For the read_sql_* methods, the argument dtype is just passed to DataFrame.astype(), where we allow dtype: AstypeArg | Mapping[Any, Dtype] | Series, so the read_sql_*() methods should do the same.
In particular, doing something like dtype: {"col": "str"} is totally allowed, but not permitted in the stubs.
pandas-stubs version 2.0.1.230501