Viking-age Trade: silver slaves and Gottland, 2021
Studies parallels between the Baltic slave treade of the tenth and eleventh century with modern i... more Studies parallels between the Baltic slave treade of the tenth and eleventh century with modern international trade in drugs
Proceedings of X Days of Justinian I Symposium, 2022, 2023
In the Romania of the 1930s Mihail Sadoveanu tried to reconcile the bitter and increasingly polar... more In the Romania of the 1930s Mihail Sadoveanu tried to reconcile the bitter and increasingly polarised debate between modernisers and traditionalists by looking for a route into the future through two novels rooted in the past. In Baltagul/ The Hatchet he looked at how a mountain dwelling peasant woman might learn to manipulate the modern state to solve the mystery of the disappearance of her husband. In the historical novel Viaţa lui Ştefan cel Mare/ Life of Stephen the Great, he attempted to replicate some of the forms of early modern and medieval texts. The two texts are also part of Sadoveanu’s complex and dynamic political outlook which underwent significant changes in the early 1930s. Sadoveanu offered a method by which heritage might play a constructive role in political discussion.
Qualitative evidence suggests that heresy within the medieval Catholic Church had many of the cha... more Qualitative evidence suggests that heresy within the medieval Catholic Church had many of the characteristics of a scale-free network. From the perspective of the Church, heresy can be seen as a virus. The virus persisted for long periods of time, breaking out again even when the Church believed it to have been eradicated. A principal mechanism of heresy was through a small number of individuals with very large numbers of social contacts. Initial attempts by the Inquisition to suppress the virus by general persecution, or even mass slaughtering, of populations thought to harbour the 'disease' failed. Gradually, however, the Inquisition learned about the nature of the social networks by which heresy both spread and persisted. Eventually, a policy of targeting key individuals was implemented, which proved to be much more successful.
The piece uses a model derived from analysing the modern drugs trade where evidence is notoriousl... more The piece uses a model derived from analysing the modern drugs trade where evidence is notoriously difficult to gather, in order to suggest possible applications to the medieval trade in slaves. The piece also looks at the possible role of the slave trade in the early formation of what would become the kingdom of Poland.
There is a large and rapidly increasing literature which analyses social networks for which subst... more There is a large and rapidly increasing literature which analyses social networks for which substantial amounts of quantitative data are available. Further, there is a growing and related literature on what is referred to by economists as 'information cascades' on such networks. However, there is little discussion of the specific events which lead to either the creation of a network in the first instance, or of how a network which is latent in terms of its awareness evolves into a network on which individual behaviour/beliefs are actually altered. In this paper, we describe the process of emergence and evolution of a historical cultural and social network across which the opinions and behaviour of individuals were influenced. We also illustrate how empirical networks can be reconstructed relying principally on information contained in qualitative, historical sources. The specific example we use is religious belief in England in the 1550s. We describe how the burnings of Protestant leaders by the Catholic Queen Mary (1553-1558) created a set of martyrs which was decisive in increasing support not just for Protestantism compared to Catholicism, but which led to the rapid disappearance of rival Protestant factions. The network of awareness of key religious leaders already existed prior to Mary's accession to the throne. But her actions converted this into a network on which individual beliefs were affected, in this case decisively for English history.
... 2 History Workshop Journal ... There has been comparatively little written on national feelin... more ... 2 History Workshop Journal ... There has been comparatively little written on national feeling for the medieval period.' This is for a variety of reasons, the ... important being that literature on the subject has been dominated by studies of the nation state and many writers have been ...
, Understanding terrorism and radicalisation: a network approach, by Paul Ormerod and Andrew P. R... more , Understanding terrorism and radicalisation: a network approach, by Paul Ormerod and Andrew P. Roach, an article from History & Policy, the independent initiative working for better public policy through an understanding of history.
In recent years there have been notable advances of research into the Viking age slave trade alon... more In recent years there have been notable advances of research into the Viking age slave trade along the Baltic littoral. 2 There have been two main lines of inquiry: firstly, the trade itself, its markets and supply lines and in particular, its relationship to the truly vast hoards of silver dirhams from Central Asia found in Scandinavia and modern Poland, Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. 3 Secondly, attention has centred on the trade's influence on the political development of the region, notably the process of state formation by the Czechs, Poles and Rus. There has been rather less about what influence, if any , the Christian religion had on the trade, partly because both the Catholic and Orthodox Churches seem to have regarded slave taking and trading as a fact of life. Yet by the twelfth century there was legislation and the development of some limitations on the practice. The contribution to the trade of the Prusi, Old Prussians or Prus allows us a case study of two aspects of the trade. What was the contribution of the southeast Baltic to the trade and how significant was it that the Prus remained pagan when most of their neighbours were Christians? Their persistent adherence to pagan beliefs is one reason why we know relatively little about the Prus: we lack the great founding narratives provided by chroniclers such as Gallus Anonymus for Poland, Cosmas of Prague for Bohemia (Czechia) or the author of Povest' 1 My thanks to Mitko Panov for organising the conference in the difficult circumstances of the 2020 pandemic and also to my fellow panelists, Christian Raffensperger and Alex Feldman and also Jonathan Shepard and Christian Zschieschang for their suggestions and help.
Preface Introduction 1. The Monopoly, 900-1135 2. Markets, Troubadours, Universities and Heretics... more Preface Introduction 1. The Monopoly, 900-1135 2. Markets, Troubadours, Universities and Heretics 3. A World of Choices: Organised Heresy in Easter and Western Europe 4. Nails to Drive out Nails: The Albigensian Crusade, Fourth Lateran Council, Dominic Gusman and Francis of Assisi 5. Competing for Souls: From the Death of Francis to the fall of Montsegur 6. Restricting Choice: The Inquisition and the Decline of the Cathars 7. The Decline of the Holy Men: 1244-1300 8. Women and Heresy 9. Just as there are Seventy Two Tongues...': The Decline of Organised Heresy Further Reading Abbreviations
The problem which initially inspired this thesis is illustrated by a glance at the map. Why did t... more The problem which initially inspired this thesis is illustrated by a glance at the map. Why did the Cathars of Languedoc, when persecuted by the Inquisition, choose to flee east across the Alps into Italy? After all, had they crossed the Pyrenees and turned west, they would have reached Castile, which was free from the inquisitors. This leads to the wider question of the extent to which was Catharism a 'universal 7 Church. We know that its Catholic opponents wrote as if it were. There are several famous pieces of evidence, such as the account of the Council of Saint-Felix or the offer of help from Cremona^ to Montsegur, which suggest that the heresy had aspirations to universality. However, little work has been done to assess whether such aspirations found their way into the lives of ordinary communities of Cathars. THE AIMS The central part of this thesis is a history of the Southern French Cathars in Italy, tracing the locations of their communities, the careers of their leading figures and the motives behind their movements. Such attention is paid to the Southern French heretics because their Inquisition depositions offer the best documented example of a community ABSTRACT of Cathars from one region in Europe active in another area, and one which had its own native Cathar sects. Consequently , some idea of the extent of cooperation between the different groups of Cathars can be gained. These depositions cannot be used on their own and the degree of cooperation achieved can only be measure in the context of the wider contacts between the two societies. For this reason, the economic and cultural relations between Southern France and Italy have also been consulted. Finally, the records of Southern French and Italian Cathar communities must be set in the context of their respective heretical tradition? and for this reason the characterist ics of the Catharism taught and practised in each area has been considered. THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE Catharism lends itself easily to two types of study: the universal overview or detailed study, usually of the sect in one town or the career of one individual. Both have been used in this work. Of the former type, the books of Jean Duvernoy, R. I. Mqore and R. Hanselli should be singled out as particularly useful for the themes considered. However, the specific literature on the relationship between Southern French and Italian Cathars is, to the best of my knowledge, limited to one article. This is E. Dupre-Thesei der's 'Le catharisme languedocien et 1'ttalie/ in
This reviews the culture of burning, punishment and penances for heresy in the western and Byzant... more This reviews the culture of burning, punishment and penances for heresy in the western and Byzantine worlds and examines why the practice diverged on both sides. It finds that burning and punitive measures is a measure, less of religious policy, than of secular state power.
Preface Introduction 1. The Monopoly, 900-1135 2. Markets, Troubadours, Universities and Heretics... more Preface Introduction 1. The Monopoly, 900-1135 2. Markets, Troubadours, Universities and Heretics 3. A World of Choices: Organised Heresy in Easter and Western Europe 4. Nails to Drive out Nails: The Albigensian Crusade, Fourth Lateran Council, Dominic Gusman and Francis of Assisi 5. Competing for Souls: From the Death of Francis to the fall of Montsegur 6. Restricting Choice: The Inquisition and the Decline of the Cathars 7. The Decline of the Holy Men: 1244-1300 8. Women and Heresy 9. Just as there are Seventy Two Tongues...': The Decline of Organised Heresy Further Reading Abbreviations
, Understanding terrorism and radicalisation: a network approach, by Paul Ormerod and Andrew P. R... more , Understanding terrorism and radicalisation: a network approach, by Paul Ormerod and Andrew P. Roach, an article from History & Policy, the independent initiative working for better public policy through an understanding of history.
Viking-age Trade: silver slaves and Gottland, 2021
Studies parallels between the Baltic slave treade of the tenth and eleventh century with modern i... more Studies parallels between the Baltic slave treade of the tenth and eleventh century with modern international trade in drugs
Proceedings of X Days of Justinian I Symposium, 2022, 2023
In the Romania of the 1930s Mihail Sadoveanu tried to reconcile the bitter and increasingly polar... more In the Romania of the 1930s Mihail Sadoveanu tried to reconcile the bitter and increasingly polarised debate between modernisers and traditionalists by looking for a route into the future through two novels rooted in the past. In Baltagul/ The Hatchet he looked at how a mountain dwelling peasant woman might learn to manipulate the modern state to solve the mystery of the disappearance of her husband. In the historical novel Viaţa lui Ştefan cel Mare/ Life of Stephen the Great, he attempted to replicate some of the forms of early modern and medieval texts. The two texts are also part of Sadoveanu’s complex and dynamic political outlook which underwent significant changes in the early 1930s. Sadoveanu offered a method by which heritage might play a constructive role in political discussion.
Qualitative evidence suggests that heresy within the medieval Catholic Church had many of the cha... more Qualitative evidence suggests that heresy within the medieval Catholic Church had many of the characteristics of a scale-free network. From the perspective of the Church, heresy can be seen as a virus. The virus persisted for long periods of time, breaking out again even when the Church believed it to have been eradicated. A principal mechanism of heresy was through a small number of individuals with very large numbers of social contacts. Initial attempts by the Inquisition to suppress the virus by general persecution, or even mass slaughtering, of populations thought to harbour the 'disease' failed. Gradually, however, the Inquisition learned about the nature of the social networks by which heresy both spread and persisted. Eventually, a policy of targeting key individuals was implemented, which proved to be much more successful.
The piece uses a model derived from analysing the modern drugs trade where evidence is notoriousl... more The piece uses a model derived from analysing the modern drugs trade where evidence is notoriously difficult to gather, in order to suggest possible applications to the medieval trade in slaves. The piece also looks at the possible role of the slave trade in the early formation of what would become the kingdom of Poland.
There is a large and rapidly increasing literature which analyses social networks for which subst... more There is a large and rapidly increasing literature which analyses social networks for which substantial amounts of quantitative data are available. Further, there is a growing and related literature on what is referred to by economists as 'information cascades' on such networks. However, there is little discussion of the specific events which lead to either the creation of a network in the first instance, or of how a network which is latent in terms of its awareness evolves into a network on which individual behaviour/beliefs are actually altered. In this paper, we describe the process of emergence and evolution of a historical cultural and social network across which the opinions and behaviour of individuals were influenced. We also illustrate how empirical networks can be reconstructed relying principally on information contained in qualitative, historical sources. The specific example we use is religious belief in England in the 1550s. We describe how the burnings of Protestant leaders by the Catholic Queen Mary (1553-1558) created a set of martyrs which was decisive in increasing support not just for Protestantism compared to Catholicism, but which led to the rapid disappearance of rival Protestant factions. The network of awareness of key religious leaders already existed prior to Mary's accession to the throne. But her actions converted this into a network on which individual beliefs were affected, in this case decisively for English history.
... 2 History Workshop Journal ... There has been comparatively little written on national feelin... more ... 2 History Workshop Journal ... There has been comparatively little written on national feeling for the medieval period.' This is for a variety of reasons, the ... important being that literature on the subject has been dominated by studies of the nation state and many writers have been ...
, Understanding terrorism and radicalisation: a network approach, by Paul Ormerod and Andrew P. R... more , Understanding terrorism and radicalisation: a network approach, by Paul Ormerod and Andrew P. Roach, an article from History & Policy, the independent initiative working for better public policy through an understanding of history.
In recent years there have been notable advances of research into the Viking age slave trade alon... more In recent years there have been notable advances of research into the Viking age slave trade along the Baltic littoral. 2 There have been two main lines of inquiry: firstly, the trade itself, its markets and supply lines and in particular, its relationship to the truly vast hoards of silver dirhams from Central Asia found in Scandinavia and modern Poland, Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. 3 Secondly, attention has centred on the trade's influence on the political development of the region, notably the process of state formation by the Czechs, Poles and Rus. There has been rather less about what influence, if any , the Christian religion had on the trade, partly because both the Catholic and Orthodox Churches seem to have regarded slave taking and trading as a fact of life. Yet by the twelfth century there was legislation and the development of some limitations on the practice. The contribution to the trade of the Prusi, Old Prussians or Prus allows us a case study of two aspects of the trade. What was the contribution of the southeast Baltic to the trade and how significant was it that the Prus remained pagan when most of their neighbours were Christians? Their persistent adherence to pagan beliefs is one reason why we know relatively little about the Prus: we lack the great founding narratives provided by chroniclers such as Gallus Anonymus for Poland, Cosmas of Prague for Bohemia (Czechia) or the author of Povest' 1 My thanks to Mitko Panov for organising the conference in the difficult circumstances of the 2020 pandemic and also to my fellow panelists, Christian Raffensperger and Alex Feldman and also Jonathan Shepard and Christian Zschieschang for their suggestions and help.
Preface Introduction 1. The Monopoly, 900-1135 2. Markets, Troubadours, Universities and Heretics... more Preface Introduction 1. The Monopoly, 900-1135 2. Markets, Troubadours, Universities and Heretics 3. A World of Choices: Organised Heresy in Easter and Western Europe 4. Nails to Drive out Nails: The Albigensian Crusade, Fourth Lateran Council, Dominic Gusman and Francis of Assisi 5. Competing for Souls: From the Death of Francis to the fall of Montsegur 6. Restricting Choice: The Inquisition and the Decline of the Cathars 7. The Decline of the Holy Men: 1244-1300 8. Women and Heresy 9. Just as there are Seventy Two Tongues...': The Decline of Organised Heresy Further Reading Abbreviations
The problem which initially inspired this thesis is illustrated by a glance at the map. Why did t... more The problem which initially inspired this thesis is illustrated by a glance at the map. Why did the Cathars of Languedoc, when persecuted by the Inquisition, choose to flee east across the Alps into Italy? After all, had they crossed the Pyrenees and turned west, they would have reached Castile, which was free from the inquisitors. This leads to the wider question of the extent to which was Catharism a 'universal 7 Church. We know that its Catholic opponents wrote as if it were. There are several famous pieces of evidence, such as the account of the Council of Saint-Felix or the offer of help from Cremona^ to Montsegur, which suggest that the heresy had aspirations to universality. However, little work has been done to assess whether such aspirations found their way into the lives of ordinary communities of Cathars. THE AIMS The central part of this thesis is a history of the Southern French Cathars in Italy, tracing the locations of their communities, the careers of their leading figures and the motives behind their movements. Such attention is paid to the Southern French heretics because their Inquisition depositions offer the best documented example of a community ABSTRACT of Cathars from one region in Europe active in another area, and one which had its own native Cathar sects. Consequently , some idea of the extent of cooperation between the different groups of Cathars can be gained. These depositions cannot be used on their own and the degree of cooperation achieved can only be measure in the context of the wider contacts between the two societies. For this reason, the economic and cultural relations between Southern France and Italy have also been consulted. Finally, the records of Southern French and Italian Cathar communities must be set in the context of their respective heretical tradition? and for this reason the characterist ics of the Catharism taught and practised in each area has been considered. THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE Catharism lends itself easily to two types of study: the universal overview or detailed study, usually of the sect in one town or the career of one individual. Both have been used in this work. Of the former type, the books of Jean Duvernoy, R. I. Mqore and R. Hanselli should be singled out as particularly useful for the themes considered. However, the specific literature on the relationship between Southern French and Italian Cathars is, to the best of my knowledge, limited to one article. This is E. Dupre-Thesei der's 'Le catharisme languedocien et 1'ttalie/ in
This reviews the culture of burning, punishment and penances for heresy in the western and Byzant... more This reviews the culture of burning, punishment and penances for heresy in the western and Byzantine worlds and examines why the practice diverged on both sides. It finds that burning and punitive measures is a measure, less of religious policy, than of secular state power.
Preface Introduction 1. The Monopoly, 900-1135 2. Markets, Troubadours, Universities and Heretics... more Preface Introduction 1. The Monopoly, 900-1135 2. Markets, Troubadours, Universities and Heretics 3. A World of Choices: Organised Heresy in Easter and Western Europe 4. Nails to Drive out Nails: The Albigensian Crusade, Fourth Lateran Council, Dominic Gusman and Francis of Assisi 5. Competing for Souls: From the Death of Francis to the fall of Montsegur 6. Restricting Choice: The Inquisition and the Decline of the Cathars 7. The Decline of the Holy Men: 1244-1300 8. Women and Heresy 9. Just as there are Seventy Two Tongues...': The Decline of Organised Heresy Further Reading Abbreviations
, Understanding terrorism and radicalisation: a network approach, by Paul Ormerod and Andrew P. R... more , Understanding terrorism and radicalisation: a network approach, by Paul Ormerod and Andrew P. Roach, an article from History & Policy, the independent initiative working for better public policy through an understanding of history.
The Italian Cathars have inspired nothing like the volume of scholarship lavished on their Southe... more The Italian Cathars have inspired nothing like the volume of scholarship lavished on their Southern French counterparts. They have never acquired the symbolic significance of the Occitan heretics, and there is a genuine problem with sources. Although many of the classic ...
Struktura wydatków na wino von Asta przedstawiała się następująco: 80 proc. na produkty krajowe, ... more Struktura wydatków na wino von Asta przedstawiała się następująco: 80 proc. na produkty krajowe, 20 proc. na wino z importu. Jednak udział wina importowanego w wolumenie spożytego wina była zapewne mniejszy, może około 10 proc. Import do Prus około 1000 hl wina rocznie nie wydaje się nieprawdopodobny. Kilka uwag szczegółowych: uprawa winorośli w Polsce średniowiecznej była omawiana nie tylko przez Marię Kwapieniową (s. 82-83 przyp. 337), lecz także przez Zbigniewa Morawskiego (Rozwój i upadek winiarstwa w Polsce (XII-XVI wiek), KHKM 26, 1978, 1, s. 57-76). Nomenklatura Cesarstwo Niemieckie (s. 82) odnośnie do średniowiecza jest błędna. Zapis "Item 1 mr et 3 sol." (s. 75) nie oznacza: "niecałą jedną grzywnę"; z kolei zapis: "4 m. an 2 scot" (s. 77) nie oznacza: 4 grzywny i 2 skojce. W załącznikach zawierających ceny/koszty zakupu wina należało sprowadzić te wielkości do wspólnego mianownika (np. w fenigach). W załączniku 4 rzuca się w oczy błędna niekiedy identyfi kacja miejscowości, np. Nidenburg jako Pszczółki (zamiast Nidzica), Holland jako Elbląg (zamiast Pasłęk), Brandenburg jako Brandenburgia (zamiast Pokarmin). Razi niestaranna polszczyzna oraz brak porządnej korekty tekstu. Można odnieść wrażenie, że Maciej Badowicz opublikował swoją książkę przedwcześnie. Zabrakło czasu na bardziej wnikliwą analizę materiału źródłowego. Warto pomyśleć o drugim wydaniu tej pracy, poprawionym, uzupełnionym i rozszerzonym.
In recent years there have been notable advances of research into the Viking age slave trade alon... more In recent years there have been notable advances of research into the Viking age slave trade along the Baltic littoral. 2 There have been two main lines of inquiry: firstly, the trade itself, its markets and supply lines and in particular, its relationship to the truly vast hoards of silver dirhams from Central Asia found in Scandinavia and modern Poland, Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. 3 Secondly, attention has centred on the trade's influence on the political development of the region, notably the process of state formation by the Czechs, Poles and Rus. There has been rather less about what influence, if any , the Christian religion had on the trade, partly because both the Catholic and Orthodox Churches seem to have regarded slave taking and trading as a fact of life. Yet by the twelfth century there was legislation and the development of some limitations on the practice. The contribution to the trade of the Prusi, Old Prussians or Prus allows us a case study of two aspects of the trade. What was the contribution of the southeast Baltic to the trade and how significant was it that the Prus remained pagan when most of their neighbours were Christians? Their persistent adherence to pagan beliefs is one reason why we know relatively little about the Prus: we lack the great founding narratives provided by chroniclers such as Gallus Anonymus for Poland, Cosmas of Prague for Bohemia (Czechia) or the author of Povest' 1 My thanks to Mitko Panov for organising the conference in the difficult circumstances of the 2020 pandemic and also to my fellow panelists, Christian Raffensperger and Alex Feldman and also Jonathan Shepard and Christian Zschieschang for their suggestions and help.
This edition and translation of two miracle collections from two moderately successful shrines of... more This edition and translation of two miracle collections from two moderately successful shrines of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries provides a little more raw material of the routine extraordinary experiences of medieval Christians. The two saints are the Anglo-Saxon St Aebbe, and ...
It is certainly unrivalled as a summary of what we know of lay people's religious beliefs an... more It is certainly unrivalled as a summary of what we know of lay people's religious beliefs and practice between around 1100 and 1500 and will be extraordinarily helpful to students. Voracious reading has provided the author with a myriad colourful examples from Italy, France, Germany ...
French History offers an important international forum for everyone interested in the latest rese... more French History offers an important international forum for everyone interested in the latest research in the subject. It provides a broad perspective on contemporary debates from an international range of scholars, and covers the entire chronological range of French history from the ...
Yet,Christianity also played a fundamental role in consolidating monarchies and regnal identities... more Yet,Christianity also played a fundamental role in consolidating monarchies and regnal identities as well.This is particularly relevant when considering Pohl's and Wolfram's critique of traditional conceptions of ethnicity. Not only did Western Christendom expand to include new ...
... ANDREW P. ROACH, University of Glasgow SIMON A. GILSON, Dante and Renaissance Florence. (Camb... more ... ANDREW P. ROACH, University of Glasgow SIMON A. GILSON, Dante and Renaissance Florence. (Cambridge Studies in Medieval Lit-erature, 56.) Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xii, 324; 3 black-and-white figures. $80. ...
The Italian Cathars have inspired nothing like the volume of scholarship lavished on their Southe... more The Italian Cathars have inspired nothing like the volume of scholarship lavished on their Southern French counterparts. They have never acquired the symbolic significance of the Occitan heretics, and there is a genuine problem with sources. Although many of the classic ...
This article investigates the role of the pagan Prus in the medieval Baltic slave trade. The regi... more This article investigates the role of the pagan Prus in the medieval Baltic slave trade. The region initially shared in the influx of eastern silver through the Scandinavian port of Truso, but the use of silver in trade seems to have discontinued after 850, the so-called 'Prussian phenomenon'. Accounts of the brief mission of Saint Adalbert in 997 show evidence that the Prus participated in the trade, but other evidence from Ibn Ya'qub and Adam of Bremen show that the Prus were being raided by sea while Polish chroniclers such as Gallus Anonymus and Vincent Kadłubek also show evidence of raids and abductions by land.The latter using the rhetoric of the Crusades. The Roman Church grew gradually more concerned with the slave trade, shifting from Adalbert's dislike of Christians being owned and sold by Jews to twelfth century questioning of Christians being traded at all. This may have resulted in the Prus being more targeted as an obstinately pagan people. While the central medieval text Miracula Sancti Adalberti shows an integrated world of Christian and pagan along the Baltic coast, later evidence from Jan Długosz and parallels with areas further inland show that raiding and the trade in slaves may well have led to long term depopulation and economic underdevelopment. 1 1 My thanks to Mitko Panov for organising the conference in the difficult circumstances of the 2020 pandemic and also to my fellow panelists, Christian Raffensperger and Alex Feldman and also Jonathan Shepard and Christian Zschieschang for their suggestions and help.
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