[python] Use new C++ API bindings in Python API (parent task)

Split-off from https://github.com/single-cell-data/TileDB-SOMA/issues/1240
- [x] #1714
- Pybind11 bindings
    - [x] #1715
    - [x] #2077
    - [x] #2078
    - [x] #2674
- [x] #2228 
- [x] #2240 
- [x] #2241