими и природно-климатическими изменениями: несмотря на активное развитие транспортной инфраструктуры, сокращаются и становятся менее определенными сроки действия зимников, в критическом состоянии остается развитие инфраструктуры водных и воздушных видов транспорта. Особенности восприятия и трансформации транспортной доступности описаны на примере опыта охотников-олене-водов, жителей с. Берёзовка и г. Якутска. Отмечено, что представители кочевого населения менее уязвимы к социаль-но-экономическим изменениям, но более зависимы от природно-климатических условий. Выявлено, что в с. Берёзовка основные проблемы связаны с периодическими наводнениями, которые усугубляются ограниченной транспортной до-ступностью. Якутск имеет меньшую транспортную доступность по сравнению с другими региональными центрами, но повышенную относительно других поселений в пределах региона и в восприятии местных жителей. Сделаны выво-ды о том, что в зависимости от образа жизни и опыта взаимодействия населения с внешним миром по-разному ос-мысливаются и испытываются проблемы ограничений транспортной доступности. Таким образом, демонстрируют-ся относительность понятия транспортной доступности и необходимость дальнейших исследований ее восприятия и взаимосвязи с образом жизни населения. Ключевые слова: социально-экономические и природно-климатические изменения, удаленность, коренные мало-численные народы, транспортное сообщение, локальные сообщества. We examine the issues concerning the perception and transformation of transport accessibility in interrelatedness and in-terdependency with the different ways of life: nomadic, rural and urban. The analysis used data of field investigations obtained by these authors in 2017 in Yakutsk, and during 2009-2017 in Aldan and in the Verkhnekolymskii, Nizhnekolymskii, Neryun-grinskii, Olenekskii and Srednekolymskii uluses (districts). The study revealed transformations of transport accessibility caused by socioeconomic and climatic changes: in spite of an intense development of the transport infrastructure, the duration of the winter roads is becoming shorter and less predictable, and the conditions of the water and air transport infrastructure remain
В статье рассматривается феномен краткосрочной сдачи жителями города Байкальска собственного жил... more В статье рассматривается феномен краткосрочной сдачи жителями города Байкальска собственного жилья туристам. Хозяева проживают в данных квартирах, но покидают их на момент аренды. Материалами для анализа послужили интервью и наблюдения, проводимые в Байкальске в рамках различных проектов с 2006 по 2016 год, а также данные статистики и интернет-источники. Для более детального описания явления выбрана концепция гетеротопии, которая позволяет преодолеть дихотомию «публич- ное — приватное» и выделить следующие черты феномена аренды жилья: 1) нефор- мальный характер практики сдачи жилья в аренду; 2) возможность фиксировать в од- ном и том же месте особенности проявления и наложения приватного и публичного пространств, сопоставлять их; 3) сетевые связи между арендаторами и арендодателя- ми; 4) гетерохрония, возникающая, когда покидающий своё приватное пространство арендодатель на время меняет свои привычки и ритуалы, в то время как у арендатора это пространство ассоциируется с отдыхом и развлечением. Сдача собственного жи- лища может быть рассмотрена и как искусство решения практических задач. Данные навыки особенно актуальны в случае сообществ, переживающих переходный период.
Train rhythms are dictated by regulations as well as the collaboration of human and non-human act... more Train rhythms are dictated by regulations as well as the collaboration of human and non-human actants. When a railroad is the prime form of ground transportation and the mono-industry forming force in the cities along the railroad, the rhythms of trains have power over the everyday life of people who rely on them as passengers, workforce and traders. This is the case of the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM) in Siberia. The paper tackles the interaction of natural, technical, bureaucratic and economic rhythms and asks where power structures are located. Material and social networks of the involved actants are shaped by constraints and forces: Moscow driven bureaucracy, technological needs and natural conditions as well as the individual or collective needs and aspirations of social beings are entangled within the power structures that are intrinsic to railroad operations. This article is based on ethnographic field work in Siberia along the BAM. In it we argue that the diversity of rhythms introduced by the train company dominates other work and life rhythms that vary across gender, age, class and family status.
Целью исследования является изучить роль транспортного сообщения в удалённых со-обществах. В част... more Целью исследования является изучить роль транспортного сообщения в удалённых со-обществах. В частности, изучены значение автозимников в обеспечении транспортной доступности северных и арктических районов и социальные отношения между жителя-ми отдалённых районов и региональным центром. В качестве материалов для анализа послужили статистические данные, официальные данные Правительства Республики Саха (Якутия), интервью и анкетирование. Выявлена высокая социальная значимость зимников не только в обеспечении транспортной доступности, но и связанными с ней системой жизнеобеспечения отдалённых арктических и северных улусов, мобильнос-тью и жизненными возможностями местных жителей. Ограниченная транспортная доступность является одним из важнейших факторов, «выталкивающих» жителей отдаленных поселений в районные и региональные центры. Учёт мнения водителей транспортных средств, осуществляющих перевозки в труднодоступные районы, важен не только для удовлетворения их личных потребностей и интересов, но и в связи с тем, что нередко они являются наиболее информированными экспертами в сфере оценки природных условий на территориях их следования, а нередко и социальных проблем мес-тных сообществ. Поэтому перспективными выглядят дальнейшие исследования опы-та других арктических стран по обеспечению транспортной доступностью удалённых территорий, стратегии и практики по перемещению людей и грузов, предпринимаемо-му представителями власти и бизнеса и отдельными индивидами.
Жанна Эдуардовна Каспарьян Центр гуманитарных проблем Баренц-региона Кольского научного центра РА... more Жанна Эдуардовна Каспарьян Центр гуманитарных проблем Баренц-региона Кольского научного центра РАН More urban, less Arctic? Convergence and Divergence: The case of the Ob river region
This chapter examines the process of urbanizing the indigenous peoples of the Russian North in di... more This chapter examines the process of urbanizing the indigenous peoples of the Russian North in different types of settlements. Unlike urbanization in other countries, the Russian case features a more preserved traditional culture (mostly nomadic and shamanistic), a strong Soviet heritage in the man-made environments and educational system, and harsh climate conditions. The highly centralized spatial organization of the USSR (and, later, of the Russian Federation) has influenced the locations of indigenous activists, who are mostly based in Moscow.Here, it is crucial to see if there is any leverage for indigenous peoples to voice their own concerns and to be heard or to make changes at the regional and local levels, especially concerning large industrial projects. In order to understand this issue, we present case studies based on fieldwork and secondary sources in the Republic of Tyva, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutiya), and the Baikal region. Specifically, we will discuss migration to the cities, urbanization of rural areas and traditional use of nature, and the impact of the extractive industry in terms of transforming the traditional lifestyle into an urban one, including development of urban infrastructure, employment patterns, and communication between the village and the city.
В статье автор предлагает вниманию географов применение акторно-сетевого подхода в географических... more В статье автор предлагает вниманию географов применение акторно-сетевого подхода в географических исследованиях в труднодоступных районах. Представлены основные используемые понятия, заимствованные из акторно-сетевого подхода: актантов, социально-технологических сетей, неизменяемых мобильностей и социально-природных сетей. Обосновано их применение для культурно-географических исследований в труднодоступных районах Сибири. На основе анализа транспортных путей как посредников социальных отношений представлена более детальная их классификация и выделены основные социальные акторы труднодоступных районов. В результате автор приходит к выводу о более быстром формировании и развитии новых социальных отношений в труднодоступных районах, чем в густонаселённых городских ареалах, где они тормозятся существующей инфраструктурой. Как следствие, площади труднодоступных районов расширяются, в то время как обживаемые территории сжимаются вдоль транспортных путей. Кроме того, показана практическая значимость акторно-сетевых исследований для оценки воздействия на окружающую и социальную среду индустриальных проектов.
Куклина В.В. Традиционные типы культур природопользования в Байкальском регионе // Тематическое к... more Куклина В.В. Традиционные типы культур природопользования в Байкальском регионе // Тематическое картографирование для создания инфраструктур пространственных данных. Материалы IX научной конференции по тематической картографии (Иркутск, 9-12 ноября 2010 г.). -Иркутск: Издательство Института географии им. В.Б. Сочавы СО РАН, 2010. Т.2.с. 82-85 1
Urban landscape combines built-up areas with strongly altered natural (green and blue) and other ... more Urban landscape combines built-up areas with strongly altered natural (green and blue) and other open spaces. Voluminous literature examines urban socio-environmental interactions in tropical and temperate cities, whereas high-latitude cities are rarely considered. Here, we create a historical perspective on urban green (vegetation) and blue (water) spaces in a sub-Arctic city of Nadym in Russia. Our study explores a novel way to combine quantitative information from satellite imagery and biometric studies with qualitative information from interviews with stakeholders and residents. Such a joint analysis helps to understand dynamics of the urban green and blue space as well as its value for society. Furthermore, we propose objective indicators reflecting societal values of spaces in connection with recreational and ecological services. By contrast to temperate city studies, we found that green space is less used in summer, but still highly valued, deep lakes are used and valued more than warmer shallow lakes, and winter white space do not shrink but enhance the urban public space. Satellite images reveal inevitable loss of green space to urban construction and its remediation by artificial plantings (almost by 30% at present), whereas less valued blue space decreased almost threefold. Interviews reveal that shallow lakes have reduced recreational values due to ice bottom and algae bloom. High values are attributed to deep artificial lakes, which are more than ten times deeper than natural lakes and do not freeze throughout in winter. Our biometric studies show that trees in urban environment are significantly taller than in the corresponding undisturbed areas. Since majority of the Arctic cities are built using very similar planning ideas and technologies, our findings shall help objective appreciation of green and blue spaces in other settlements.
Urban landscape combines built-up areas with strongly altered natural (green and blue) and other ... more Urban landscape combines built-up areas with strongly altered natural (green and blue) and other open spaces. Voluminous literature examines urban socio-environmental interactions in tropical and temperate cities, whereas high-latitude cities are rarely considered. Here, we create a historical perspective on urban green (vegetation) and blue (water) spaces in a sub-Arctic city of Nadym in Russia. Our study explores a novel way to combine quantitative information from satellite imagery and biometric studies with qualitative information from interviews with stakeholders and residents. Such a joint analysis helps to understand dynamics of the urban green and blue space as well as its value for society. Furthermore, we propose objective indicators reflecting societal values of spaces in connection with recreational and ecological services. By contrast to temperate city studies, we found that green space is less used in summer, but still highly valued, deep lakes are used and valued more than warmer shallow lakes, and winter white space do not shrink but enhance the urban public space. Satellite images reveal inevitable loss of green space to urban construction and its remediation by artificial plantings (almost by 30% at present), whereas less valued blue space decreased almost threefold. Interviews reveal that shallow lakes have reduced recreational values due to ice bottom and algae bloom. High values are attributed to deep artificial lakes, which are more than ten times deeper than natural lakes and do not freeze throughout in winter. Our biometric studies show that trees in urban environment are significantly taller than in the corresponding undisturbed areas. Since majority of the Arctic cities are built using very similar planning ideas and technologies, our findings shall help objective appreciation of green and blue spaces in other settlements.
Boreal forest landscapes are experiencing various anthropogenic pressures from industrial activit... more Boreal forest landscapes are experiencing various anthropogenic pressures from industrial activity, transportation, urbanization, and recreation compounding already significant changes in regional climate. However, the impact of the transportation infrastructure on boreal forests is rarely considered, and information about road extent is often incomplete, especially in the case of informal roads. Using a combination of landscape observations and interviews with local residents this case study examines the role of informal roads, i.e. vehicular roadways existing outside of the current publicly governed road networks, in transforming Siberian boreal forest landscapes in the Vershina Khandy taiga, Russia. Informal roads constitute 88% of the total road length in the study area and exert significant and multifaceted effects on social-ecological systems and landscape sustainability. Native dark coniferous forests have been disturbed by cutting, logging and human-caused fires proliferated from the roads. In their immediate vicinity, the informal road networks also exacerbate the replacement of primary forests with different successional states. Landscape vulnerability was assessed using three main factors of road-related disturbance: erosion, permafrost degradation and wildfires. Valley landscapes, where roads are prevalent, found to be the most vulnerable to environmental degradation. They are more often located within the wetlands with permafrost occurrences. The impact of informal roads is not limited to environmental changes. Among consequences there are also increased mobilities of local and Indigenous communities, as well an improved access to the area by outsiders: recreational anglers and poachers. The effects on subsistence activities and mobility vary across different landscapes. Further research on natural and social components of landscape sustainability in boreal forests affected by informal road networks is needed to better understand the local, regional and global role of this phenomena.
Green spaces have recently received wide acknowledgement for urban sustainability benefits and ar... more Green spaces have recently received wide acknowledgement for urban sustainability benefits and are mentioned in the Sustainable Development Goals SDGs Target 11.7. The article aims to address the knowledge gap on indicators used for assessment of green spaces for urban sustainability in the Arctic using an example of Nadym, Russia which is illustrative of compact cities built during the Soviet time using a system of microrayons. Different indicators implemented by international organizations for assessment of green spaces are compared with indicators used in Russia. Utilizing very high-resolution WorldView-3 satellite image and open source data, the quantity and quality of green spaces are estimated with high accuracy. In addition to traditionally used indicators of share of green space per capita, share of public spaces for common use within walking distance to assess availability and accessibility of green spaces, the paper suggests importance of taking into account governance, distribution, and composition using analysis of historic legacies, municipal budget allocation for green space maintenance, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index values. Such detailed view can enrich discussions about green spaces as sources for resilience both at the local and global levels, in comparison with other cities and across countries.
Road infrastructure development is an existing, but not a frequent element of extractive industry... more Road infrastructure development is an existing, but not a frequent element of extractive industry benefit-sharing frameworks in remote northern regions. However, it is often at the center of extractive activity and inflicts major impact on environment and communities. This paper examines the benefits and impacts derived from development of informal roads, i.e., vehicular roadways beyond the current publicly-governed road networks constructed, maintained and/or used by various entities and individuals based on private, special purpose and/or informal practices and regulations. Based on several field studies, GIS analysis of road networks and examination of secondary sources, the article investigates the use of informal roads as a form of benefit-sharing and details their impact on mobilities, environment and livelihoods of local and indigenous communities in the Irkutsk Oil and Gas region, Russia. We argue that construction, maintenance and use of the industry-built roads can be a part of benefit-sharing agreements, albeit mostly semi-formal and negotiated. The gains and problems stemming from 'trickle-down' (i.e., unintended) effects of the road networks are the most significant. The community-relevant implications of informal roads go far beyond immediate impacts on surrounding environment, but deeply affect subsistence activities, mobility, food security, personal safety and even consumer preferences of the indigenous residents.
This article explores the role of higher education institutions in the development of indigenous ... more This article explores the role of higher education institutions in the development of indigenous cultures in the Arctic city of Yakutsk. Although indigenous cultures have historically been related to traditional subsistence activities and a rural lifestyle, the growing urbanization of indigenous people brings new challenges and opportunities. The article draws on statistical data, as well as qualitative data from the Institute of Languages and Cultures of the Peoples of the Northeast (ILCPN) at the North-Eastern Federal University (NEFU) and the Arctic State Institute of Culture and Arts (AGIKI): annual reports, focus groups, interviews, and participant observations. The article argues that students and graduates contribute to the creation of a new image of the city as one in which indigenous cultures can find their own niche.
Рассматриваются вопросы восприятия и трансформации транспортной доступности во взаимосвязи и взаи... more Рассматриваются вопросы восприятия и трансформации транспортной доступности во взаимосвязи и взаимо-зависимости с кочевым, сельским и городским образом жизни. Материалами для анализа послужили данные полевых исследований авторов в 2017 г., полученные в г. Якутске, и в 2009-2017 гг. в Алданском, Верхнеколымском, Нижне-колымском, Нерюнгринском, Оленёкском, Среднеколымском улусах (районах). Отмечены трансформации транспорт-ной доступности, связанные с социально-экономическими и природно-климатическими изменениями: несмотря на активное развитие транспортной инфраструктуры, сокращаются и становятся менее определенными сроки действия зимников, в критическом состоянии остается развитие инфраструктуры водных и воздушных видов транспорта. Особенности восприятия и трансформации транспортной доступности описаны на примере опыта охотников-олене-водов, жителей с. Берёзовка и г. Якутска. Отмечено, что представители кочевого населения менее уязвимы к социаль-но-экономическим изменениям, но более зависимы от природно-климатических условий. Выявлено, что в с. Берёзовка основные проблемы связаны с периодическими наводнениями, которые усугубляются ограниченной транспортной до-ступностью. Якутск имеет меньшую транспортную доступность по сравнению с другими региональными центрами, но повышенную относительно других поселений в пределах региона и в восприятии местных жителей. Сделаны выво-ды о том, что в зависимости от образа жизни и опыта взаимодействия населения с внешним миром по-разному ос-мысливаются и испытываются проблемы ограничений транспортной доступности. Таким образом, демонстрируют-ся относительность понятия транспортной доступности и необходимость дальнейших исследований ее восприятия и взаимосвязи с образом жизни населения. Ключевые слова: социально-экономические и природно-климатические изменения, удаленность, коренные мало-численные народы, транспортное сообщение, локальные сообщества. We examine the issues concerning the perception and transformation of transport accessibility in interrelatedness and in-terdependency with the different ways of life: nomadic, rural and urban. The analysis used data of field investigations obtained by these authors in 2017 in Yakutsk, and during 2009-2017 in Aldan and in the Verkhnekolymskii, Nizhnekolymskii, Neryun-grinskii, Olenekskii and Srednekolymskii uluses (districts). The study revealed transformations of transport accessibility caused by socioeconomic and climatic changes: in spite of an intense development of the transport infrastructure, the duration of the winter roads is becoming shorter and less predictable, and the conditions of the water and air transport infrastructure remain
В статье рассматривается феномен краткосрочной сдачи жителями города Байкальска собственного жил... more В статье рассматривается феномен краткосрочной сдачи жителями города Байкальска собственного жилья туристам. Хозяева проживают в данных квартирах, но покидают их на момент аренды. Материалами для анализа послужили интервью и наблюдения, проводимые в Байкальске в рамках различных проектов с 2006 по 2016 год, а также данные статистики и интернет-источники. Для более детального описания явления выбрана концепция гетеротопии, которая позволяет преодолеть дихотомию «публич- ное — приватное» и выделить следующие черты феномена аренды жилья: 1) нефор- мальный характер практики сдачи жилья в аренду; 2) возможность фиксировать в од- ном и том же месте особенности проявления и наложения приватного и публичного пространств, сопоставлять их; 3) сетевые связи между арендаторами и арендодателя- ми; 4) гетерохрония, возникающая, когда покидающий своё приватное пространство арендодатель на время меняет свои привычки и ритуалы, в то время как у арендатора это пространство ассоциируется с отдыхом и развлечением. Сдача собственного жи- лища может быть рассмотрена и как искусство решения практических задач. Данные навыки особенно актуальны в случае сообществ, переживающих переходный период.
Train rhythms are dictated by regulations as well as the collaboration of human and non-human act... more Train rhythms are dictated by regulations as well as the collaboration of human and non-human actants. When a railroad is the prime form of ground transportation and the mono-industry forming force in the cities along the railroad, the rhythms of trains have power over the everyday life of people who rely on them as passengers, workforce and traders. This is the case of the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM) in Siberia. The paper tackles the interaction of natural, technical, bureaucratic and economic rhythms and asks where power structures are located. Material and social networks of the involved actants are shaped by constraints and forces: Moscow driven bureaucracy, technological needs and natural conditions as well as the individual or collective needs and aspirations of social beings are entangled within the power structures that are intrinsic to railroad operations. This article is based on ethnographic field work in Siberia along the BAM. In it we argue that the diversity of rhythms introduced by the train company dominates other work and life rhythms that vary across gender, age, class and family status.
Целью исследования является изучить роль транспортного сообщения в удалённых со-обществах. В част... more Целью исследования является изучить роль транспортного сообщения в удалённых со-обществах. В частности, изучены значение автозимников в обеспечении транспортной доступности северных и арктических районов и социальные отношения между жителя-ми отдалённых районов и региональным центром. В качестве материалов для анализа послужили статистические данные, официальные данные Правительства Республики Саха (Якутия), интервью и анкетирование. Выявлена высокая социальная значимость зимников не только в обеспечении транспортной доступности, но и связанными с ней системой жизнеобеспечения отдалённых арктических и северных улусов, мобильнос-тью и жизненными возможностями местных жителей. Ограниченная транспортная доступность является одним из важнейших факторов, «выталкивающих» жителей отдаленных поселений в районные и региональные центры. Учёт мнения водителей транспортных средств, осуществляющих перевозки в труднодоступные районы, важен не только для удовлетворения их личных потребностей и интересов, но и в связи с тем, что нередко они являются наиболее информированными экспертами в сфере оценки природных условий на территориях их следования, а нередко и социальных проблем мес-тных сообществ. Поэтому перспективными выглядят дальнейшие исследования опы-та других арктических стран по обеспечению транспортной доступностью удалённых территорий, стратегии и практики по перемещению людей и грузов, предпринимаемо-му представителями власти и бизнеса и отдельными индивидами.
Жанна Эдуардовна Каспарьян Центр гуманитарных проблем Баренц-региона Кольского научного центра РА... more Жанна Эдуардовна Каспарьян Центр гуманитарных проблем Баренц-региона Кольского научного центра РАН More urban, less Arctic? Convergence and Divergence: The case of the Ob river region
This chapter examines the process of urbanizing the indigenous peoples of the Russian North in di... more This chapter examines the process of urbanizing the indigenous peoples of the Russian North in different types of settlements. Unlike urbanization in other countries, the Russian case features a more preserved traditional culture (mostly nomadic and shamanistic), a strong Soviet heritage in the man-made environments and educational system, and harsh climate conditions. The highly centralized spatial organization of the USSR (and, later, of the Russian Federation) has influenced the locations of indigenous activists, who are mostly based in Moscow.Here, it is crucial to see if there is any leverage for indigenous peoples to voice their own concerns and to be heard or to make changes at the regional and local levels, especially concerning large industrial projects. In order to understand this issue, we present case studies based on fieldwork and secondary sources in the Republic of Tyva, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutiya), and the Baikal region. Specifically, we will discuss migration to the cities, urbanization of rural areas and traditional use of nature, and the impact of the extractive industry in terms of transforming the traditional lifestyle into an urban one, including development of urban infrastructure, employment patterns, and communication between the village and the city.
В статье автор предлагает вниманию географов применение акторно-сетевого подхода в географических... more В статье автор предлагает вниманию географов применение акторно-сетевого подхода в географических исследованиях в труднодоступных районах. Представлены основные используемые понятия, заимствованные из акторно-сетевого подхода: актантов, социально-технологических сетей, неизменяемых мобильностей и социально-природных сетей. Обосновано их применение для культурно-географических исследований в труднодоступных районах Сибири. На основе анализа транспортных путей как посредников социальных отношений представлена более детальная их классификация и выделены основные социальные акторы труднодоступных районов. В результате автор приходит к выводу о более быстром формировании и развитии новых социальных отношений в труднодоступных районах, чем в густонаселённых городских ареалах, где они тормозятся существующей инфраструктурой. Как следствие, площади труднодоступных районов расширяются, в то время как обживаемые территории сжимаются вдоль транспортных путей. Кроме того, показана практическая значимость акторно-сетевых исследований для оценки воздействия на окружающую и социальную среду индустриальных проектов.
Куклина В.В. Традиционные типы культур природопользования в Байкальском регионе // Тематическое к... more Куклина В.В. Традиционные типы культур природопользования в Байкальском регионе // Тематическое картографирование для создания инфраструктур пространственных данных. Материалы IX научной конференции по тематической картографии (Иркутск, 9-12 ноября 2010 г.). -Иркутск: Издательство Института географии им. В.Б. Сочавы СО РАН, 2010. Т.2.с. 82-85 1
The aim of this chapter is to discuss how ideas of path dependence and lock-in (Grabher, 1993; Ma... more The aim of this chapter is to discuss how ideas of path dependence and lock-in (Grabher, 1993; Martin and Sunley, 2006) manifest in mono-industrial resource towns in Russia, the United States and Australia. Based on the views of inhabitants, resource companies and administration representatives, this chapter illustrates the lure of the ‘re-boom’, its constraints and downsides, as well as the attitudes of people towards new development paths. The chapter also identifies the various obstacles to alternative path development faced by mono-industrial resource towns. The four case study sites are characterised by heavy mono-industrial activities in renewable and non-renewable resources. The cases from the United States (fracking around Williston in North Dakota) and Australia (alumina production in Nhulunbuy in the Northern Territory) are characterised by a long-term neoliberal political and economic regime, while the industrial paths of the two Russian case studies (the forestry town Baikalsk and the petroleum town Ust-Kut in the Irkutsk region) go back to the Soviet Union´s command economy. Although the Russian cases were subject to neoliberal industrial politics in the early post-socialist era, a re-nationalisation of the resource industry is again visible today; namely, a system called by Saxinger (2016a) ‘re-socialist neoliberalism’.
In: Taylor, A./Carson, D.B./Ensign, P.C./Huskey, L. / Rasmusen, O.R. /Saxinger, G. (2016) Settlements at the Edge. Remote Human Settlements in Developed Nations
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Papers by Vera Kuklina
organization of the USSR (and, later, of the Russian Federation) has
influenced the locations of indigenous activists, who are mostly based in Moscow.Here, it is crucial to see if there is any leverage for indigenous peoples to voice their own concerns and to be heard or to make changes at the regional and local levels, especially concerning large industrial projects. In order to understand this issue, we present case studies based on fieldwork and secondary sources in the Republic of Tyva, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutiya), and the Baikal region. Specifically, we will discuss migration to the cities, urbanization of rural areas and traditional use of nature, and the impact of the extractive industry in terms
of transforming the traditional lifestyle into an urban one, including development of urban infrastructure, employment patterns, and communication between the village and the city.
organization of the USSR (and, later, of the Russian Federation) has
influenced the locations of indigenous activists, who are mostly based in Moscow.Here, it is crucial to see if there is any leverage for indigenous peoples to voice their own concerns and to be heard or to make changes at the regional and local levels, especially concerning large industrial projects. In order to understand this issue, we present case studies based on fieldwork and secondary sources in the Republic of Tyva, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutiya), and the Baikal region. Specifically, we will discuss migration to the cities, urbanization of rural areas and traditional use of nature, and the impact of the extractive industry in terms
of transforming the traditional lifestyle into an urban one, including development of urban infrastructure, employment patterns, and communication between the village and the city.
In: Taylor, A./Carson, D.B./Ensign, P.C./Huskey, L. / Rasmusen, O.R. /Saxinger, G. (2016) Settlements at the Edge. Remote Human Settlements in Developed Nations