sent over a socket. When compiling Python, you can edit :file:`Modules/Setup`

to include SSL support, which adds an additional function to the :mod:`socket`

module: ``socket.ssl(socket, keyfile, certfile)``, which takes a socket

were also changed to support ``https://`` URLs, though no one has implemented

FTP or SMTP over SSL.

though using HTTP/1.1 features such as pipelining will require rewriting code to

use a different set of interfaces.

* :mod:`pyexpat`: An interface to the Expat XML parser. (Contributed by Paul

Prescod.)

web spiders that politely avoid certain areas of a web site. The parser accepts

the contents of a :file:`robots.txt` file, builds a set of rules from it, and

can then answer questions about the fetchability of a given URL. (Contributed

:file:`Tools/idle/BrowserControl.py`, and adapted for the standard library by

Fred.)

adaptation of functions that have been part of PythonWin since 1995, but has now

been added to the core distribution, and enhanced to support Unicode.

* :mod:`zipfile`: A module for reading and writing ZIP-format archives. These

are archives produced by :program:`PKZIP` on DOS/Windows or :program:`zip` on

so you can't just subclass, say, lists in order to add a single useful method to

them. The :mod:`!UserList` module provides a class that supports all of the

methods of lists and that can be subclassed further, but there's lots of C code

instance.

Python 2.2 fixes this, and in the process adds some exciting new capabilities.

* It's also possible to automatically call methods on accessing or setting an

instance attribute by using a new mechanism called :dfn:`properties`. Many uses

resulting code simpler and faster. As a small side benefit, attributes can now

have docstrings, too.

New and Improved Modules

Lundh, providing support for writing XML-RPC clients. XML-RPC is a simple

remote procedure call protocol built on top of HTTP and XML. For example, the

following snippet retrieves a list of RSS channels from the O'Reilly Network,

XML-RPC servers. See http://xmlrpc.scripting.com/ for more information about XML-RPC.

* The new :mod:`hmac` module implements the HMAC algorithm described by

:rfc:`2104`. (Contributed by Gerhard Häring.)

* Several functions that originally returned lengthy tuples now return

pseudo-sequences that still behave like tuples but also have mnemonic attributes such

:func:`~os.stat`, :func:`~os.fstat`, :func:`~os.statvfs`, and :func:`~os.fstatvfs` in the

:mod:`os` module, and :func:`~time.localtime`, :func:`~time.gmtime`, and :func:`~time.strptime` in

the :mod:`time` module.

:func:`nsmallest` that use heaps to find the N largest or smallest values in a

dataset without the expense of a full sort. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger.)

in various HTTP-related RFC documents. Constants have names such as

:const:`OK`, :const:`CREATED`, :const:`CONTINUE`, and

:const:`MOVED_PERMANENTLY`; use pydoc to get a full list. (Contributed by

now include the string ``'%default'``, which will be replaced by the option's

default value. (Contributed by Greg Ward.)

Python release in favor of the :mod:`email` package. To this end, the

processing code with this in mind. (Change implemented by Anthony Baxter.)

* A new ``urandom(n)`` function was added to the :mod:`os` module, returning

sockets, and regular expression pattern objects. (Contributed by Raymond

Hettinger.)

transmitting multiple XML-RPC calls in a single HTTP operation. (Contributed by

Brian Quinlan.)

cookielib

stored in cookie jars; the library transparently stores cookies offered by the

web server in the cookie jar, and fetches the cookie from the jar when

connecting to the server. As in web browsers, policy objects control whether

use the Mozilla or Lynx cookie files, and one that stores cookies in the same

format as the Perl libwww library.

:class:`HTTPCookieProcessor` manages a cookie jar that is used when accessing

URLs.

of arguments instead. The ability to return ``None`` was deprecated in Python

2.4, so this completes the removal of the feature.

:attr:`rpc_paths` attribute that constrains XML-RPC operations to a limited set

of URL paths; the default is to allow only ``'/'`` and ``'/RPC2'``. Setting

:attr:`rpc_paths` to ``None`` or an empty tuple disables this path checking.

by Skip Montanaro.)

appeared. In Python 2.5, the argument must be exactly one %char specifier with

no surrounding text.

return a tuple of arguments instead. The modules also no longer accept the

deprecated *bin* keyword parameter.

have a :attr:`rpc_paths` attribute that constrains XML-RPC operations to a

limited set of URL paths; the default is to allow only ``'/'`` and ``'/RPC2'``.

Setting :attr:`rpc_paths` to ``None`` or an empty tuple disables this path

(In Python 2.6, :class:`io.StringIO` is implemented in

pure Python, so it's pretty slow. You should therefore stick with the

point Python 3.0's :mod:`io` module will be rewritten into C for speed,

and perhaps the C implementation will be backported to the 2.x releases.)

Nubis; :issue:`1817`.)

The :func:`parse_qs` and :func:`parse_qsl` functions have been

The versions still available in the :mod:`!cgi` module will

trigger :exc:`PendingDeprecationWarning` messages in 2.6

(:issue:`600362`).

(Contributed by Raymond Hettinger.)

set cannot be accessed or manipulated by JavaScript code.

(Contributed by Arvin Schnell; :issue:`1638033`.)

(Contributed by Raymond Hettinger.)

* An optional ``timeout`` parameter, specifying a timeout measured in

Batista.)

* Most of the :mod:`inspect` module's functions, such as

``socket(socket.AF_INET, ...)`` may be all that's required to make

your code work with IPv6.

now takes an optional poll interval measured in seconds,

controlling how often the server will check for a shutdown request.

(Contributed by Pedro Werneck and Jeffrey Yasskin;

``with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as tmp: ...``.

(Contributed by Alexander Belopolsky; :issue:`2021`.)

of context managers useful for writing tests.

context manager that temporarily changes environment variables and

automatically restores them to their old values.

(:issue:`1513695`)

* An optional ``timeout`` parameter was added to the

:class:`urllib.ftpwrapper` class constructor, as well as the

measured in seconds. For example::

intended for testing purposes that lets you temporarily modify the

warning filters and then restore their original values (:issue:`3781`).

classes can now be prevented from immediately opening and binding to

their socket by passing ``False`` as the *bind_and_activate*

constructor parameter. This can be used to modify the instance's

information. (Contributed by Alan McIntyre as part of his

project for Google's Summer of Code 2007.)

:class:`datetime.date` and :class:`datetime.time` to the

not necessarily correct for all applications. Code using

instances. (:issue:`1330538`) The code can also handle

dates before 1900 (contributed by Ralf Schmitt; :issue:`2014`)

and 64-bit integers represented by using ``<i8>`` in XML-RPC responses

:exc:`StandardError` but now it is, through :exc:`IOError`.

(Implemented by Gregory P. Smith; :issue:`1706815`.)

:class:`datetime.date` and :class:`datetime.time` to the

not necessarily correct for all applications. Code using

instances. (:issue:`1330538`)

* (3.0-warning mode) The :class:`Exception` class now warns