Dr (Dr) Farayi Moyana (BDS, PhD)
Dr Farayi Shakespeare Moyana is:
i. Consultant Bioethicist- George Washington University, USA in collaboration with the University of Zimbabwe. National Institute of Health (NIH) United States-Zimbabwe Research Ethics Training Grant. Main role involves assisting the core faculties in various aspects of course development and delivery.
ii. Member of the Research for Ethical Data Science in Sub-Saharan Africa (REDSSA) African Consortium of Bioethicists, Centre for Medical Ethics and Law, WHO Collaborating Centre in Bioethics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa. The REDSSA Research Team is made up of a multi-national network of data scientists, bioethicists, legal experts, academics, and administrative staff. The bioethics consortium includes representation from all over sub-Saharan Africa including Cameroon, eSwatini, Ethiopia, Ghana, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. https://www.sun.ac.za/english/faculty/healthsciences/cmel/redssa/research-team/african-consortium-of-bioethicists
iii. Member of the University Research Ethics Board at Harare Institute of Technology State University (https://www.hit.ac.zw/)
iv. Director at the Zimbabwe Academy of Dental Nursing (ZADENU) (www.zadenu.org)
v. Dentist in private practice (www.moyanaorthodental.com, www.borrowdaledentalsurgery.com)
vi. Advisor at the Domboshava MedClinic Maternity Hospital (www.domboshavamedclinic.org)
vii. Dentist in Private Practice (www.moyanaorthodental.com; www.borrowdaledentalsurgery.com
viii. External Reviewer at the Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe (MRCZ)
(https://www.mrcz.org.zw/)
ix. Visiting Lecturer at the School of Dental Therapy and Technology, Ministry of Health and Childcare, Zimbabwe.
x. Adjunct Lecturer: Harare Institute of Technology (HIT), School of Allied Health Sciences, Presumptive Dental Sciences Department, Zimbabwe. (https://www.hit.ac.zw/)
Phone: +263772848051
Address: 60 Baines Avenue Medical Chambers First Floor HARARE
i. Consultant Bioethicist- George Washington University, USA in collaboration with the University of Zimbabwe. National Institute of Health (NIH) United States-Zimbabwe Research Ethics Training Grant. Main role involves assisting the core faculties in various aspects of course development and delivery.
ii. Member of the Research for Ethical Data Science in Sub-Saharan Africa (REDSSA) African Consortium of Bioethicists, Centre for Medical Ethics and Law, WHO Collaborating Centre in Bioethics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa. The REDSSA Research Team is made up of a multi-national network of data scientists, bioethicists, legal experts, academics, and administrative staff. The bioethics consortium includes representation from all over sub-Saharan Africa including Cameroon, eSwatini, Ethiopia, Ghana, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. https://www.sun.ac.za/english/faculty/healthsciences/cmel/redssa/research-team/african-consortium-of-bioethicists
iii. Member of the University Research Ethics Board at Harare Institute of Technology State University (https://www.hit.ac.zw/)
iv. Director at the Zimbabwe Academy of Dental Nursing (ZADENU) (www.zadenu.org)
v. Dentist in private practice (www.moyanaorthodental.com, www.borrowdaledentalsurgery.com)
vi. Advisor at the Domboshava MedClinic Maternity Hospital (www.domboshavamedclinic.org)
vii. Dentist in Private Practice (www.moyanaorthodental.com; www.borrowdaledentalsurgery.com
viii. External Reviewer at the Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe (MRCZ)
(https://www.mrcz.org.zw/)
ix. Visiting Lecturer at the School of Dental Therapy and Technology, Ministry of Health and Childcare, Zimbabwe.
x. Adjunct Lecturer: Harare Institute of Technology (HIT), School of Allied Health Sciences, Presumptive Dental Sciences Department, Zimbabwe. (https://www.hit.ac.zw/)
Phone: +263772848051
Address: 60 Baines Avenue Medical Chambers First Floor HARARE
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Papers by Dr (Dr) Farayi Moyana (BDS, PhD)
(Abstract: 290 words)
Keywords
Data science, informed consent, multilingualism, harmonisation, iconography
This thesis traces the development of healthcare policies in Zimbabwe starting from the pre-independence period to the post-independence period (2020). It critically analyses the egalitarian, utilitarian, and ubuntu moral theories bringing out their potential application to the design of a new model that has the potential to address challenges of access to healthcare in Zimbabwe. Selected influential healthcare models and systems such as the Beveridge, Bismarck, National Health Insurance, Single-payer systems, Multi-payer systems, and the Out-of-Pocket Spending systems are also critiqued, based on their social, legal, and ethical relevance to the aims and objectives of this thesis.
The thesis presents a suggested new ethically justified healthcare model for Zimbabwe, called the Citizen Centred Healthcare Model (CCHM). It is premised on six fundamental building pillars or blocks which guarantee human rights and citizen-oriented service provision: Prioritized Healthcare Financing, Equitable Rationing of Healthcare Services, Social Solidarity and Human Rights Culture Promotion, Effective Monitoring and Evaluation, Inclusive Healthcare and Stable Political and Macroeconomic Environment.
A descriptive and case study design was used. Forty-four (44) employees and 20 managerial staff and other experts in human resources were used as a sample. Stratified, judgmental, convenience and quota sampling methods were used in the study. The research instruments used for data collection were: questionnaire for employees, questionnaire for managerial staff and in depth interview guide for management and experts in human resource management.
The study was limited by inadequate time, which resulted in the study being confined to Harare, although many of the medical aid societies have branches all over the country. The sample size was limited due to time factor and inadequacy of resources, inadequate resources such as funds for photocopying documents, follow-up phone calls and transportation. Confidentiality of facts and information in the medical aid societies limited the willingness of employees to give all relevant data and information in the questionnaire. Generalization of research results could be limited to medical aid societies since the study was more of a case analysis.
It was found out that medical aid societies should reward above average performance appropriately. The study suggested considering paying portions of high performing workers in foreign currency. It was established that there is need for a fair salary grading to be based on job evaluation. Views of the researcher were that medical aid societies should ensure compensation and benefits are comparable to those of the market and competitors in the region. And also that salaries and benefits must be linked to inflation.
The following are strongly recommended: Compensation can also augmented through other forms other than monetary means alone e.g. extra time off, flexible hours, overtime, subsidized meals, assistance with children’s school fees, housing loans Medical aid societies must explore other ways of augmenting staff incomes, including possibilities of cross border procurement of basic commodities for onward sale to staff at subsidized prices. For those staff members who stay within cycling distance, bicycles are a less expensive and more sustainable mode of alleviating transport blues. Medical aid societies are strongly encouraged to improve their leadership strategies so as to improve employee loyalty. The following strategies are recommended: quality circles, team briefings and suggestion schemes.
A further study is also recommended on the following topic: “Introducing a sustainable compensation plan in the Health Sector: The Case of Harare Hospitals”.
RESULTS: A response rate of 39% was obtained. The respondents exhibited a fair level of basic knowledge about HIV/AIDS but still below expectations. About 10% of dentists don’t know that infection control measures that protect against Hepatitis B would provide adequate protection against the transmission of HIV; 27% could not understand that an increase in viral load and a decrease in CD4 are not good indicators of the effectiveness of ARV treatment. Almost 30% of the dentists did not know that HIV infection couldn’t be transmitted through saliva. More than 91% of the dentists reported that they had treated some HIV+ patients and 86.5% of the dentists detected oral signs and symptoms in patients who were unaware of their HIV status. Only 20-25% of the sample was willing to support pre-operative testing for every dental patient. However, when asked if they would support mandatory HIV testing for health care workers, close to 45% declined to support that position. Sixty seven percent of respondents had undergone HIV testing for voluntary reasons, insurance requirements, and blood donation.
CONCLUSION: Basic knowledge of the respondents on HIV/AIDS, though low in some areas, was comparable to dentists elsewhere. Though respondents reported to having previously received continuing education on HIV/AIDS, the impact of this education was not reflected in their knowledge, attitude and management practices. Additional courses need to include topics such as HIV/AIDS and immunology, pharmacology, current research, clinical diagnosis and staging based on oral signs and symptoms, post exposure procedures, referral systems, psychosocial support to People Living with AIDS, and managing opportunistic infections.
Thesis Chapters by Dr (Dr) Farayi Moyana (BDS, PhD)
This thesis traces the development of healthcare policies in Zimbabwe starting from the pre-independence period to the post-independence period (2020). It critically analyses the egalitarian, utilitarian, and ubuntu moral theories bringing out their potential application to the design of a new model that has the potential to address challenges of access to healthcare in Zimbabwe. Selected influential healthcare models and systems such as the Beveridge, Bismarck, National Health Insurance, Single-payer systems, Multi-payer systems, and the Out-of-Pocket Spending systems are also critiqued, based on their social, legal, and ethical relevance to the aims and objectives of this thesis.
The thesis presents a suggested new ethically justified healthcare model for Zimbabwe, called the Citizen Centred Healthcare Model (CCHM). It is premised on six fundamental building pillars or blocks which guarantee human rights and citizen-oriented service provision: Prioritized Healthcare Financing, Equitable Rationing of Healthcare Services, Social Solidarity and Human Rights Culture Promotion, Effective Monitoring and Evaluation, Inclusive Healthcare and Stable Political and Macroeconomic Environment.
A critical analysis of the ethical principles, their impact on the Zimbabwe health care system, using largely the principlist approach as enunciated by Beauchamp and Childress (2013), is conducted. Other moral theories such as the social contract theory is also discussed in some detail because of its important application to issues related to health care. A whole chapter is dedicated to the principle of distributive justice and its relevance and implications for the health care systems in general, but also with particular relevance to the situation in Zimbabwe. Lack of or inadequate insurance is the biggest economic hurdle in accessing health care in many low income countries. There are two main arguments, which appear to support some sort of moral right to a health care funded by the government – “the collective social protection” and the “fair opportunity arguments” (Beauchamp & Childress, 2013). Both of these arguments are discussed in detail. Right to health and right health care are two concepts which confuse a lot of readers because they are close but refer to different dimensions of the concept of health. They are discussed with a particular emphasis on the ethical issues involving allocation of health resources, rationing and setting of priorities. This thesis winds up by looking at the possible solutions to the health crisis in Zimbabwe. The much-flaunted National Health Insurance, amongst other possible remedies, is analyzed. A list of recommendations is outlined, in the last chapter.
OPSOMMING
Gesondheidsorgdienste in post-onafhanklike Zimbabwe het turbulensie ondergaan met periodes van oënskynlik beduidende verbeteringe en ander tydperke van definitiewe afname. Hierdie tesis ontleed gesondheidsorgstelsels in die algemee, met spesiale verwysing na die gesondheidsorgstelsel van Zimbabwiese. Etiese kwessies en uitdagings in gesondheidsorg kan baie vorme van debatte aanneem, byvoordeeld besprekings oor die regverdigheid of die gebrek daaraan in die hervormingsproses vir gesondheidsorg, die etiek van interprofessionele verhoudings, die etiese probleme met doktor-pasiëntverhoudinge, die staat van voorspraak in gesondheidsake, pasiënt-regte, etiese perspektiewe wat diskoerse op gesondheidstelsels beïnvloed, die etiek van gesondheidsorgbefondsing en debatte oor toegang tot gesondheidsorg. Hierdie tesis bespreek die kompleksiteit van die uitdagings, behoeftes en hervormingsvereistes van die Zimbabwiese situasie. ‘n Kritiese analise van die etiese beginsels en die impak daarvan op die Zimbabwiese gesondheidsorgstelsel, word hoofsaaklik gebruik deur die beginsel-benadering van Beauchamp en Childress (2013). Ander morele teorieë soos die sosiale kontrakteorie word ook bespreek as gevolg van die belangrike toepassing daarvan op probleme wat verband hou met gesondheidsorg. 'n Hele hoofstuk word gewy aan die beginsel van distributiewe geregtigheid en die relevansie en implikasies daarvan vir die gesondheidsorgstelsels in die algemeen, maar ook met betrekking tot die situasie in Zimbabwe. Gebrek aan of onvoldoende versekering is die grootste ekonomiese struikelblok in die verkryging van gesondheidsorg in baie lae-inkomste lande. Daar is twee hoofargumente wat blykbaar 'n morele reg op 'n gesondheidsorg wat deur die regering befonds word - "die kollektiewe sosiale beskerming" en die "billike geleentheidargumente" (Beauchamp & Childress, 2013) - ondersteun. Albei hierdie argumente word breedvoerig bespreek. Reg op gesondheid en regte gesondheidsorg is twee konsepte wat baie lesers verwar omdat hulle betekenisse verwant is, maar hulle tog onderskeidelik verwys na verskillende dimensies van die konsep van gesondheid. Hulle word bespreek met spesifieke klem op die etiese kwessies wat die toekenning van gesondheidsbronne, rantsoenering en die opstel van prioriteite insluit. Hierdie tesis druk ook deur na moontlike oplossings vir die gesondheidskrisis in Zimbabwe. Die veelbelowende Nasionale Gesondheidsversekering, word onder andere ontleed. 'n Lys aanbevelings word in die laaste hoofstuk uiteengesit.
This study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the dental therapist training programme between 1983 and 1996.Data was collected by means of two mailed questionnaires, one to the dental therapists and another to dentists, who are working in similar locations as dental therapists: Defense Forces, Municipalities, Private Dental Practice, Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, Mission Hospitals, etc. Two convenient samples of dentists and dental therapists were chosen. The sizes were twenty and forty respectively. The response rate was 67.5% and 75% respectively.
Analysis of data revealed that, save for a few tasks and duties e.g. first aid management of simple jaw fractures, study models for orthodontics cases, pulpotomy, community dentistry skills, dentists and dental therapists collaborated each other’s opinion about the performance of dental therapists in the field. In other words the dental therapist training programme in Zimbabwe produced graduands of “unquestionable” quality between 1983 and 1996.
From the findings it is recommended that future evaluative studies follow-up on the “grey” areas where conclusions were difficult without further investigations. Also new dentists need orientation about the composition of the dental team in Zimbabwe, and that without the improvement of working conditions for dental therapists in the field and at the training school, the morale will remain low for a long time.
Conference Presentations by Dr (Dr) Farayi Moyana (BDS, PhD)
Drafts by Dr (Dr) Farayi Moyana (BDS, PhD)
Keywords: Dental amalgam use, Informed consent, current guidelines, amalgam safety
(Abstract: 290 words)
Keywords
Data science, informed consent, multilingualism, harmonisation, iconography
This thesis traces the development of healthcare policies in Zimbabwe starting from the pre-independence period to the post-independence period (2020). It critically analyses the egalitarian, utilitarian, and ubuntu moral theories bringing out their potential application to the design of a new model that has the potential to address challenges of access to healthcare in Zimbabwe. Selected influential healthcare models and systems such as the Beveridge, Bismarck, National Health Insurance, Single-payer systems, Multi-payer systems, and the Out-of-Pocket Spending systems are also critiqued, based on their social, legal, and ethical relevance to the aims and objectives of this thesis.
The thesis presents a suggested new ethically justified healthcare model for Zimbabwe, called the Citizen Centred Healthcare Model (CCHM). It is premised on six fundamental building pillars or blocks which guarantee human rights and citizen-oriented service provision: Prioritized Healthcare Financing, Equitable Rationing of Healthcare Services, Social Solidarity and Human Rights Culture Promotion, Effective Monitoring and Evaluation, Inclusive Healthcare and Stable Political and Macroeconomic Environment.
A descriptive and case study design was used. Forty-four (44) employees and 20 managerial staff and other experts in human resources were used as a sample. Stratified, judgmental, convenience and quota sampling methods were used in the study. The research instruments used for data collection were: questionnaire for employees, questionnaire for managerial staff and in depth interview guide for management and experts in human resource management.
The study was limited by inadequate time, which resulted in the study being confined to Harare, although many of the medical aid societies have branches all over the country. The sample size was limited due to time factor and inadequacy of resources, inadequate resources such as funds for photocopying documents, follow-up phone calls and transportation. Confidentiality of facts and information in the medical aid societies limited the willingness of employees to give all relevant data and information in the questionnaire. Generalization of research results could be limited to medical aid societies since the study was more of a case analysis.
It was found out that medical aid societies should reward above average performance appropriately. The study suggested considering paying portions of high performing workers in foreign currency. It was established that there is need for a fair salary grading to be based on job evaluation. Views of the researcher were that medical aid societies should ensure compensation and benefits are comparable to those of the market and competitors in the region. And also that salaries and benefits must be linked to inflation.
The following are strongly recommended: Compensation can also augmented through other forms other than monetary means alone e.g. extra time off, flexible hours, overtime, subsidized meals, assistance with children’s school fees, housing loans Medical aid societies must explore other ways of augmenting staff incomes, including possibilities of cross border procurement of basic commodities for onward sale to staff at subsidized prices. For those staff members who stay within cycling distance, bicycles are a less expensive and more sustainable mode of alleviating transport blues. Medical aid societies are strongly encouraged to improve their leadership strategies so as to improve employee loyalty. The following strategies are recommended: quality circles, team briefings and suggestion schemes.
A further study is also recommended on the following topic: “Introducing a sustainable compensation plan in the Health Sector: The Case of Harare Hospitals”.
RESULTS: A response rate of 39% was obtained. The respondents exhibited a fair level of basic knowledge about HIV/AIDS but still below expectations. About 10% of dentists don’t know that infection control measures that protect against Hepatitis B would provide adequate protection against the transmission of HIV; 27% could not understand that an increase in viral load and a decrease in CD4 are not good indicators of the effectiveness of ARV treatment. Almost 30% of the dentists did not know that HIV infection couldn’t be transmitted through saliva. More than 91% of the dentists reported that they had treated some HIV+ patients and 86.5% of the dentists detected oral signs and symptoms in patients who were unaware of their HIV status. Only 20-25% of the sample was willing to support pre-operative testing for every dental patient. However, when asked if they would support mandatory HIV testing for health care workers, close to 45% declined to support that position. Sixty seven percent of respondents had undergone HIV testing for voluntary reasons, insurance requirements, and blood donation.
CONCLUSION: Basic knowledge of the respondents on HIV/AIDS, though low in some areas, was comparable to dentists elsewhere. Though respondents reported to having previously received continuing education on HIV/AIDS, the impact of this education was not reflected in their knowledge, attitude and management practices. Additional courses need to include topics such as HIV/AIDS and immunology, pharmacology, current research, clinical diagnosis and staging based on oral signs and symptoms, post exposure procedures, referral systems, psychosocial support to People Living with AIDS, and managing opportunistic infections.
This thesis traces the development of healthcare policies in Zimbabwe starting from the pre-independence period to the post-independence period (2020). It critically analyses the egalitarian, utilitarian, and ubuntu moral theories bringing out their potential application to the design of a new model that has the potential to address challenges of access to healthcare in Zimbabwe. Selected influential healthcare models and systems such as the Beveridge, Bismarck, National Health Insurance, Single-payer systems, Multi-payer systems, and the Out-of-Pocket Spending systems are also critiqued, based on their social, legal, and ethical relevance to the aims and objectives of this thesis.
The thesis presents a suggested new ethically justified healthcare model for Zimbabwe, called the Citizen Centred Healthcare Model (CCHM). It is premised on six fundamental building pillars or blocks which guarantee human rights and citizen-oriented service provision: Prioritized Healthcare Financing, Equitable Rationing of Healthcare Services, Social Solidarity and Human Rights Culture Promotion, Effective Monitoring and Evaluation, Inclusive Healthcare and Stable Political and Macroeconomic Environment.
A critical analysis of the ethical principles, their impact on the Zimbabwe health care system, using largely the principlist approach as enunciated by Beauchamp and Childress (2013), is conducted. Other moral theories such as the social contract theory is also discussed in some detail because of its important application to issues related to health care. A whole chapter is dedicated to the principle of distributive justice and its relevance and implications for the health care systems in general, but also with particular relevance to the situation in Zimbabwe. Lack of or inadequate insurance is the biggest economic hurdle in accessing health care in many low income countries. There are two main arguments, which appear to support some sort of moral right to a health care funded by the government – “the collective social protection” and the “fair opportunity arguments” (Beauchamp & Childress, 2013). Both of these arguments are discussed in detail. Right to health and right health care are two concepts which confuse a lot of readers because they are close but refer to different dimensions of the concept of health. They are discussed with a particular emphasis on the ethical issues involving allocation of health resources, rationing and setting of priorities. This thesis winds up by looking at the possible solutions to the health crisis in Zimbabwe. The much-flaunted National Health Insurance, amongst other possible remedies, is analyzed. A list of recommendations is outlined, in the last chapter.
OPSOMMING
Gesondheidsorgdienste in post-onafhanklike Zimbabwe het turbulensie ondergaan met periodes van oënskynlik beduidende verbeteringe en ander tydperke van definitiewe afname. Hierdie tesis ontleed gesondheidsorgstelsels in die algemee, met spesiale verwysing na die gesondheidsorgstelsel van Zimbabwiese. Etiese kwessies en uitdagings in gesondheidsorg kan baie vorme van debatte aanneem, byvoordeeld besprekings oor die regverdigheid of die gebrek daaraan in die hervormingsproses vir gesondheidsorg, die etiek van interprofessionele verhoudings, die etiese probleme met doktor-pasiëntverhoudinge, die staat van voorspraak in gesondheidsake, pasiënt-regte, etiese perspektiewe wat diskoerse op gesondheidstelsels beïnvloed, die etiek van gesondheidsorgbefondsing en debatte oor toegang tot gesondheidsorg. Hierdie tesis bespreek die kompleksiteit van die uitdagings, behoeftes en hervormingsvereistes van die Zimbabwiese situasie. ‘n Kritiese analise van die etiese beginsels en die impak daarvan op die Zimbabwiese gesondheidsorgstelsel, word hoofsaaklik gebruik deur die beginsel-benadering van Beauchamp en Childress (2013). Ander morele teorieë soos die sosiale kontrakteorie word ook bespreek as gevolg van die belangrike toepassing daarvan op probleme wat verband hou met gesondheidsorg. 'n Hele hoofstuk word gewy aan die beginsel van distributiewe geregtigheid en die relevansie en implikasies daarvan vir die gesondheidsorgstelsels in die algemeen, maar ook met betrekking tot die situasie in Zimbabwe. Gebrek aan of onvoldoende versekering is die grootste ekonomiese struikelblok in die verkryging van gesondheidsorg in baie lae-inkomste lande. Daar is twee hoofargumente wat blykbaar 'n morele reg op 'n gesondheidsorg wat deur die regering befonds word - "die kollektiewe sosiale beskerming" en die "billike geleentheidargumente" (Beauchamp & Childress, 2013) - ondersteun. Albei hierdie argumente word breedvoerig bespreek. Reg op gesondheid en regte gesondheidsorg is twee konsepte wat baie lesers verwar omdat hulle betekenisse verwant is, maar hulle tog onderskeidelik verwys na verskillende dimensies van die konsep van gesondheid. Hulle word bespreek met spesifieke klem op die etiese kwessies wat die toekenning van gesondheidsbronne, rantsoenering en die opstel van prioriteite insluit. Hierdie tesis druk ook deur na moontlike oplossings vir die gesondheidskrisis in Zimbabwe. Die veelbelowende Nasionale Gesondheidsversekering, word onder andere ontleed. 'n Lys aanbevelings word in die laaste hoofstuk uiteengesit.
This study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the dental therapist training programme between 1983 and 1996.Data was collected by means of two mailed questionnaires, one to the dental therapists and another to dentists, who are working in similar locations as dental therapists: Defense Forces, Municipalities, Private Dental Practice, Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, Mission Hospitals, etc. Two convenient samples of dentists and dental therapists were chosen. The sizes were twenty and forty respectively. The response rate was 67.5% and 75% respectively.
Analysis of data revealed that, save for a few tasks and duties e.g. first aid management of simple jaw fractures, study models for orthodontics cases, pulpotomy, community dentistry skills, dentists and dental therapists collaborated each other’s opinion about the performance of dental therapists in the field. In other words the dental therapist training programme in Zimbabwe produced graduands of “unquestionable” quality between 1983 and 1996.
From the findings it is recommended that future evaluative studies follow-up on the “grey” areas where conclusions were difficult without further investigations. Also new dentists need orientation about the composition of the dental team in Zimbabwe, and that without the improvement of working conditions for dental therapists in the field and at the training school, the morale will remain low for a long time.
Keywords: Dental amalgam use, Informed consent, current guidelines, amalgam safety