Artificial insemination (AI) is the manual placement of semen in the reproductive tract of the fe... more Artificial insemination (AI) is the manual placement of semen in the reproductive tract of the female by a method other than natural mating which is one of a group of technologies commonly known as “assisted reproduction technologies” (ART), whereby offspring are generated by facilitating the meeting of gametes (spermatozoa and oocytes). AI is by far the most common method of breeding of intensively kept dairy cattle. In developed countries, advances in artificial insemination have already had a major impact on livestock improvement programmes. AI speeds up genetic progress, reduces the risk of disease transmission and expands the number of animals that can be bred from a superior parent. The acceptance of AI technology worldwide provided the impetus for developing other technologies, such as cryopreservation and sexing of sperm, estrous cycle regulation, and embryo harvesting, freezing, culture and transfer, and cloning.
Now a day due to various side effects of allopathic medicine, scientists of pharmaceutical indust... more Now a day due to various side effects of allopathic medicine, scientists of pharmaceutical industries and research centers have been engaged to explore the pharmacological properties of herbal plants. The present review explains the pharmacological properties of Boerhavia diffusa plant. This plant commonly known as punarnava, is herb of family Nyctaginaceae. B. diffusa known to have medicinal properties and used as Ayurvedic medicine in India. Battery of phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, rotenoids and phytosterols has been found in the plant which are responsible for its various pharmacological properties such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, hepatoprotective, immunomodulator and nephroprotective, antiulcer and antihistaminic etc. Moreover, several new phytochemicals are discovered which again validate its medicinal importance. This review presents the evidence-based pharmacological properties of B. diffusa. In conclusion B. diffusa contain many bioactive phytoche...
The brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) variety COBH 2 was grafted on Solanum torvum and the grafts we... more The brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) variety COBH 2 was grafted on Solanum torvum and the grafts were planted in the field to standardize spacing and fertigation levels. A strip plot design was adopted with four levels of spacing (1 m x 1 m, 2 m x 1 m, 1.5 m x 1.5 m and 0.6 m x 0.6 m) and three levels of fertigation (75, 100 and 125 % RDF) replicated four times. After six months the plants were pruned to obtain ratoon crop which was maintained for four 4 months. The days taken for 50 per cent flowering and first harvest were nutrition and neither spacing nor interaction. The 75 and 100 per cent RDF were on par for early flowering (32.00 and 32.38 days in main crop; 16.88 and 17.00 days in ratoon crop); and early harvest (44.38 and 45.44 days in main crop; 34.38 and 35.56 days in ratoon crop) (Figure 1). The widest spacing (1.5 m x 1.5 m) recorded the highest fruit weight (67.44 and 63.71 g) and number of 269.44 and 136.71 fruits plant-1 in main and ratoon crops respectively. However, the closest spacing (1 m x 1 m) recorded the highest marketable yield of 98.47 and 57.91 t ha-1 in main and ratoon crop respectively. The highest fruit weight (69.79 and 65.96 g) was recorded under highest nutrition level (125 % RDF) in both main and ratoon crops. However, the maximum number of marketable fruits plant-1 (191.43 and 98.79 fruits plant-1) and marketable yield ha-1 (87.24 and 44.79 t ha-1) were observed under 100 per cent RDF. The treatment combination 1 m x 1 m + 100 per cent RDF recorded the highest marketable yield of 110.25 and 59.42 t ha-1 in main and ratoon crops respectively.
Effect Of Management Practices On Milk Yield And Composition Of Lactating Murrah Buffaloes During Different Seasons
The present investigation was carried out to determine the effect of management practices on milk... more The present investigation was carried out to determine the effect of management practices on milk yield and composition of lactating Murrah buffaloes during different seasons. Seasonal experiment was carried out during hot-dry, hot-humid and winter season. Buffaloes were divided into control and treatment groups. In hot-dry and hot-humid season, treatment group animals accessed benefit of mist and fan cooling, control group animals were devoid of it. In winter, treatment group animals were placed inhouse with floor bedding of paddy straw; control group animals were placed in loose housing system without bedding.During hot-dry season, cooling system significantly increased (p<0.05) milk yield, milk protein, without affecting milk fat, lactose, SNF, calcium. During hot-humid, cooling system significantly increased (p<0.05) milk yield but there was no effect of treatment on milk composition. During winter, in-house management with paddy straw bedding improved milk yield significa...
Apoptosis, a Programmed Cell Death (PCD), specifically refers to an energy-dependent, genetically... more Apoptosis, a Programmed Cell Death (PCD), specifically refers to an energy-dependent, genetically controlled process by which unnecessary or damaged single cells self-destruct when the apoptosis genes are activated. The role of apoptosis in physiology is as significant as that of its counterpart, mitosis. It helps in maintaining cellular homeostasis in the animal body. The number of cells increase or decrease when there is alteration in apoptosis during normal development and aging or during disease. Abnormalities in cell death regulation may cause diseases/conditions. Some conditions are caused due to insufficient apoptosis whereas others due to excessive apoptosis. Presently, large numbers of synthetic and natural compounds have been discovered to be effective against certain diseases through the induction of apoptosis in their target cells.
The present study was undertaken to determine the baseline values of some important serum macromi... more The present study was undertaken to determine the baseline values of some important serum macrominerals in clinically healthy lactating Kutchi camels during different stages of lactation. The study was carried out on 30 clinically healthy female camels (Camelus dromedarius) from the herd maintained at Camel breeding farm, Dhori (Kutch) and categorized broadly into three groups comprising ten animals in each group: animals in early lactation in Group-I, animals in mid-lactation in Group-II and animals in late lactation in Group-III. The blood samples were collected from each experimental animal and analyzed for serum macro-mineral profile. The results shown that, level of serum calcium was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased from early lactation to late lactation. However, non-significant (p > 0.05) alteration in serum inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium were observed during different stages of lactation. The findings may be useful to set basal level of macro-minerals of Kutchi camels during different phases of lactation.
Role of Trace Minerals in Animal Production and Reproduction
International Journal of Livestock Research
Productive and reproductive efficiency of animal is the most important factor for success of dair... more Productive and reproductive efficiency of animal is the most important factor for success of dairy farm. Minerals play very precious role in maintaining productive and reproductive health of a dairy herd. Trace elements, though required in little quantities (less than 100 mg/kg dry matter) have critical roles in key interrelated systems of immune function, oxidative metabolism and energy metabolism in ruminants which are directly or indirectly involved in growth, production and reproduction. Deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to deficits in any of these processes, as well as reductions in growth performance. Most animal diets are supplemented with inorganic and/or organic forms of trace minerals. Inorganic trace minerals (ITM) form bulk of trace mineral supplementation, but these forms of minerals are well known to be prone to dietary antagonisms. Feeding high-quality chelated trace minerals or other classes of organic trace minerals can provide animal with more bioavailable forms of minerals.
The present study was carried out on 30 clinically healthy female camels (Camelus dromedarius) fr... more The present study was carried out on 30 clinically healthy female camels (Camelus dromedarius) from the herd maintained at Camel breeding farm, Dhori (Kutch, Gujarat)and categorized broadly into three groups comprising ten animals in each group: animals in early lactation in Group-I, in mid-lactation in Group-II and in late lactation in Group-III. The blood samples were collected from each experimental animal and analyzed for erythrocytic indices which were found to be within the normal range. TEC (9.06±0.29, 8.24±0.71 and 9.79±0.27b, millions/µl, respectively), MCV (34.34±1.09, 37.13±1.37 and 33.04±0.62, fl, respectively) and MCH (15.73±0.63, 16.98±0.54 and 13.62±0.90, pg/cell respectively) showed significant (p < 0.05) variation between early, mid and late lactation stages. However, nonsignificant (p > 0.05) variation were found in Hb, PCV and MCHC during different stages of lactation. These data may be useful as reference value for Kutchi camel to assess the metabolic health status of the animals.
Kisspeptin: A Novel Regulator in Reproductive Physiology
International Journal of Livestock Research
Kisspeptin (a product of the Kiss1gene) and its receptor (GPR54 or Kiss1r) have emerged as key pl... more Kisspeptin (a product of the Kiss1gene) and its receptor (GPR54 or Kiss1r) have emerged as key players in regulation of reproduction. Ever since the discovery of kisspeptin, intensive studies on hypothalamic expression of KISS1/Kiss1 and on physiological roles of hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons have provided clues as toNeuroendocrine control of GnRH neurons by orchestrates the sequences that take place during oestrous cycle, onset of puberty, and control of fertility by upstream of GnRH and have been shown to play a vital role in the control of hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis via regulation of gonadotrophin secretion.. Additionally, emerging evidence indicates the potential involvement of extra-hypothalamic kisspeptin in reproductive functions. Kisspeptin signaling may also serve diverse functions outside of the classical realm of reproductive neuroendocrinology, including the regulation of metastasis in certain cancers, vascular dynamics, placental physiology, and perhaps even higher order brain function. Hence, kisspeptins have potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Blood Metabolites and Their Variations in Kutchi Camels During Different Stages of Lactation
International Journal of Livestock Research
The present study was undertaken on Kutchi camels to determine values of blood metabolites and th... more The present study was undertaken on Kutchi camels to determine values of blood metabolites and their variations at different stages of lactation. The study was carried out on 30 clinically healthy female camels (Camelus dromedarius) from the herd maintained at Camel breeding farm, Dhori (Kutch, Gujarat) and categorized broadly into three groups comprising ten animals in each group: animals in early lactation in Group-I, animals in mid-lactation in Group-II and animals in late lactation in Group-III. Current findings indicated that total cholesterol, creatinine and BUN were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased from early lactation to late lactation. The concentration of glucose was significantly (p < 0.05) increased from early lactation to late lactation. The levels of total bilirubin were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in early lactation as compared to mid and late lactation. The findings of the present study may be used to assess metabolic health status of animals.
Animal husbandry plays an important role in strengthening the rural economy. Heat is a major cons... more Animal husbandry plays an important role in strengthening the rural economy. Heat is a major constraint on animal productivity in the tropical belt and arid areas. Heat stress in dairy cows as all temperature-related forces encourage changes or adjustments which may occur from the cellular to the total animal level to help the cows stay away from physiological disorders and then to better adapt to an adverse thermal environment. Milk production is impaired as a result of the drastic changes in biological functions under heat stress. Activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis by external stress liberates cortisol into blood plasma, which in turn induces the liberation of Plasminogen Activator (PA) from the mammary epithelial cells, where it activates the Plasminogen-Plasmin (PG-PL) system. Thus, this PA-PG-PL system is a milk-borne factor which down regulates the milk secretion during the summer stress. This negative feedback system specifically forms β-casein (CN) fragment (f) (1-28) from β-CN, which acts as the negative control signal of mammary gland. Based on these findings, casein hydrolyzate preparation is developed to reduce suffering from mammary gland engorgement associated with abrupt cessation of milking and to treat common clinical and subclinical infections of udder in dairy cows.
Influence of dietary supplementation of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on nutrient utilization, ruminal and biochemical profiles of Kankrej calves
The present trial of 140 days with eighteen Kankrej calves divided into three dietary treatments ... more The present trial of 140 days with eighteen Kankrej calves divided into three dietary treatments (T 1 , T 2 and T 3) was conducted to test efficacy of feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae to growing calves reared on 50:50, concentrate to roughage ration. In addition, the calves under T2 and T3 were given 5 and 10 g/d Provisacc comprising of 5 x 10 9 cells (cfu/g) live yeast (S. cerevisae), respectively. After 100 days of experimental feeding, a digestibility trial for 7 days was conducted. Rumen liquor and blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment. The dry matter (DM) intake of experimental calves was similar. The digestibility coefficients for DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were significantly (p<0.05) increased in both the live yeast supplemented groups. S. cerevisiae supplementation reduced ruminal ammonia nitrogen and increased total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) concentratio...
Artificial insemination (AI) is the manual placement of semen in the reproductive tract of the fe... more Artificial insemination (AI) is the manual placement of semen in the reproductive tract of the female by a method other than natural mating which is one of a group of technologies commonly known as “assisted reproduction technologies” (ART), whereby offspring are generated by facilitating the meeting of gametes (spermatozoa and oocytes). AI is by far the most common method of breeding of intensively kept dairy cattle. In developed countries, advances in artificial insemination have already had a major impact on livestock improvement programmes. AI speeds up genetic progress, reduces the risk of disease transmission and expands the number of animals that can be bred from a superior parent. The acceptance of AI technology worldwide provided the impetus for developing other technologies, such as cryopreservation and sexing of sperm, estrous cycle regulation, and embryo harvesting, freezing, culture and transfer, and cloning.
Now a day due to various side effects of allopathic medicine, scientists of pharmaceutical indust... more Now a day due to various side effects of allopathic medicine, scientists of pharmaceutical industries and research centers have been engaged to explore the pharmacological properties of herbal plants. The present review explains the pharmacological properties of Boerhavia diffusa plant. This plant commonly known as punarnava, is herb of family Nyctaginaceae. B. diffusa known to have medicinal properties and used as Ayurvedic medicine in India. Battery of phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, rotenoids and phytosterols has been found in the plant which are responsible for its various pharmacological properties such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, hepatoprotective, immunomodulator and nephroprotective, antiulcer and antihistaminic etc. Moreover, several new phytochemicals are discovered which again validate its medicinal importance. This review presents the evidence-based pharmacological properties of B. diffusa. In conclusion B. diffusa contain many bioactive phytoche...
The brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) variety COBH 2 was grafted on Solanum torvum and the grafts we... more The brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) variety COBH 2 was grafted on Solanum torvum and the grafts were planted in the field to standardize spacing and fertigation levels. A strip plot design was adopted with four levels of spacing (1 m x 1 m, 2 m x 1 m, 1.5 m x 1.5 m and 0.6 m x 0.6 m) and three levels of fertigation (75, 100 and 125 % RDF) replicated four times. After six months the plants were pruned to obtain ratoon crop which was maintained for four 4 months. The days taken for 50 per cent flowering and first harvest were nutrition and neither spacing nor interaction. The 75 and 100 per cent RDF were on par for early flowering (32.00 and 32.38 days in main crop; 16.88 and 17.00 days in ratoon crop); and early harvest (44.38 and 45.44 days in main crop; 34.38 and 35.56 days in ratoon crop) (Figure 1). The widest spacing (1.5 m x 1.5 m) recorded the highest fruit weight (67.44 and 63.71 g) and number of 269.44 and 136.71 fruits plant-1 in main and ratoon crops respectively. However, the closest spacing (1 m x 1 m) recorded the highest marketable yield of 98.47 and 57.91 t ha-1 in main and ratoon crop respectively. The highest fruit weight (69.79 and 65.96 g) was recorded under highest nutrition level (125 % RDF) in both main and ratoon crops. However, the maximum number of marketable fruits plant-1 (191.43 and 98.79 fruits plant-1) and marketable yield ha-1 (87.24 and 44.79 t ha-1) were observed under 100 per cent RDF. The treatment combination 1 m x 1 m + 100 per cent RDF recorded the highest marketable yield of 110.25 and 59.42 t ha-1 in main and ratoon crops respectively.
Effect Of Management Practices On Milk Yield And Composition Of Lactating Murrah Buffaloes During Different Seasons
The present investigation was carried out to determine the effect of management practices on milk... more The present investigation was carried out to determine the effect of management practices on milk yield and composition of lactating Murrah buffaloes during different seasons. Seasonal experiment was carried out during hot-dry, hot-humid and winter season. Buffaloes were divided into control and treatment groups. In hot-dry and hot-humid season, treatment group animals accessed benefit of mist and fan cooling, control group animals were devoid of it. In winter, treatment group animals were placed inhouse with floor bedding of paddy straw; control group animals were placed in loose housing system without bedding.During hot-dry season, cooling system significantly increased (p<0.05) milk yield, milk protein, without affecting milk fat, lactose, SNF, calcium. During hot-humid, cooling system significantly increased (p<0.05) milk yield but there was no effect of treatment on milk composition. During winter, in-house management with paddy straw bedding improved milk yield significa...
Apoptosis, a Programmed Cell Death (PCD), specifically refers to an energy-dependent, genetically... more Apoptosis, a Programmed Cell Death (PCD), specifically refers to an energy-dependent, genetically controlled process by which unnecessary or damaged single cells self-destruct when the apoptosis genes are activated. The role of apoptosis in physiology is as significant as that of its counterpart, mitosis. It helps in maintaining cellular homeostasis in the animal body. The number of cells increase or decrease when there is alteration in apoptosis during normal development and aging or during disease. Abnormalities in cell death regulation may cause diseases/conditions. Some conditions are caused due to insufficient apoptosis whereas others due to excessive apoptosis. Presently, large numbers of synthetic and natural compounds have been discovered to be effective against certain diseases through the induction of apoptosis in their target cells.
The present study was undertaken to determine the baseline values of some important serum macromi... more The present study was undertaken to determine the baseline values of some important serum macrominerals in clinically healthy lactating Kutchi camels during different stages of lactation. The study was carried out on 30 clinically healthy female camels (Camelus dromedarius) from the herd maintained at Camel breeding farm, Dhori (Kutch) and categorized broadly into three groups comprising ten animals in each group: animals in early lactation in Group-I, animals in mid-lactation in Group-II and animals in late lactation in Group-III. The blood samples were collected from each experimental animal and analyzed for serum macro-mineral profile. The results shown that, level of serum calcium was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased from early lactation to late lactation. However, non-significant (p > 0.05) alteration in serum inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium were observed during different stages of lactation. The findings may be useful to set basal level of macro-minerals of Kutchi camels during different phases of lactation.
Role of Trace Minerals in Animal Production and Reproduction
International Journal of Livestock Research
Productive and reproductive efficiency of animal is the most important factor for success of dair... more Productive and reproductive efficiency of animal is the most important factor for success of dairy farm. Minerals play very precious role in maintaining productive and reproductive health of a dairy herd. Trace elements, though required in little quantities (less than 100 mg/kg dry matter) have critical roles in key interrelated systems of immune function, oxidative metabolism and energy metabolism in ruminants which are directly or indirectly involved in growth, production and reproduction. Deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to deficits in any of these processes, as well as reductions in growth performance. Most animal diets are supplemented with inorganic and/or organic forms of trace minerals. Inorganic trace minerals (ITM) form bulk of trace mineral supplementation, but these forms of minerals are well known to be prone to dietary antagonisms. Feeding high-quality chelated trace minerals or other classes of organic trace minerals can provide animal with more bioavailable forms of minerals.
The present study was carried out on 30 clinically healthy female camels (Camelus dromedarius) fr... more The present study was carried out on 30 clinically healthy female camels (Camelus dromedarius) from the herd maintained at Camel breeding farm, Dhori (Kutch, Gujarat)and categorized broadly into three groups comprising ten animals in each group: animals in early lactation in Group-I, in mid-lactation in Group-II and in late lactation in Group-III. The blood samples were collected from each experimental animal and analyzed for erythrocytic indices which were found to be within the normal range. TEC (9.06±0.29, 8.24±0.71 and 9.79±0.27b, millions/µl, respectively), MCV (34.34±1.09, 37.13±1.37 and 33.04±0.62, fl, respectively) and MCH (15.73±0.63, 16.98±0.54 and 13.62±0.90, pg/cell respectively) showed significant (p < 0.05) variation between early, mid and late lactation stages. However, nonsignificant (p > 0.05) variation were found in Hb, PCV and MCHC during different stages of lactation. These data may be useful as reference value for Kutchi camel to assess the metabolic health status of the animals.
Kisspeptin: A Novel Regulator in Reproductive Physiology
International Journal of Livestock Research
Kisspeptin (a product of the Kiss1gene) and its receptor (GPR54 or Kiss1r) have emerged as key pl... more Kisspeptin (a product of the Kiss1gene) and its receptor (GPR54 or Kiss1r) have emerged as key players in regulation of reproduction. Ever since the discovery of kisspeptin, intensive studies on hypothalamic expression of KISS1/Kiss1 and on physiological roles of hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons have provided clues as toNeuroendocrine control of GnRH neurons by orchestrates the sequences that take place during oestrous cycle, onset of puberty, and control of fertility by upstream of GnRH and have been shown to play a vital role in the control of hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis via regulation of gonadotrophin secretion.. Additionally, emerging evidence indicates the potential involvement of extra-hypothalamic kisspeptin in reproductive functions. Kisspeptin signaling may also serve diverse functions outside of the classical realm of reproductive neuroendocrinology, including the regulation of metastasis in certain cancers, vascular dynamics, placental physiology, and perhaps even higher order brain function. Hence, kisspeptins have potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Blood Metabolites and Their Variations in Kutchi Camels During Different Stages of Lactation
International Journal of Livestock Research
The present study was undertaken on Kutchi camels to determine values of blood metabolites and th... more The present study was undertaken on Kutchi camels to determine values of blood metabolites and their variations at different stages of lactation. The study was carried out on 30 clinically healthy female camels (Camelus dromedarius) from the herd maintained at Camel breeding farm, Dhori (Kutch, Gujarat) and categorized broadly into three groups comprising ten animals in each group: animals in early lactation in Group-I, animals in mid-lactation in Group-II and animals in late lactation in Group-III. Current findings indicated that total cholesterol, creatinine and BUN were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased from early lactation to late lactation. The concentration of glucose was significantly (p < 0.05) increased from early lactation to late lactation. The levels of total bilirubin were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in early lactation as compared to mid and late lactation. The findings of the present study may be used to assess metabolic health status of animals.
Animal husbandry plays an important role in strengthening the rural economy. Heat is a major cons... more Animal husbandry plays an important role in strengthening the rural economy. Heat is a major constraint on animal productivity in the tropical belt and arid areas. Heat stress in dairy cows as all temperature-related forces encourage changes or adjustments which may occur from the cellular to the total animal level to help the cows stay away from physiological disorders and then to better adapt to an adverse thermal environment. Milk production is impaired as a result of the drastic changes in biological functions under heat stress. Activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis by external stress liberates cortisol into blood plasma, which in turn induces the liberation of Plasminogen Activator (PA) from the mammary epithelial cells, where it activates the Plasminogen-Plasmin (PG-PL) system. Thus, this PA-PG-PL system is a milk-borne factor which down regulates the milk secretion during the summer stress. This negative feedback system specifically forms β-casein (CN) fragment (f) (1-28) from β-CN, which acts as the negative control signal of mammary gland. Based on these findings, casein hydrolyzate preparation is developed to reduce suffering from mammary gland engorgement associated with abrupt cessation of milking and to treat common clinical and subclinical infections of udder in dairy cows.
Influence of dietary supplementation of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on nutrient utilization, ruminal and biochemical profiles of Kankrej calves
The present trial of 140 days with eighteen Kankrej calves divided into three dietary treatments ... more The present trial of 140 days with eighteen Kankrej calves divided into three dietary treatments (T 1 , T 2 and T 3) was conducted to test efficacy of feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae to growing calves reared on 50:50, concentrate to roughage ration. In addition, the calves under T2 and T3 were given 5 and 10 g/d Provisacc comprising of 5 x 10 9 cells (cfu/g) live yeast (S. cerevisae), respectively. After 100 days of experimental feeding, a digestibility trial for 7 days was conducted. Rumen liquor and blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment. The dry matter (DM) intake of experimental calves was similar. The digestibility coefficients for DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were significantly (p<0.05) increased in both the live yeast supplemented groups. S. cerevisiae supplementation reduced ruminal ammonia nitrogen and increased total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) concentratio...
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