@@ -747,7 +747,14 @@ export const layer: Layer.Layer<
           ),
           createdAt,
         });
-        effectiveHandoffs = [handoff, ...effectiveHandoffs];
+        // Delivery ranks later handoffs as newer history. Pending handoffs from
+        // earlier runs predate this summary; handoffs for this run (provider-switch
+        // delta, merge-back) are newer and must stay last.
+        effectiveHandoffs = [
+          ...effectiveHandoffs.filter((candidate) => candidate.targetRunId !== run.id),
+          handoff,
+          ...effectiveHandoffs.filter((candidate) => candidate.targetRunId === run.id),
+        ];
         yield* eventSink.write({
           events: [
             {
 
@@ -1182,6 +1182,125 @@ describe("orchestration v2 provider switching", () => {
       ),
   );
 
+  it.live("keeps the latest turn when a resume fallback also delivers an older handoff", () =>
+    Effect.scoped(
+      Effect.gen(function* () {
+        const cwd = yield* checkpointWorkspace("resume-fallback-handoff-order");
+        const capturedTurns = yield* Ref.make<ReadonlyArray<CapturedTurn>>([]);
+        const injectedHistory = yield* Ref.make<ReadonlyArray<unknown>>([]);
+        const oldResult = `old result ${"o".repeat(2_500)}`;
+        const latestResult = `latest result ${"l".repeat(2_500)}`;
+        const layerRegistry = ProviderAdapterRegistry.layerFromAdapters([
+          makeTestAdapter({
+            instanceId: CLAUDE_MODEL_SELECTION.instanceId,
+            driver: CLAUDE_DRIVER,
+            capabilities: ClaudeProviderCapabilitiesV2,
+            modelSelection: CLAUDE_MODEL_SELECTION,
+            responseByRunOrdinal: { 1: oldResult, 3: latestResult },
+            capturedTurns,
+            injectedHistory,
+            failResume: true,
+            failedRunOrdinals: new Set([2]),
+            nativeThreadGeneration: yield* Ref.make(0),
+          }),
+        ]);
+        yield* Effect.gen(function* () {
+          const orchestrator = yield* Orchestrator.OrchestratorV2;
+          const worker = yield* EffectWorker.OrchestrationEffectWorkerV2;
+          const runAfterDetach = Effect.fn("runAfterDetach")(function* (
+            ordinal: number,
+            text: string,
+          ) {
+            const providerSessionId = (yield* orchestrator.getThreadProjection(threadId))
+              .providerThreads[0]?.providerSessionId;
+            if (providerSessionId != null) {
+              yield* orchestrator.dispatch({
+                type: "provider-session.detach",
+                commandId: CommandId.make(`handoff-order:detach:${ordinal}`),
+                threadId,
+                providerSessionId,
+              });
+              yield* worker.drain();
+            }
+            yield* orchestrator.dispatch({
+              type: "message.dispatch",
+              commandId: CommandId.make(`handoff-order:${ordinal}`),
+              threadId,
+              messageId: MessageId.make(`handoff-order:${ordinal}`),
+              createdBy: "user",
+              creationSource: "web",
+              text,
+              attachments: [],
+              modelSelection: CLAUDE_MODEL_SELECTION,
+              dispatchMode: { type: "start_immediately" },
+            });
+            yield* orchestrator.streamStoredEvents.pipe(
+              Stream.filter(
+                ({ event }) =>
+                  event.type === "run.updated" &&
+                  event.payload.ordinal === ordinal &&
+                  (event.payload.status === "completed" || event.payload.status === "failed"),
+              ),
+              Stream.runHead,
+            );
+            yield* worker.drain();
+          });
+          yield* orchestrator.dispatch({
+            type: "thread.create",
+            commandId: CommandId.make("handoff-order:create"),
+            threadId,
+            projectId,
+            createdBy: "user",
+            creationSource: "web",
+            title: "Resume fallback handoff order",
+            modelSelection: CLAUDE_MODEL_SELECTION,
+            runtimeMode: "full-access",
+            interactionMode: "default",
+            branch: null,
+            worktreePath: null,
+          });
+          yield* runAfterDetach(1, `Original brief ${"b".repeat(9_000)}`);
+          yield* runAfterDetach(2, "Request 2");
+          yield* runAfterDetach(3, "Request 3");
+          const historyBeforeRun4 = (yield* Ref.get(injectedHistory)).length;
+          yield* runAfterDetach(4, "Request 4");
+
+          const projection = yield* orchestrator.getThreadProjection(threadId);
+          assert.deepEqual(
+            projection.runs.map((run) => run.status),
+            ["completed", "failed", "completed", "completed"],
+          );
+          const run4NativeThreadId = (yield* Ref.get(capturedTurns)).at(-1)?.nativeThreadId;
+          assert.equal(
+            projection.contextHandoffs.find(
+              (handoff) => handoff.targetRunId === projection.runs[1]?.id,
+            )?.delivery?.nativeThreadId,
+            run4NativeThreadId,
+          );
+          const run4History = yield* encodeJson(
+            (yield* Ref.get(injectedHistory)).slice(historyBeforeRun4),
+          );
+          assert.include(run4History, "Original brief");
+          assert.include(run4History, latestResult);
+        }).pipe(
+          Effect.provide(
+            ProviderReplayHarness.layerWithRegistry(
+              {
+                name: "resume-fallback-handoff-order",
+                runtimePolicyOverride: {
+                  cwd,
+                  approvalPolicy: "never",
+                  sandboxPolicy: { type: "readOnly" },
+                },
+              },
+              layerRegistry,
+            ),
+          ),
+        );
+      }),
+    ),
+  );
+
   it.live.each([
     ["background work", new ClaudeBackgroundWorkBlocksQueryReplacementError()],
     ["an unreadable append file", new ClaudeAppendSystemPromptFileError({ path: "missing.md" })],