Some PRs that use core/common/inlined_containers.h can cause failures in
the CUDA CI pipeline.

```
E:\_work\_temp\build\RelWithDebInfo\vcpkg_installed\x64-windows-static-md\include\absl/hash/internal/hash.h(481): error #68-D: integer conversion resulted in a change of sign [E:\_work\_temp\build\RelWithDebInfo\onnxruntime_providers_cuda.vcxproj]
          sizeof(T) == -1,
                       ^
  Remark: The warnings can be suppressed with "-diag-suppress <warning-number>"

E:\_work\_temp\build\RelWithDebInfo\vcpkg_installed\x64-windows-static-md\include\absl/hash/hash.h(337): error #549-D: variable "s" is used before its value is set [E:\_work\_temp\build\RelWithDebInfo\onnxruntime_providers_cuda.vcxproj]
        return s;
               ^
E:\_work\_temp\build\RelWithDebInfo\vcpkg_installed\x64-windows-static-md\include\absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.h(468): error #69-D: integer conversion resulted in truncation [E:\_work\_temp\build\RelWithDebInfo\onnxruntime_providers_cuda.vcxproj]
          static_cast<uint16_t>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&seed));
                      ^
  3 errors detected in the compilation of "E:/_work/onnxruntime/onnxruntime/onnxruntime/contrib_ops/cuda/sparse/block_mask.cu".
```

This change adds a patch to Abseil to mitigate those failures.


This solution has been verified to be effective in PR
#27087.

This cherry-picks the following commits for the 1.24.2 release:
- #27096
- #27077
- #26677
- #27238
- #27213
- #27256
- #27278
- #27275
- #27276
- #27216
- #27271
- #27299
- #27294
- #27266
- #27176
- #27126
- #27252

---------

Co-authored-by: Xiaofei Han <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Jiajia Qin <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Yulong Wang <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: qti-monumeen <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Ankit Maheshkar <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Eric Crawford <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Copilot <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: guschmue <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Guenther Schmuelling <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: github-actions[bot] <41898282+github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: angelser <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Angela Serrano Brummett <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Misha Chornyi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: hariharans29 <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: eserscor <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Copilot <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Baiju Meswani <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Adrian Lizarraga <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Ti-Tai Wang <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: bmehta001 <[email protected]>