Add a tool for measuring expectation values of Pauli strings with readout error mitigation #7067

ddddddanni · 2025-02-14T00:41:18Z

This PR does the following two things:

Improved Readout Benchmarking: Modified run_shuffled_with_readout_benchmarking to accept a list of qubit tuples (List[Tuple[Qubit]]). This allows for calculating the readout error rate on specific qubit subsets, ensuring alignment with the qubit sets used in non-identity Pauli operators within Pauli strings.
Added a tool to compute expectation values for Pauli operators. This tool calculates both unmitigated and readout-error-mitigated expectation values for each circuit, and integrates the results from the readout benchmarking.

…of qubits as input

… readout error mitigation

…CalibrationResult. Besides, fixed some lints

ddddddanni · 2025-02-14T00:54:32Z

Hey @eliottrosenberg and @NoureldinYosri if you could take a look at this. Thanks!

eliottrosenberg

Very nice work Danni!! This looks really great!

A few initial comments:

Regarding line 55 in shuffle_circuits_with_readout_benchmarking.py, it should be possible to specify 0 for num_random_bitstrings in order to do the measurement without readout mitigation (or have a different way of running without readout mitigation).

I think you went with lists of tuples for circuits_to_pauli because you can't put a cirq.Circuit into a dictionary, but you can put a cirq.FrozenCircuit into a dictionary, so maybe that would be more convenient (not sure). Also, the object that measure_pauli_strings outputs is pretty complicated, with lots of nested tuples, so maybe we want to create some data class for the output?

…_random_bitstrings, and add a test to cover the situation. The design is the run_shuffled_with_readout_benchmarking method will return a empty SingleQubitReadoutCalibrationResult if no calibration is actually done. 2. Allow measure_pauli_strings to take num_random_bitstrings = 0. In this case, no mitigation is actually done, and the mitigated result and unmitigated result are the same. Also add a test to handle this situation. 3. Make the return type of measure_pauli_strings a data class.

ddddddanni · 2025-02-18T07:42:33Z

Very nice work Danni!! This looks really great!

A few initial comments:

Regarding line 55 in shuffle_circuits_with_readout_benchmarking.py, it should be possible to specify 0 for num_random_bitstrings in order to do the measurement without readout mitigation (or have a different way of running without readout mitigation).

I think you went with lists of tuples for circuits_to_pauli because you can't put a cirq.Circuit into a dictionary, but you can put a cirq.FrozenCircuit into a dictionary, so maybe that would be more convenient (not sure). Also, the object that measure_pauli_strings outputs is pretty complicated, with lots of nested tuples, so maybe we want to create some data class for the output?

Done.
In the new commit, I allow shuffle_circuits_with_readout_benchmarking to take 0 for num_random_bitstrings, and add a test to cover the situation. The design is the run_shuffled_with_readout_benchmarking method will return a empty SingleQubitReadoutCalibrationResult if no calibration is actually done.
I also allow measure_pauli_strings to take num_random_bitstrings = 0. In this case, no mitigation is actually done, and the mitigated result and unmitigated result are the same. Also add a test to handle this situation. (not sure if we really want to have this situation supported?)
Besides, I make the return type of measure_pauli_strings a data class CircuitToPauliStringsMeasurementResult. Thanks for the suggestion, the code is more readable with this change.

eliottrosenberg

Thanks, Danni!! I tried testing it in this colab and got the error shown there.

ddddddanni · 2025-02-24T11:01:09Z

Thanks, Danni!! I tried testing it in this colab and got the error shown there.

Can you try again? The problem should be fixed in the latest commit ;)

eliottrosenberg

Thanks, Danni! I tested it again, and there seems to be a bug in the way it is computing the expectation value. I tried it on a simulator without noise in a case where the expectation value should be 1 and got something close to 0. https://colab.sandbox.google.com/drive/1_on4xIHQNMH_2km3RjlfoZxBcYim9A3y

Let me know if you have any trouble identifying the cause of this and I can step in and help.

eliottrosenberg · 2025-02-26T04:18:39Z

@ddddddanni Here is a simpler example that illustrates the bug: https://colab.sandbox.google.com/drive/1DUOEbrJSHIvlIN1CI7T6lug4zGDB5nyG

ddddddanni · 2025-02-26T10:37:55Z

@ddddddanni Here is a simpler example that illustrates the bug: https://colab.sandbox.google.com/drive/1DUOEbrJSHIvlIN1CI7T6lug4zGDB5nyG

Thanks for catching this! This is due to the code doesn't cover the situation that some pauli strings could be pauli I. I will fix it.

NoureldinYosri

@ddddddanni LGTM ... I will take another look after you fix the failing CIs

NoureldinYosri · 2025-02-26T20:06:55Z

cirq-core/cirq/contrib/paulistring/pauli_string_measurement_with_readout_mitigation.py

+from cirq.study import ResultDict
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass


prefer to use attrs over dataclasses

NoureldinYosri · 2025-02-26T20:08:37Z

cirq-core/cirq/contrib/paulistring/pauli_string_measurement_with_readout_mitigation.py

+        elif pauli_op == ops.Y:
+            # Rotate to Y basis: Rx(pi/2)
+            operations.append(ops.rx(np.pi / 2)(qid_list[qubit_index]))
+        # No operation needed for Pauli Z or I (identity)


there shouldn't be identity in this case

NoureldinYosri · 2025-02-26T20:16:01Z

cirq-core/cirq/contrib/paulistring/pauli_string_measurement_with_readout_mitigation.py

+    # Extract unique qubit tuples from all circuits
+    unique_qubit_tuples = set()
+    for circuit in circuits_to_pauli.keys():
+        unique_qubit_tuples.add(tuple(sorted(set(circuit.all_qubits()))))


circuit.all_qubits() returns a frozenset, so you can dop the set here and elsewhere

ddddddanni · 2025-03-02T12:51:37Z

@ddddddanni Here is a simpler example that illustrates the bug: https://colab.sandbox.google.com/drive/1DUOEbrJSHIvlIN1CI7T6lug4zGDB5nyG

Done! Can you try test again? The issue was Pauli I was incorrectly treated as Z in expectation calculation, and now the issue is fixed, and I also modified tests to test this.

eliottrosenberg

Thanks, @ddddddanni! This is really great! One more request: can we multiply the result of measuring the PauliString by its coefficient? For example, right now your code does not distinguish between the following PauliStrings:

cirq.PauliString(cirq.Z.on_each(cirq.LineQubit.range(2)))

and

-1 * cirq.PauliString(cirq.Z.on_each(cirq.LineQubit.range(2)))

eliottrosenberg · 2025-03-05T01:15:49Z

(And when you implement my previous suggestion, make sure to also scale the statistical uncertainty by abs(coefficient))

…ng by its coefficient 2. Added a function to validate the input. Also added some tests for the validation function. 3. Fixed lint

ddddddanni · 2025-03-10T04:46:06Z

Thanks, @ddddddanni! This is really great! One more request: can we multiply the result of measuring the PauliString by its coefficient? For example, right now your code does not distinguish between the following PauliStrings:
cirq.PauliString(cirq.Z.on_each(cirq.LineQubit.range(2)))
and
-1 * cirq.PauliString(cirq.Z.on_each(cirq.LineQubit.range(2)))

Sure! I added some codes to multiple the coefficient with the result of measuring the paulistring. Also added some more codes to validate the input and tests.

eliottrosenberg

Thanks, @ddddddanni, this is great!

…o validate the input pauli coefficient must be real.

ddddddanni · 2025-03-12T13:09:26Z

@ddddddanni LGTM ... I will take another look after you fix the failing CIs

Thanks! Failing checks should be fixed now ;)

codecov · 2025-03-12T16:48:45Z

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 98.14%. Comparing base (eddb281) to head (1af26c2).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff            @@
##             main    #7067    +/-   ##
========================================
  Coverage   98.14%   98.14%            
========================================
  Files        1098     1100     +2     
  Lines       95816    96186   +370     
========================================
+ Hits        94034    94403   +369     
- Misses       1782     1783     +1

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NoureldinYosri

LGTM%style comments

NoureldinYosri · 2025-03-12T16:36:02Z

cirq-core/cirq/contrib/paulistring/pauli_string_measurement_with_readout_mitigation.py

+from cirq.study import ResultDict
+
+
+@attrs.define


if this is intended to be an immutable class prefere @attrs.frozen else prefer @attrs.mutable

Sure, changed it to @attrs.frozen

NoureldinYosri · 2025-03-12T16:36:36Z

cirq-core/cirq/contrib/paulistring/pauli_string_measurement_with_readout_mitigation.py

+    mitigated_stddev: float
+    unmitigated_expectation: float
+    unmitigated_stddev: float
+    calibration_result: Optional[SingleQubitReadoutCalibrationResult]


since this is optional, it should have a default value = None

NoureldinYosri · 2025-03-12T16:36:49Z

cirq-core/cirq/contrib/paulistring/pauli_string_measurement_with_readout_mitigation.py

+    calibration_result: Optional[SingleQubitReadoutCalibrationResult]
+
+
+@attrs.define


NoureldinYosri · 2025-03-12T16:37:35Z

cirq-core/cirq/contrib/paulistring/pauli_string_measurement_with_readout_mitigation.py

+
+def _validate_input(
+    circuits_to_pauli: Dict[circuits.FrozenCircuit, list[ops.PauliString]],
+    rng_or_seed: Union[np.random.Generator, int],


in most scientific libraries, the rng comes last

Sure! Moved this to the end.

NoureldinYosri · 2025-03-12T17:14:00Z

cirq-core/cirq/contrib/paulistring/pauli_string_measurement_with_readout_mitigation.py

+        if qubit in pauli_string:
+            pauli_op = pauli_string[qubit]
+            if pauli_op == ops.X:
+                operations.append(ops.ry(-np.pi / 2)(qubit))


can you add a comment that this is hadamard?

Suggested change

operations.append(ops.ry(-np.pi / 2)(qubit))

operations.append(ops.ry(-np.pi / 2)(qubit)) # =cirq.H

NoureldinYosri · 2025-03-12T17:19:16Z

cirq-core/cirq/contrib/paulistring/pauli_string_measurement_with_readout_mitigation.py

+    """Builds a list of empty confusion matrices"""
+    cms: list[np.ndarray] = []
+    for _ in range(qubits_length):
+        cms.append(_build_one_qubit_confusion_matrix(0, 0))


this is is not an empty matrix ... if the intention is to create a placeholder list of np.array then you can do

return [np.empty(0)]*qubits_length

if you need them to be 2x2 array, then

return [np.empty((2,2))]*qubits_length

Sure! I changed the method to directly return the [_build_one_qubit_confusion_matrix(0, 0) for _ in range(qubits_length)]

NoureldinYosri · 2025-03-12T17:20:18Z

cirq-core/cirq/contrib/paulistring/pauli_string_measurement_with_readout_mitigation.py

+
+    Returns:
+        A list of PauliStringMeasurementResult objects, where each object contains:
+            - The Pauli string that was measured.


I think this is redundant since this description should be in the docstring of PauliStringMeasurementResult

Sure! Changed.

NoureldinYosri · 2025-03-12T17:20:59Z

cirq-core/cirq/contrib/paulistring/pauli_string_measurement_with_readout_mitigation.py

+def measure_pauli_strings(
+    circuits_to_pauli: Dict[circuits.FrozenCircuit, list[ops.PauliString]],
+    sampler: work.Sampler,
+    rng_or_seed: Union[np.random.Generator, int],


NoureldinYosri · 2025-03-12T17:24:29Z

cirq-core/cirq/contrib/shuffle_circuits/shuffle_circuits_with_readout_benchmarking_test.py

+    readout_qubits = [qubits_1, qubits_2]
+
+    # Generate random input circuits and append measurements
+    input_circuit_1 = rqcg.generate_library_of_2q_circuits(


I think we should create a method to create the input_circuits and use it here and elsewhere

input_circuits = _create_test_circuits()

NoureldinYosri · 2025-03-12T17:26:48Z

cirq-core/cirq/contrib/paulistring/pauli_string_measurement_with_readout_mitigation_test.py

+    circuit_3 = cirq.FrozenCircuit(_create_ghz(8, qubits_3))
+
+    circuits_to_pauli: Dict[cirq.FrozenCircuit, list[cirq.PauliString]] = {}
+    circuits_to_pauli[circuit_1] = [


I know about the tradeoff between damp and dry tests and to me this feels a bit too damp ... maybe

circuits_to_pauli[circuit_1] = [_generate_random_pauli_string(qubits_1, True) for _ in range(3)]

NoureldinYosri · 2025-03-17T17:53:28Z

great work @ddddddanni ... please fix the coverage CI and then we can merge this PR

ddddddanni · 2025-03-18T23:48:19Z

great work @ddddddanni ... please fix the coverage CI and then we can merge this PR

Thanks!! The coverage check should be fixed now ; )

@NoureldinYosri

…dout error mitigation (quantumlib#7067) * Modify the shuffle_circuit measurement and allow it to handle a list of qubits as input * Add a new tool for measuring expectation values of Pauli strings with readout error mitigation * Allow the measure_pauli_strings to also return the SingleQubitReadoutCalibrationResult. Besides, fixed some lints * 1. Allow shuffle_circuits_with_readout_benchmarking to take 0 for num_random_bitstrings, and add a test to cover the situation. The design is the run_shuffled_with_readout_benchmarking method will return a empty SingleQubitReadoutCalibrationResult if no calibration is actually done. 2. Allow measure_pauli_strings to take num_random_bitstrings = 0. In this case, no mitigation is actually done, and the mitigated result and unmitigated result are the same. Also add a test to handle this situation. 3. Make the return type of measure_pauli_strings a data class. * Fix a issue that caused calibration_results lookup failure * Fix: Pauli I was incorrectly treated as Z in expectation calculation * 1. Added some codes to multiply the result of measuring the PauliString by its coefficient 2. Added a function to validate the input. Also added some tests for the validation function. 3. Fixed lint * Fix a broken test * pauli_string.qubits returns the self.keys which are already unique. Thus remove the set() acts on the pauli_string.qubits * Fix type and coverage check. Besides, adds a input validation check to validate the input pauli coefficient must be real. * Address comments by @NoureldinYosri * Fix the coverage check * Fix lint line too long --------- Co-authored-by: eliottrosenberg <[email protected]> Co-authored-by: Noureldin <[email protected]>

ddddddanni added 2 commits February 13, 2025 14:46

Modify the shuffle_circuit measurement and allow it to handle a list …

18f99be

…of qubits as input

Add a new tool for measuring expectation values of Pauli strings with…

d3126c8

… readout error mitigation

ddddddanni requested review from a team and vtomole as code owners February 14, 2025 00:41

ddddddanni requested a review from tanujkhattar February 14, 2025 00:41

CirqBot added the size: L 250< lines changed <1000 label Feb 14, 2025

ddddddanni added 2 commits February 13, 2025 16:41

Merge branch 'main' into pauli-string-readout

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Allow the measure_pauli_strings to also return the SingleQubitReadout…

b6e645e

…CalibrationResult. Besides, fixed some lints

NoureldinYosri self-requested a review February 14, 2025 01:46

NoureldinYosri self-assigned this Feb 14, 2025

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Merge branch 'main' into pauli-string-readout

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Fix a issue that caused calibration_results lookup failure

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Fix: Pauli I was incorrectly treated as Z in expectation calculation

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1. Added some codes to multiply the result of measuring the PauliStri…

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…ng by its coefficient 2. Added a function to validate the input. Also added some tests for the validation function. 3. Fixed lint

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Merge branch 'main' into pauli-string-readout

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Fix type and coverage check. Besides, adds a input validation check t…

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…o validate the input pauli coefficient must be real.

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Address comments by @NoureldinYosri

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Fix the coverage check

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ddddddanni requested a review from NoureldinYosri March 18, 2025 23:48

ddddddanni and others added 4 commits March 18, 2025 16:51

Fix lint line too long

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Merge branch 'main' into pauli-string-readout

9b8431e

Merge branch 'main' into pauli-string-readout

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Merge branch 'main' into pauli-string-readout

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Merged via the queue into quantumlib:main with commit b3561b4 Mar 25, 2025
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ddddddanni mentioned this pull request Apr 9, 2025

Add the capability to accept group Paulis that can be measured using same measurement results #7236

Merged

mhucka mentioned this pull request Apr 18, 2025

Improve reporting of errors & efficiency of pr-size-labeler #7288

Merged

ddddddanni mentioned this pull request May 20, 2025

Add parameter sweep support for Pauli string measurements with readout mitigation #7358

Closed

		calibration_result: Optional[SingleQubitReadoutCalibrationResult]


		@attrs.define

	operations.append(ops.ry(-np.pi / 2)(qubit))
	operations.append(ops.ry(-np.pi / 2)(qubit)) # =cirq.H

Add a tool for measuring expectation values of Pauli strings with readout error mitigation #7067

Add a tool for measuring expectation values of Pauli strings with readout error mitigation #7067

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