Modified Substrait consumer interaction with libprotobuf to support versions down to 3.0.0, which is the minimum required due to Substrait's usage of proto3 syntax.

Tested locally with:

```
export ARROW_PROTOBUF_URL=https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/releases/download/v3.0.0/protobuf-cpp-3.0.0.tar.gz
cmake \
  --preset ninja-debug \
  -DProtobuf_SOURCE=BUNDLED \
  -DARROW_PROTOBUF_BUILD_VERSION=v3.0.0 \
  -DARROW_PROTOBUF_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=318e8f375fb4e5333975a40e0d1215e855b4a8c581d692eb0eb7df70db1a8d4e
```
(Is there an easier way to do this without modifying versions.txt or 751fb9d? Also, the env var is needed only because Google isn't at all consistent with their release file naming that far back.)

It'd also be nice to add this to CI, but it's probably excessive to always run for a PR, unless combined with some other run.

Closes apache#12448 from jvanstraten/ARROW-15700-Compilation-error-on-Ubuntu-18-04

Authored-by: Jeroen van Straten <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Weston Pace <[email protected]>
(cherry picked from commit 7d16a78)

This PR includes the addition of `TableSourceNode` to create a `ExecNode` easily using a table as the data source.

### TODO

- [x] Fix test case for chunk_size

Closes apache#12267 from vibhatha/arrow-15258-rb

Authored-by: Vibhatha Abeykoon <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Weston Pace <[email protected]>
(cherry picked from commit fffdca2)

…ine" build

This should fix:
 - inline builds in general (ARROW-15709);
 - [weird stuff with inline builds causing non-tracked files to be deleted](https://github.com/apache/arrow;/pull/12444#issuecomment-1043143303) that the [previous fix](apache#12444) for the above [caused](apache#12454)
 - dependencies on git for downloading dependencies (ARROW-15760);
 - the build process for Substrait previously being treated as something too special to use Arrow's normal method for dealing with third-party dependencies (i.e. `ThirdpartyToolchain.cmake`)

---

Initial attempt at making something functional to solve this issue properly.

The use of `add_arrow_lib` in `ThirdpartyToolchain.cmake` is certainly odd, and I'm sure I'm not following best practices in that file in general. I could use some advice on what the proper way to do this would be. Some of the issues:

 - The CMake property specifying that a path refers to a generated file is scoped only to the current CMake file, so only moving the `externalproject_add` over to `ThirdpartyToolchain.cmake` resulted in the `add_arrow_lib` in `src/arrow/engine` failing due to missing source files. An object library didn't seem to resolve it either, and there are probably portability issues with that anyway, so that's why I ended up just using `add_arrow_lib`.
 - Unlike all the other third-party dependencies (AFAICT), Substrait can't currently be installed, so `Substrait_SOURCE=SYSTEM` makes no sense. In the end I just decided to override it, but that's probably not ideal.
 - Substrait doesn't have releases yet, so I had to resort to a git hash instead.

</details>

Closes apache#12457 from jvanstraten/ARROW-15709-Compilation-of-ARROW-ENGINE-fails-if-doi

Authored-by: Jeroen van Straten <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <[email protected]>
(cherry picked from commit 89cc6b3)

…trait generation

Closes apache#12548 from pitrou/ARROW-15830-ubuntu-cpp-bundled

Authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <[email protected]>
(cherry picked from commit e989fb3)

Closes apache#12569 from westonpace/feature/ARROW-15850--substrait-headers-missing

Authored-by: Weston Pace <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: David Li <[email protected]>
(cherry picked from commit 8fce593)