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fix: align the CSS, HTML, XML and JavaScript tokenizers with their specs - #22872

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Each tokenizer's unit test file now covers 100% of its tokenizer's statements, branches and functions on its own, and each tokenizer was audited against its spec with differential testing against a conformant reference. Code no input can reach is removed or folded into the reachable path, not marked istanbul ignore.

Tokenizer Statements Branches Functions
CSS 550/550 336/336 57/57
HTML 1927/1927 1363/1363 33/33
JavaScript (SyntaxParser) 752/752 559/559 67/67
JavaScript (WebpackParser overrides) 616/616 486/486 26/26

How it was checked

Spec Reference Inputs
CSS Syntax 3 §3.3, §4 @csstools/css-tokenizer ~1.1M fuzzed + ~190 edge cases (types, ranges, values)
HTML §13.2.5 html5lib tokenizer tests (tokens and errors), parse5's tokenizer, entities 6968 html5lib runs, ~1M fuzzed, 300k character-reference inputs
XML 1.0 sax (strict), xmlconf 1597 xmlconf documents + spec cases
ECMAScript §12 acorn, V8, meriyah, Babel ~34.5k sources, all code points for identifiers/whitespace, 227k regexps, every ecmaVersion gate

Fixes

CSS

  • A - at the end of the input was read as part of the token before it: 1- became a dimension (spec: number, delim), @- an at-keyword. The "would start" checks defaulted code points with f || charCodeAt(...), so the NaN past the end re-read the first code point.
  • The custom-media lookahead tokenized the raw input, so a NUL in a custom media name (U+FFFD after §3.3, an ident code point) split the name and its reference stayed unresolved.

HTML

  • <?…> reports the processing-instruction errors the standard now defines (none for a well-formed one; invalid, disallowed or missing target; EOF) instead of the retired unexpected-question-mark-instead-of-tag-name; it still reads as one bogus comment.
  • <[CDATA[ outside foreign content is cdata-in-html-content.
  • An end tag cut off by EOF reports eof-in-tag alone, not also end-tag-with-attributes.
  • EOF in the script's escaped end-tag-open and double-escape-start states reports eof-in-script-html-comment-like-text.
  • A self-closing <title/>, <script/>, <style/> or <noframes/> now switches the content mode the tree builder already switched to: <title/><b></title> kept losing the <b>.

JavaScript

  • With the tokenizer alone (Parser.tokenizer), function* g() { yield /re/g } read the regexp as division: the scope answer that serves a parse was taken whenever a scope existed, and the constructor always enters one. A parsing flag set by the parse entry points now decides.
  • WebpackParser accepted regexp syntax newer than the requested ecmaVersion (named groups, lookbehind, \p{...} before ES2018): V8 builds them whatever the edition. V8 now stands in for acorn's validator only from the newest edition that validator gates on; webpack parses with latest, so builds keep the fast path.
  • Unterminated strings, templates and regexps raised with raisedAt at the token start.
  • A /= in expression position (await /=a/g, x\n{} /=a/g) is re-read as a regexp, as a lone / already was; acorn rejects these, the spec, V8, meriyah and Babel accept them.
  • The lazy template path threw a TypeError for a ${…} closed at the end of input; it raises acorn's "Unterminated template literal".

Left as is (documented, deliberate)

  • CSS: no unicode-range tokens; lone surrogates kept as written; whitespace after url( kept in token ranges.
  • HTML: duplicate attributes and input-stream characters are not reported; an in-progress end tag in RAWTEXT/RCDATA/script keeps eof-in-tag (the tree builder relies on it); NUL in a processing instruction stays reported (the tree builder replaces it from that error).
  • XML: tokenizeXml stays lenient on documents that are not well-formed.
  • JavaScript: yield /re/ in a generator method reads a regexp during a parse (acorn rejects it); x\nof /a/g with a variable named of still reads a regexp after of, as acorn does.

Unreachable code removed

  • CSS: the digit case of "would start a number", the string- and url-escape checks after the cases already handled, consumeAToken's one-code-point arm.
  • HTML: the tag-name state's non-NUL check, the quote-memo checks the memo invariants decide, the empty-name check after an XML name start.
  • JavaScript: readNumber's "Invalid number" guard and non-digit arm, WebpackParser.validateRegExpPattern.

Each fix has a test that fails without it.

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

https://claude.ai/code/session_017TkBWTk3wcyUcJYDp5ZhaP

Summary by CodeRabbit

  • Bug Fixes
    • Improved CSS tokenization for trailing hyphens, dimensions, at-keywords, hash values, escapes, and custom-media names containing NUL characters.
    • Improved JavaScript handling of generator contexts and regular-expression literals, with version-aware parsing and more accurate errors for unterminated strings, regular expressions, and templates.
    • Corrected HTML handling of processing instructions, CDATA, self-closing tags, quoted attributes, and end tags or scripts that reach end of input.

The "would start" checks took their code points as `f || charCodeAt`,
so the `NaN` a caller passes past the end of the input fell back to
re-reading the first code point: `1-` became a dimension and `@-` an
at-keyword. The checks now default only an omitted code point, and
the ident check takes all three from its callers.

The tokenizer tests now reach every statement and branch: the escape
and url branches no input could take are folded into the ones that
are reachable, and `consumeAToken` no longer repeats the one-code-point
arm that `readToken` fills first.

Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_017TkBWTk3wcyUcJYDp5ZhaP
The tag-name state's last arm only ever sees NUL, a quoted value's
quote memo is always behind a new value and never behind the scan
inside one, and an XML name start always gives a name: the checks for
the other cases go, so the tokenizer tests reach every statement and
branch.

Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_017TkBWTk3wcyUcJYDp5ZhaP
- `yield` in a generator read the regexp after it as a division when
  only the tokenizer ran: the scope check that serves a parse was taken
  whenever any scope existed, and the constructor always enters one.
  A `parsing` flag, set by the parse entry points, now picks it.
- WebpackParser accepted regexp syntax newer than the requested
  ecmaVersion (named groups, lookbehind, `\p{...}` before ES2018), since
  V8 builds them whatever the edition; V8 now stands in for acorn's
  validator only from the newest edition it gates on.
- Unterminated strings, templates and regexps raised with `pos` (and
  so `raisedAt`) left where the token started.

The tokenizer tests now run their acorn comparisons through
WebpackParser's own tokenizer methods too, lazy and eager, and reach
every statement and branch of both classes; the `readNumber` checks and
the `validateRegExpPattern` override no input could reach are gone.

Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_017TkBWTk3wcyUcJYDp5ZhaP
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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 9768e90

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 1 package
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This PR is packaged and the instant preview of its latest commit is available.

Install it locally:

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npm i -D webpack@https://pkg.pr.new/webpack@22872
  • yarn
yarn add -D webpack@https://pkg.pr.new/webpack@22872
  • pnpm
pnpm add -D webpack@https://pkg.pr.new/webpack@22872

@github-actions github-actions Bot added area: parser JavaScript parsing and dependency analysis (lib/javascript, lib/dependencies) area: css CSS support (lib/css) area: html Experimental HTML support (lib/html) area: types types.d.ts, JSDoc annotations, hand-maintained declarations labels Oct 23, 2026
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Types Coverage

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📝 Walkthrough

CSS and HTML tokenizer behavior and JavaScript parsing and tokenization are updated. Regression tests cover the affected CSS and HTML cases and compare both JavaScript parser implementations with Acorn.

Changes: Tokenizer fixes

Layer / File(s) Summary
CSS token recognition and escapes
lib/css/syntax-parser.js, test/unitCases/css/tokenizer.unittest.js, .changeset/060-tokenizer-fixes.md
CSS lookahead, numeric-start detection, and escape handling are updated. Single-character token dispatch and custom at-rule NUL preprocessing are also changed. Tests cover NUL handling, trailing hyphens, and hash tokens.
HTML processing-instruction handling
lib/html/syntax-parser.js, test/unitCases/html/tokenizer.unittest.js
The tokenizer validates processing-instruction targets and reports EOF errors for unterminated instructions with valid targets. Tests cover valid, invalid, disallowed, and unterminated targets.
HTML markup scanning and content modes
lib/html/syntax-parser.js, test/unitCases/html/tokenizer.unittest.js
Tag-name NUL handling, quoted-attribute scanning, self-closing tag content modes, and CDATA handling are updated. Tests cover HTML-context CDATA and self-closing title and style tags.
HTML EOF and script-state handling
lib/html/syntax-parser.js, test/unitCases/html/tokenizer.unittest.js
EOF handling for truncated end tags and script escaped states is updated. Tests cover both EOF cases.
JavaScript parser state and context
lib/javascript/syntax-parser.js, test/unitCases/javascript/tokenizer.unittest.js
Both parser implementations track active parsing and use parser scope state for generator-context detection during parsing. Tests compare parser contexts, callbacks, plugin hooks, and parser output with Acorn.
JavaScript literal scanning and regexp validation
lib/javascript/syntax-parser.js, test/unitCases/javascript/tokenizer.unittest.js
Numeric scanning and unterminated-literal error positions are updated. Regexp construction uses the host engine for ECMAScript version 16 or newer and delegates other cases to Acorn. Tests add numeric, template, and regexp inputs.

Suggested reviewers: bjohansebas

Priority: ➖ Normal

Change: Bug fix

Merge Risk: ⚪ Minimal · up to 2018e

No identified tokenizer issue remains that would prevent merging after normal checks.

Pre-merge checks: Passed 3 · Inconclusive 1

Failed Failed checks: 1 inconclusive

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Title check Inconclusive The title uses valid Conventional Commit syntax with the allowed type fix, no scope, and a subject that accurately describes the tokenizer fixes. The branch prefix is not provided, so the required t… Provide the branch name or confirm that its prefix is fix.
Passed Passed checks: 3 passed
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Generated code size

Comparing base (6e43fc2) to head (820e700). Merging this pull request will not change the code webpack generates.

What moved Tests Assets Gzip Raw Test edit
Changed, test untouched 0 0 — — —
Changed, test edited 0 0 — — —
New 0 0 — — —
Deleted 0 0 — — —
Unchanged — 9109 — — —

Read Changed, test untouched first: the test is byte-identical on both sides, so webpack generated the difference. Changed, test edited moved partly because the test did — Test edit is how many bytes the test gained, and a bundle that grew by less is not a regression. New and Deleted are whole files, not deltas — a new asset was created, not grown, so it reads gray (⚪ added) — and adding tests cannot bury a real change. Gzip decides, because that is what users download; raw is the tiebreak, and brotli and zstd are per asset below.

No asset changed size.

No runtime gained or lost a runtime module.

Built test/configCases with the defaults a user gets: 2280 test(s), 9109 asset(s), 101 emitted nothing.

`_readCustomAtRulesAhead` ran the tokenizer on the raw input, so a NUL
in a custom media name (U+FFFD after CSS Syntax §3.3, an ident code
point) split the name and its reference was never recorded. The
lookahead now reads the preprocessed input, which keeps every offset.

Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_017TkBWTk3wcyUcJYDp5ZhaP
- `<?…>` reports the processing-instruction errors the standard now
  defines (none for a well-formed one; invalid, disallowed or missing
  targets; EOF) instead of the retired
  unexpected-question-mark-instead-of-tag-name; it still reads as one
  bogus comment.
- `<![CDATA[` outside foreign content is cdata-in-html-content.
- An end tag cut off by EOF reports eof-in-tag alone, not also
  end-tag-with-attributes.
- EOF in the script's escaped end-tag-open and double-escape-start
  states reports eof-in-script-html-comment-like-text.
- A self-closing `<title/>`, `<script/>`, `<style/>` or `<noframes/>`
  switches the content mode the tree builder already switched to, so
  `<title/><b></title>` keeps `<b>` as text.

Checked against the html5lib tokenizer tests (tokens and errors),
parse5's tokenizer and the entities package.

Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_017TkBWTk3wcyUcJYDp5ZhaP
- Where an expression belongs, a `/=` the tokenizer took for the
  division-assignment operator now re-reads as a regexp, as a lone `/`
  already did: `await /=a/g`, `x\n{} /=a/g` and the like parse, as the
  spec, V8, meriyah and Babel read them (acorn rejects them).
- WebpackParser's lazy template path raised a TypeError for a `${…}`
  closed at the end of input; it now raises acorn's "Unterminated
  template literal" at the same position.

Checked against the lexical grammar with differential fuzzing against
acorn, V8, meriyah and Babel.

Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_017TkBWTk3wcyUcJYDp5ZhaP
@alexander-akait alexander-akait changed the title fix: tokenizer bugs found by covering the CSS, HTML and JavaScript tokenizers fix: align the CSS, HTML, XML and JavaScript tokenizers with their specs Oct 23, 2026
@codecov

codecov Bot commented Oct 23, 2026 •

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Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 96.56%. Comparing base (90b6205) to head (9768e90).
⚠️ Report is 2 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files
@@             Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #22872       +/-   ##
===========================================
+ Coverage   77.14%   96.56%   +19.41%     
===========================================
  Files         601      778      +177     
  Lines      133120   141113     +7993     
  Branches    46082    48285     +2203     
===========================================
+ Hits       102700   136262    +33562     
+ Misses      30420     4851    -25569     
Flag Coverage Δ
css-html-xml 28.85% <66.01%> (?)
integration 74.79% <77.66%> (?)
minify-corpora 89.92% <67.64%> (?)
syntax-equivalence 79.15% <85.50%> (?)
test262 54.42% <58.82%> (?)
test262-parser 72.23% <61.76%> (?)
unit 77.17% <100.00%> (+0.02%) ⬆️

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@codspeed

codspeed Bot commented Oct 23, 2026

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Merging this PR will improve performance by 37.74%

1 warning, 1 note

⚠️ 111 benchmarks are dominated by system calls

System calls cannot be simulated consistently and are left out of the measure. The reported value understates the real cost. Switch to the Walltime instrument to measure them.

Learn more about system calls

See affected benchmarks

ℹ️ 44 benchmarks have no flamegraph

The flamegraph wasn't generated: most of the time was spent in runtime internals, which would leave nothing useful to analyze.

See affected benchmarks

⚡ 1 improved benchmark
✅ 338 untouched benchmarks

Performance Changes

Mode Benchmark BASE HEAD Efficiency
⚡ Memory benchmark "context-commonjs", scenario '{"name":"mode-production","mode":"production"}' 419.1 KB 304.3 KB +37.74%

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Curious why performance improved? Comment @codspeedbot explain why performance improved on this PR, or directly use the CodSpeed MCP with your agent.


Comparing fix/tokenizer-bugs (9768e90) with main (90b6205)

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area: css CSS support (lib/css) area: html Experimental HTML support (lib/html) area: parser JavaScript parsing and dependency analysis (lib/javascript, lib/dependencies) area: types types.d.ts, JSDoc annotations, hand-maintained declarations

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