Business and Management

The main purpose of this study is to identify the role of entrepreneurship in Pakistan. After reviewing the literature, researchers identify those predictors who influence the entrepreneur's intention with the help of socio cognitive model. National culture of a country influences the entrepreneur's intention to start new business. Perceived feasibility, perceived desirability and entrepreneurs experience has a direct impact on entrepreneur's intention. The study finds out the impact of culture on entrepreneur intention, different cultures have different ways to influence the entrepreneur intention and different ways to impact on intentions towards perceived feasibility and perceived desirability .The study helps entrepreneur's decision making process and also helps out the development of further new business in Pakistan, motivates students to become entrepreneurs and analyzes their feasibility and desirability. Culture varies from country to country, within country different provinces, how different cultures, different traditions, norms and values. So in future, it helps to analyze entrepreneur's intention in different cultures.

Abstract
Purpose:-The aim and objective of this report is to identify the benefits of interactive communication channels
and to advice the FMCG business that do how these new methods are better than conventional methods.
Design/ Methodology/Approach: In this research article facts about advertisement and its effectiveness were
collected from different surveys conducted by various agencies. Mainly secondary data is used for this research.
Being a conceptual paper more demonstration is on previous literature and findings.
Findings: - For FMCG business, Interactive communication channels are far better than traditional methods and
they are able to create brand awareness and brand differentiation among the other FMCG brands. Although
traditional methods have their own advantages but its effectiveness could not be measured which is possible in
modern methods of advertisements. More over people are becoming more habitual of modern methods due to
advancements of technologies.
Research implications/limitations:- This research work will guide managers and policy makers of FMCGs
Corporations; to how effectively use all type of communication channels to increase their sales. This research has
various limitations. It is only conducted on secondary data. To fill this gap future research can be conducted on
primary basis. Only few formats of communication were discussed in this paper. More advanced formats (e.g.
Enhanced Text) could be explored in future research by specifying any region or circumstances.
Originality/value:- Considering the previous literature on advertisement and communication channels, this
research study provides the conceptual comparative analysis of traditional channels of communication and
Modern tools of communication for selling of any product particularly FMCGs products. This study depicts the
usefulness of modern technological tools in today's world for retail and FMCGs business.

The primary objective of this paper is to analyse the outsourcing trends in last one decade and to forecast the future on the basis of past studies. In this paper concepts and trends about outsourcing has been discussed on the basis of past studies. An extensive amount of literature review has been done to obtain the objective. This paper demonstrates the previous literature and findings. Outsourcing has become inevitable and virtually many of the multinationals are outsourcing to utilise scarce in-house resources. In this research it is being observed that owners of the companies are the prime winners in outsourcing and off shoring situation. Further, a detailed review of literature indicates that along with many other motives cost factor cause major influence in outsourcing decisions. There is an ultimate outcry over the jobs going overseas from industrialized nations such as United States, the UK and the western World. However, the net economic gains for these countries are growing, and outsourcing to an offshore destination will be on the rise for the foreseeable future. The emergence of new players would challenge India's position in IT services and multinationals would make best of the new low cost destinations. describe that firms usually outsource front-office processing middle office processing, and back-office processing. believe that in the competitive global economic, responses to the economic conditions in terms of outsourcing is an important strategy.

Virtual worlds (VWs) are rampant and easily accessible to common internet users nowadays. Millions of users are already living their virtual lives in these worlds. Moreover, the number of users is increasing continuously. The purpose of this paper is to review all the business opportunities on these virtual worlds along with the learning opportunities for the real world companies and business students. This paper clearly and precisely defines the virtual worlds in the context of social networking sites and also aims at discussing the past, present and future of VWs. All the possible business opportunities for the real world companies including advertisement & communication, retailing opportunities, application for human resource management, marketing research and organizations' internal process management through virtual worlds are critically reviewed here. In addition to the discussion current learning and training opportunities for the real world companies and business students are also reviewed. The paper aims at proving that the VWs are full of business and marketing applications and they could be widely used by the real world companies for effective and efficient business operations.

We present the design, implementation, and evaluation of Sierra: a power-proportional, distributed storage system. I/O workloads in data centers show significant diurnal variation, with peak and trough periods. Sierra powers down storage servers during the troughs. The challenge is to ensure that data is available for reads and writes at all times, including power-down periods. Consistency and fault-tolerance of the data, as well as good performance, must also be maintained. Sierra achieves all these through a set of techniques including power-aware layout, predictive gear scheduling, and a replicated shortterm versioned store. Replaying live server traces from a large e-mail service (Hotmail) shows power savings of at least 23%, and analysis of load from a small enterprise shows that power savings of up to 60% are possible.

Redox Signaling Molecules are essential to the healing process, and vital to nearly every aspect of our health and well-being. A balanced supply of RSMs insures that our cells, organs, and body systems can communicate with each other effectively and repair themselves when necessary. Because RSM production slows as we age, experience health challenges, or subject our bodies to stress, supplementing our internal reservoir of Redox Signaling Molecules is like turning back our cellular clock.

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Mobile banking is part or result of the mobile technological boom in recent years. Even though automated teller machines (ATM), telephone, and Internet banking offer effective delivery channels for traditional banking products, mobile banking is likely to have significant effects on markets.

Aim Alcohol related disease conditions are responsible for a significant proportion of morbidity and mortality in Sri Lanka. This study quantified the economic cost of selected alcohol related disease conditions in Sri Lanka in 2015. Methods This study uses the prevalence-based cost of illness methodology specified by the World Health Organization, and uses the gross costing approach. The direct costs includes the costs of curative care (inpatient and outpatient care borne by the state and out of pocket expenditure borne by patients) for alcohol related diseases, weighted by the respective population attributable fractions. Indirect costs consist of lost earnings due to absenteeism of the patient and carers due to seeking care and recuperation, and the loss of income due to mortality. Data form the Ministry of Health, Registrar General’s Department, Department of Census and Statistics and the National Cancer Registry was used. Systemic and house costs and population attributable fra...

Cancer has a high mortality rate and morbidity burden in Sri Lanka. This study estimated the economic cost of smoking and smokeless tobacco (ST) related to cancers in Sri Lanka in 2015. Prevalence-based cost of illness is calculated according to the guidelines of the WHO (2011). The direct costs are costs of curative care (costs of inward patients and outpatient care borne by the state and out of pocket expenditure by households) for tobacco-related cancers, weighted by the attributable fractions for these cancers. Indirect costs are lost earnings due to mortality and morbidity (absenteeism of both patient and carers resulting from seeking care and recuperation).Data were obtained from the Registrar General's Department, National Cancer Registry, Department of Census and Statistics and the Central Bank of Sri Lanka. Household and systemic costs and relative risks were extracted from research studies. Oncologists (working in both public and private sectors), other clinical specia...

Introduction of the Expressway concept to the road network of the Country is undoubtedly a development which has made transportation and commuting easy and time saving. "Southern Expressway Project", commenced in 2003, is the first national highway in Sri Lanka. However, the number of accidents and the severity of the accidents in the Southern Expressway reflect an increase over the years. This study attempted to analyse the severity factors of accidents in expressways. The study utilized secondary data collected by the Southern Expressway Operation, Maintenance and Management Division (EOMMD) during the period 2011 to 2018. The Preliminary Analysis was followed by Hotspot Analysis under quantitative techniques and Photographic survey along with live driving experience methods under qualitative techniques. Study also collected information from the officers of the Expressway Management via discussions in order to triangulate and validate the results. Accident prone locations for severe and minor level accidents were identified along with the significant reasons for accidents. Among the numerous reasons affecting the severity of the accidents, the behavioural factors such as drunk driving, fatigue and driving speed were significant. Animal crossing across the highway was also a critical factor of accident severity levels. Roadside landscape and structural elements were also found to be important factors to be considered for the national policy on safety management of expressways in Sri Lanka. The study also proposed measures to be taken to minimize the severity level of accidents.

UK-based operations that range from ship routing and resource exploration to weather forecasting and glaciology have direct and growing interests in the oceans of the polar regions. Typically, information describing sea-ice conditions in localised regions is required on short time scales. To explore this market, the UK's Defence Research Agency, as part of a programme of the British National Space Centre, has commissioned the development of a prototype sea-ice workstation by a consortium led by Earth Observation Sciences Ltd.The sea-ice workstation (SIWS) uses data from several current earth observation sensors, thereby combining the advantages of regional survey, all-weather capability, and high-resolution imagery. The workstation has been designed to run with a minimum of operator intervention in order to optimise speed of operation and ensure consistency of results. The geophysical processing chains generate charts of the ice edge, ice type, ice concentration, ice-motion vect...

Corporate Finance and Valuation Bob Ryan THOIVISOM Australia • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States ... Corporate Finance and Valuation Bob Ryan Publisher Patrick Bond Development Editor Laura Priest Manufacturing Manager Helen Mason ...