IQ-TREE

Efficient and versatile phylogenomic software by maximum likelihood http://www.iqtree.org

Introduction

The IQ-TREE software was created as the successor of IQPNNI and TREE-PUZZLE (thus the name IQ-TREE). IQ-TREE was motivated by the rapid accumulation of phylogenomic data, leading to a need for efficient phylogenomic software that can handle a large amount of data and provide more complex models of sequence evolution. To this end, IQ-TREE can utilize multicore computers and distributed parallel computing to speed up the analysis. IQ-TREE automatically performs checkpointing to resume an interrupted analysis.

As input IQ-TREE accepts all common sequence alignment formats including PHYLIP, FASTA, Nexus, Clustal and MSF. As output IQ-TREE will write a self-readable report file (name suffix .iqtree), a NEWICK tree file (.treefile) which can be visualized by tree viewer programs such as FigTree, Dendroscope or iTOL.

Key features of IQ-TREE

• Efficient search algorithm: Fast and effective stochastic algorithm to reconstruct phylogenetic trees by maximum likelihood. IQ-TREE compares favorably to RAxML and PhyML in terms of likelihood while requiring similar amount of computing time (Nguyen et al., 2015).
• Ultrafast bootstrap: An ultrafast bootstrap approximation (UFBoot) to assess branch supports. UFBoot is 10 to 40 times faster than RAxML rapid bootstrap and obtains less biased support values (Minh et al., 2013).
• Accurate model selection: An ultrafast and automatic model selection (ModelFinder) which is 10 to 100 times faster than jModelTest and ProtTest. ModelFinder also finds best-fit partitioning scheme like PartitionFinder (Kalyaanamoorthy et al., 2017).
• Alignment simulation: A flexible simulator (AliSim) which allows to simulate sequence alignments under more realistic models than Seq-Gen and INDELible (Ly-Trong et al., 2023).
• Phylogenetic testing: Several fast branch tests like SH-aLRT and aBayes test (Anisimova et al., 2011) and tree topology tests like the approximately unbiased (AU) test (Shimodaira, 2002).

The strength of IQ-TREE is the availability of a wide variety of phylogenetic models:

• Common models: All common substitution models for DNA, protein, codon, binary and morphological data with rate heterogeneity among sites and ascertainment bias correction for e.g. SNP data.
• Partition models: Allowing individual models for different genomic loci (e.g. genes or codon positions), mixed data types, mixed rate heterogeneity types, linked or unlinked branch lengths between partitions.
• Mixture Models: fully customizable mixture models and empirical protein mixture models and.
• Polymorphism-aware models (PoMo): http://www.iqtree.org/doc/Polymorphism-Aware-Models

IQ-TREE web service

For a quick start you can also try the IQ-TREE web server, which performs online computation using a dedicated computing cluster. It is very easy to use with as few as just 3 clicks! Try it out at:

• Vienna Bioinformatics Cluster: http://iqtree.cibiv.univie.ac.at
• CIPRES Gateway: https://www.phylo.org
• Los Alamos Laboratories: https://www.hiv.lanl.gov/content/sequence/IQTREE/iqtree.html

User support

Please refer to the user documentation and frequently asked questions. If you have further questions and feedback, please create a topic at Github discussions. For feature requests bug reports please post a topic at Github issues.

Citations

General citation for IQ-TREE 3:

• T.K.F. Wong, N. Ly-Trong, H. Ren, P. Demotte, H. Banos, A.J. Roger, E. Susko, C. Bielow, N. De Maio, N. Goldman, M.W. Hahn, M. dos Reis, L.S. Vinh, G. Huttley, R. Lanfear, B.Q. Minh (2026) IQ-TREE 3: Phylogenomic Inference Software using Complex Evolutionary Models. Mol. Biol. Evol., msag117. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msag117

Moreover, there are other papers associated with notable features in IQ-TREE, which are normally mentioned in the corresponding documentation. We ask that you also cite these papers, which are important for us to obtain fundings to continuously maintain the code of IQ-TREE. These papers are also listed below.

NOTE: You can also obtain the citations in .iqtree output file.

When using MixtureFinder please cite:

• H. Ren, T.K.F. Wong, B.Q. Minh, R. Lanfear (2025) MixtureFinder: Estimating DNA mixture models for phylogenetic analyses. Mol. Biol. Evol., 42:msae264. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msae264

When using GTRpmix model please cite:

• H. Banos, T.K.F. Wong, J. Daneau, E. Susko, B.Q. Minh, R. Lanfear, M.W. Brown, L. Eme, A.J. Roger (2024) GTRpmix: A linked general-time reversible model for profile mixture models. Mol. Biol. Evol., 92:msae174. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msae174

When using CMAPLE please cite:

• N. Ly-Trong, C. Bielow, N. De Maio, B.Q. Minh (2024) CMAPLE: Efficient phylogenetic inference in the pandemic era. Mol. Biol. Evol., 41:msae134. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msae134

When using tree mixture models (MAST) please cite:

• T.K.F. Wong, C. Cherryh, A.G. Rodrigo, M.W. Hahn, B.Q. Minh, R. Lanfear (2024) MAST: Phylogenetic Inference with Mixtures Across Sites and Trees. Syst. Biol., 73:375–391. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syae008

When computing concordance factors please cite:

• Y.K. Mo, R. Lanfear, M.W. Hahn, B.Q. Minh (2023) Updated site concordance factors minimize effects of homoplasy and taxon sampling. Bioinformatics, 39:btac741. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btac741

When using AliSim to simulate alignments please cite:

• N. Ly-Trong, G.M.J. Barca, B.Q. Minh (2023) AliSim-HPC: parallel sequence simulator for phylogenetics. Bioinformatics, 39:btad540. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btad540

When estimating amino-acid Q matrix please cite:

• B.Q. Minh, C. Cao Dang, L.S. Vinh, R. Lanfear (2021) QMaker: Fast and accurate method to estimate empirical models of protein evolution. Syst. Biol., 70:1046–1060. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syab010

When using the heterotachy GHOST model "+H" please cite:

• S.M. Crotty, B.Q. Minh, N.G. Bean, B.R. Holland, J. Tuke, L.S. Jermiin, A. von Haeseler (2020) GHOST: Recovering Historical Signal from Heterotachously Evolved Sequence Alignments. Syst. Biol., 69:249-264. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz051

When using the tests of symmetry please cite:

• S. Naser-Khdour, B.Q. Minh, W. Zhang, E.A. Stone, R. Lanfear (2019) The Prevalence and Impact of Model Violations in Phylogenetic Analysis. Genome Biol. Evol., 11:3341-3352. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz193

When using polymorphism-aware models please cite:

• D. Schrempf, B.Q. Minh, A. von Haeseler, C. Kosiol (2019) Polymorphism-aware species trees with advanced mutation models, bootstrap, and rate heterogeneity. Mol. Biol. Evol., 36:1294–1301. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz043

For the ultrafast bootstrap (UFBoot) please cite:

• D.T. Hoang, O. Chernomor, A. von Haeseler, B.Q. Minh, and L.S. Vinh (2018) UFBoot2: Improving the ultrafast bootstrap approximation. Mol. Biol. Evol., 35:518–522. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx281

When using posterior mean site frequency model (PMSF) please cite:

• H.C. Wang, B.Q. Minh, S. Susko, A.J. Roger (2018) Modeling site heterogeneity with posterior mean site frequency profiles accelerates accurate phylogenomic estimation. Syst. Biol., 67:216–235. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syx068

When using ModelFinder please cite:

• S. Kalyaanamoorthy, B.Q. Minh, T.K.F. Wong, A. von Haeseler, L.S. Jermiin (2017) ModelFinder: Fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nat. Methods, 14:587-589. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285

When using partition models please cite:

• O. Chernomor, A. von Haeseler, B.Q. Minh (2016) Terrace aware data structure for phylogenomic inference from supermatrices. Syst. Biol., 65:997-1008. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw037

When using IQ-TREE web server please cite:

• J. Trifinopoulos, L.-T. Nguyen, A. von Haeseler, B.Q. Minh (2016) W-IQ-TREE: a fast online phylogenetic tool for maximum likelihood analysis. Nucleic Acids Res., 44:W232-W235. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw256

When using IQ-TREE version 1 please cite:

• L. Nguyen, H.A. Schmidt, A. von Haeseler, B.Q. Minh (2015) IQ-TREE: A Fast and Effective Stochastic Algorithm for Estimating Maximum-Likelihood Phylogenies. Mol. Biol. and Evol., 32:268-274. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu300

When using IQ-TREE version 2 please cite:

• B.Q. Minh, H.A. Schmidt, O. Chernomor, D. Schrempf, M.D. Woodhams, A. von Haeseler, R. Lanfear (2020) IQ-TREE 2: New models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era. Mol. Biol. Evol., 37:1530-1534. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa015

Credits and Acknowledgements

Some parts of the code were taken from the following packages/libraries: Phylogenetic likelihood library, TREE-PUZZLE, BIONJ, Nexus Class Libary, Eigen library, SPRNG library, Zlib library, gzstream library, vectorclass library, GNU scientific library.

IQ-TREE was funded by the Austrian Science Fund - FWF (grant no. I 760-B17 from 2012-2015 and and I 2508-B29 from 2016-2019), the University of Vienna (Initiativkolleg I059-N), the Australian National University, Chan-Zuckerberg Initiative (open source software for science grants), Simons Foundation, Moore Foundation, and Australian Research Council.