КУЛЬТУРНАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ЭТНИЧЕСКИХ МЕНЬШИНСТВ ЗАПАДНОЙ БЕЛАРУСИ (1921-1939 ГГ.) В ОЦЕНКЕ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ БЕЛОРУССКОЙ ИСТОРИОГРАФИИ
Труды БГТУ. Серия 6: История, философия, 2020
В статье представлен историографический обзор культурной деятельности этнических меньшинств Запад... more В статье представлен историографический обзор культурной деятельности этнических меньшинств Западной Беларуси в 1921-1939 гг. Проанализированы основные тематические направления исследований, сложившиеся в современной исторической науке Беларуси, дана периодизация становления историографии вопроса. Выявлено, что в 1990-х гг. культурная деятельность этнических меньшинств Западной Беларуси изучалась историками преимущественно как часть истории определенного этноса, тогда как в 2000-х гг. основным направлением исследований стала история общественных организаций этнических меньшинств Западной Беларуси. В 2010-х гг. белорусские историки чаще обращались к изучению различных аспектов художественной культуры этнических меньшинств западнобелорусского региона. В заключении автором представлены наиболее изученные аспекты темы и предложены дальнейшие перспективные направления исследований.
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Papers by Алена Абухава
глабалізацыі з’яўляюцца пашырэнне культурнага абмену, шырокія магчымасці для павышэння свайго культурнага і адукацыйнага ўзроўню. З іншага боку, адным з негатыўных наступстваў глабалізацыі з’яўляецца паступовае знікненне этнічных (традыцыйных) культур, у выніку чаго адбываецца размыванне
этнічнай ідэнтычнасці і самасвядомасці людзей.
наследия православной церкви эпохи Великого Княжества Литовского в Беларуси. Показаны особенности репрезентации истории православия в ВКЛ на страницах школьных учебников по истории Беларуси, выявлены персоналии и артефакты православной церкви времен ВКЛ, которые стали объектом мемориализации в Беларуси в 1990–2010-х гг., рассмотрены механизмы популяризации данных объектов культурной памяти в
обществе.
and the purpose of the article is to identify the features of reflection of childhood in the memoirs of Tatars, who lived on the territory of BSSR and the Western Belarus in 1921–1941. In the main part of the work, the specifics of the memoirs authors’ coverage of the period of life from the senior preschool age to 15–16 years (graduation and transition to work) are revealed. It was concluded that the Tatars memories about childhood which passed in BSSR and the Western Belarus in 1921–1941, allow to determine the children’s responsibilities in families, the degree of their involvement in household chores, the impact of the family’s financial level on the children’s lives.
The authors paid attention to the description of the figures of the parents (especially father), tried to show the latter as hard-working, strict to relatives people, who enjoyed authority in the eyes of the local community and authorities.
The memoirs well reflect the perception of the religious and secular schools by Tatar children, cover the interfaith and interethnic relations between schoolmates, relations with teachers. During the interwar period, most of Tatar children graduated from no more than seven grades of elementary school, so the issue of the continuation of school or vocational education was very topical for them and also covered in the memoirs. The materials of research can be used to study the history of the Tatar ethnic group of Belarus, the history of education in Western Belarus.
что в советский период персоналии эпохи Полоцкого княжества игнорировались официальным мемориальным дискурсом, тогда как в Республике Беларусь их увековечивание активизировалась в 2000-х – 2010-х гг. Выявлено, что за 1991–2021 гг. было установлено одиннадцать скульптур, ставших важными элементами культурного пространства Полоцка и других городов республики, когдато входивших в состав Полоцкого княжества.
the Republic of Belarus in 1991-2017, is shown in the article. The main directions in the study of the problem
are determined, the subjects of research within each direction are analyzed. The most studied aspects of the
theme were the history of the Polish and Jewish ethnic communities of Belarus in the post-Soviet period, the development
of education of ethnic minorities, the history of ethnic communities in Grodno region. It was shown
that within the comparative direction the researchers had revealed the peculiarities of the realization of the legally
established rights of ethnic minorities to preserve their cultural identity, the typology and periodization of
socio-political life and cultural activity of ethnic communities were also proposed. It is concluded that the research
works whose subject was the activity of public associations of ethnic communities were dominated in the
historiography, while at the same time there was a lack of works on the history of the art of ethnic communities,
the history of Poles, Ukrainians and Jews of Belarus in the end of XX – beginning of XXI centuries on Belarusian
and Russian languages.
меньшинств в Гродненской области в конце 1980-х гг. Рассмотрена источниковая база и историография
проблемы, определена цель исследования – выявить субъекты, формы и методы реализации
социокультурной деятельности этнических меньшинств на Гродненщине в 1987–1991 гг. В основной
части работы проанализированы особенности осуществления культуротворческой деятельности
этнических меньшинств Гродненщины: рассмотрен процесс создания ее субъектов, которыми в данный
период были общественные объединения, определены основные направления реализации, изучены
особенности культурно-просветительской работы для каждой этнической группы, в частности участие
в этом процессе общественных и государственных организаций БССР и зарубежья. В заключении сделан
вывод, что в 1987–1991 гг. на Гродненщине свои культурно-просветительские проекты реализовывали
представители четырех этнических меньшинств (поляки, татары, евреи и литовцы), наиболее успешной
и масштабной была социокультурная деятельность поляков, в которой участвовали тысячи жителей
региона данной национальности. Именно поляки Гродненщины создали в изучаемый период первое
независимое общественное объединение этнического меньшинства в БССР. Деятельность польских
организаций была мультинаправленной, однако центральным ее аспектом было развитие польскоязычного
образования. Также делали упор на развитие этнокультурного образования литовцы Гродненщины,
которые в данный период не оформились институционально, в то время как татары и евреи региона
создали в г. Гродно по одному общественному объединению, численность которых составляла несколько
десятков человек, а основным направлением деятельности была мемориализация исторических событий,
личностей и культурных объектов.
In the introduction, the relevance of studying sociocultural activity of ethnic minorities in the Grodno
region in the late 1980s is substantiated. The source base and the historiography of the problem are considered.
The purpose of the research is to identify the subjects, forms and methods of implementing the sociocultural
activities of ethnic minorities in the Grodno region in 1987−1991. In the main part of the work, the peculiarities
of the implementation of the cultural activity of ethnic minorities in the Grodno region are analyzed: the process
of creating its subjects, which there were public associations in the given period, is shown, the main directions of
implementation are examined, the features of cultural and educational work for each ethnic group are considered,
in particular, the participation in this process public and state organizations from the BSSR and abroad is shown.
It is concluded that in 1987−1991 representatives of four ethnic minorities (Poles, Tatars, Jews and Lithuanians)
implemented their cultural and educational projects in the Grodno region, the sociocultural activity of the
Poles was the most successful and large-scale, in which thousands of residents of the region of that nationality
participated. It was the Poles of Grodno region that created the first independent public association of an ethnic
minority in the BSSR during the studied period. The activities of Polish organizations were multidirectional, but
the central aspect was the development of Polish-language education. The Lithuanians of the Grodno region also
paid attention to the organization of ethnocultural education, but they did not create special cultural institutions
in 1987−1991. The Tatars and the Jews of the Grodno region created a couple of sociocultural societies,
which united only a few dozens of people, and the main direction of their activities was the memorialization
of historical events, personalities and cultural sites.
and the historiography of the study are examined, and the purpose of the work is to identify the peculiarities
of the change in the number and resettlement of ethnic communities in Belarus at the end of the 20th
and beginning of the 21st centuries. In the main part, the dynamics of the number of ethnic groups is examined,
the reasons for the changes in their quantitative composition are revealed, the features of their origin and territorial
location are shown. It is proved that the ethnic communities in Belarus were heterogeneous in origin, among
them were autochthons and immigrants, and the time of residence of the latest ranged from several centuries
(Byelorussian Tatars) to several decades (Azerbaijanis, Turkmens, etc.). The urbanization in the second half
of the 20th century led to the fact that more than 3/4 of representatives of ethnic communities lived in towns
at the beginning of the 21st century. In the conclusion, it is noted that at the end of 20th – beginning of 21st
centuries the ethnodemographic situation was characterized by two opposing trends: a decrease in the number
of the largest ethnic communities of the country (Russians, Poles, Ukrainians, Jews) and an increase in the
number of representatives of relatively small ethnic groups, mostly immigrants from the former Soviet republics –
the Caucasus and Central Asia. Nevertheless, the most numerous remained those ethnic communities that had
a long tradition of living on Belarusian lands: Russians, Poles, Ukrainians, Jews, Tatars, Lithuanians, and this
fact contributed to the preservation of stable interethnic relations in the society. The materials of this research
can be used studying history of ethnic communities in the Republic of Belarus, carrying out a comparative
analysis of the demographic situation in different countries, mainly CIS and Baltic countries, and analyzing
the ethnopolitics of the Belarusian authorities.
“Vesnik Hrodzenskaha Dziarzhaunaha Universiteta Imia Ianki Kupaly.
Seryia 1. Historyia i Arkhealohiia. Filasofiia. Palitalohiia”. - 2018, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 31-39.
глабалізацыі з’яўляюцца пашырэнне культурнага абмену, шырокія магчымасці для павышэння свайго культурнага і адукацыйнага ўзроўню. З іншага боку, адным з негатыўных наступстваў глабалізацыі з’яўляецца паступовае знікненне этнічных (традыцыйных) культур, у выніку чаго адбываецца размыванне
этнічнай ідэнтычнасці і самасвядомасці людзей.
наследия православной церкви эпохи Великого Княжества Литовского в Беларуси. Показаны особенности репрезентации истории православия в ВКЛ на страницах школьных учебников по истории Беларуси, выявлены персоналии и артефакты православной церкви времен ВКЛ, которые стали объектом мемориализации в Беларуси в 1990–2010-х гг., рассмотрены механизмы популяризации данных объектов культурной памяти в
обществе.
and the purpose of the article is to identify the features of reflection of childhood in the memoirs of Tatars, who lived on the territory of BSSR and the Western Belarus in 1921–1941. In the main part of the work, the specifics of the memoirs authors’ coverage of the period of life from the senior preschool age to 15–16 years (graduation and transition to work) are revealed. It was concluded that the Tatars memories about childhood which passed in BSSR and the Western Belarus in 1921–1941, allow to determine the children’s responsibilities in families, the degree of their involvement in household chores, the impact of the family’s financial level on the children’s lives.
The authors paid attention to the description of the figures of the parents (especially father), tried to show the latter as hard-working, strict to relatives people, who enjoyed authority in the eyes of the local community and authorities.
The memoirs well reflect the perception of the religious and secular schools by Tatar children, cover the interfaith and interethnic relations between schoolmates, relations with teachers. During the interwar period, most of Tatar children graduated from no more than seven grades of elementary school, so the issue of the continuation of school or vocational education was very topical for them and also covered in the memoirs. The materials of research can be used to study the history of the Tatar ethnic group of Belarus, the history of education in Western Belarus.
что в советский период персоналии эпохи Полоцкого княжества игнорировались официальным мемориальным дискурсом, тогда как в Республике Беларусь их увековечивание активизировалась в 2000-х – 2010-х гг. Выявлено, что за 1991–2021 гг. было установлено одиннадцать скульптур, ставших важными элементами культурного пространства Полоцка и других городов республики, когдато входивших в состав Полоцкого княжества.
the Republic of Belarus in 1991-2017, is shown in the article. The main directions in the study of the problem
are determined, the subjects of research within each direction are analyzed. The most studied aspects of the
theme were the history of the Polish and Jewish ethnic communities of Belarus in the post-Soviet period, the development
of education of ethnic minorities, the history of ethnic communities in Grodno region. It was shown
that within the comparative direction the researchers had revealed the peculiarities of the realization of the legally
established rights of ethnic minorities to preserve their cultural identity, the typology and periodization of
socio-political life and cultural activity of ethnic communities were also proposed. It is concluded that the research
works whose subject was the activity of public associations of ethnic communities were dominated in the
historiography, while at the same time there was a lack of works on the history of the art of ethnic communities,
the history of Poles, Ukrainians and Jews of Belarus in the end of XX – beginning of XXI centuries on Belarusian
and Russian languages.
меньшинств в Гродненской области в конце 1980-х гг. Рассмотрена источниковая база и историография
проблемы, определена цель исследования – выявить субъекты, формы и методы реализации
социокультурной деятельности этнических меньшинств на Гродненщине в 1987–1991 гг. В основной
части работы проанализированы особенности осуществления культуротворческой деятельности
этнических меньшинств Гродненщины: рассмотрен процесс создания ее субъектов, которыми в данный
период были общественные объединения, определены основные направления реализации, изучены
особенности культурно-просветительской работы для каждой этнической группы, в частности участие
в этом процессе общественных и государственных организаций БССР и зарубежья. В заключении сделан
вывод, что в 1987–1991 гг. на Гродненщине свои культурно-просветительские проекты реализовывали
представители четырех этнических меньшинств (поляки, татары, евреи и литовцы), наиболее успешной
и масштабной была социокультурная деятельность поляков, в которой участвовали тысячи жителей
региона данной национальности. Именно поляки Гродненщины создали в изучаемый период первое
независимое общественное объединение этнического меньшинства в БССР. Деятельность польских
организаций была мультинаправленной, однако центральным ее аспектом было развитие польскоязычного
образования. Также делали упор на развитие этнокультурного образования литовцы Гродненщины,
которые в данный период не оформились институционально, в то время как татары и евреи региона
создали в г. Гродно по одному общественному объединению, численность которых составляла несколько
десятков человек, а основным направлением деятельности была мемориализация исторических событий,
личностей и культурных объектов.
In the introduction, the relevance of studying sociocultural activity of ethnic minorities in the Grodno
region in the late 1980s is substantiated. The source base and the historiography of the problem are considered.
The purpose of the research is to identify the subjects, forms and methods of implementing the sociocultural
activities of ethnic minorities in the Grodno region in 1987−1991. In the main part of the work, the peculiarities
of the implementation of the cultural activity of ethnic minorities in the Grodno region are analyzed: the process
of creating its subjects, which there were public associations in the given period, is shown, the main directions of
implementation are examined, the features of cultural and educational work for each ethnic group are considered,
in particular, the participation in this process public and state organizations from the BSSR and abroad is shown.
It is concluded that in 1987−1991 representatives of four ethnic minorities (Poles, Tatars, Jews and Lithuanians)
implemented their cultural and educational projects in the Grodno region, the sociocultural activity of the
Poles was the most successful and large-scale, in which thousands of residents of the region of that nationality
participated. It was the Poles of Grodno region that created the first independent public association of an ethnic
minority in the BSSR during the studied period. The activities of Polish organizations were multidirectional, but
the central aspect was the development of Polish-language education. The Lithuanians of the Grodno region also
paid attention to the organization of ethnocultural education, but they did not create special cultural institutions
in 1987−1991. The Tatars and the Jews of the Grodno region created a couple of sociocultural societies,
which united only a few dozens of people, and the main direction of their activities was the memorialization
of historical events, personalities and cultural sites.
and the historiography of the study are examined, and the purpose of the work is to identify the peculiarities
of the change in the number and resettlement of ethnic communities in Belarus at the end of the 20th
and beginning of the 21st centuries. In the main part, the dynamics of the number of ethnic groups is examined,
the reasons for the changes in their quantitative composition are revealed, the features of their origin and territorial
location are shown. It is proved that the ethnic communities in Belarus were heterogeneous in origin, among
them were autochthons and immigrants, and the time of residence of the latest ranged from several centuries
(Byelorussian Tatars) to several decades (Azerbaijanis, Turkmens, etc.). The urbanization in the second half
of the 20th century led to the fact that more than 3/4 of representatives of ethnic communities lived in towns
at the beginning of the 21st century. In the conclusion, it is noted that at the end of 20th – beginning of 21st
centuries the ethnodemographic situation was characterized by two opposing trends: a decrease in the number
of the largest ethnic communities of the country (Russians, Poles, Ukrainians, Jews) and an increase in the
number of representatives of relatively small ethnic groups, mostly immigrants from the former Soviet republics –
the Caucasus and Central Asia. Nevertheless, the most numerous remained those ethnic communities that had
a long tradition of living on Belarusian lands: Russians, Poles, Ukrainians, Jews, Tatars, Lithuanians, and this
fact contributed to the preservation of stable interethnic relations in the society. The materials of this research
can be used studying history of ethnic communities in the Republic of Belarus, carrying out a comparative
analysis of the demographic situation in different countries, mainly CIS and Baltic countries, and analyzing
the ethnopolitics of the Belarusian authorities.
“Vesnik Hrodzenskaha Dziarzhaunaha Universiteta Imia Ianki Kupaly.
Seryia 1. Historyia i Arkhealohiia. Filasofiia. Palitalohiia”. - 2018, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 31-39.