perf: optimize large EPUB indexing from O(n^2) to O(n)#458
perf: optimize large EPUB indexing from O(n^2) to O(n)#458daveallie merged 5 commits intocrosspoint-reader:masterfrom
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Remove the call to loadAllFileStatSlims() which pre-loads all ZIP central directory entries into memory. For EPUBs with 2000+ chapters (like webnovels), this exhausts the ESP32-C3's ~380KB RAM and causes abort(). The existing loadFileStatSlim() function already handles individual lookups by scanning the central directory per-file when the cache is empty. This is O(n*m) instead of O(n), but prevents memory exhaustion. Fixes crosspoint-reader#134
Fix Pushed - Ready for Re-testThe initial implementation caused OOM crash at Changes in Latest Commit
What This PR Now Does
Expected PerformanceWith this fix, Shadow Slave indexing should:
Next StepsPlease re-test with Shadow Slave and report:
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Replace O(n²) lookups with O(n) preprocessing: 1. createTocEntry(): Build href->spineIndex map once in beginTocPass() instead of scanning spine file for every TOC entry 2. buildBookBin(): Build spineIndex->tocIndex vector in single pass instead of scanning TOC file for every spine entry For 2768-chapter EPUBs, this reduces: - TOC pass: from ~7.6M file reads to ~5.5K reads - buildBookBin: from ~7.6M file reads to ~5.5K reads Memory impact: ~80KB for href map (acceptable trade-off for 10x+ speedup)
The unordered_map with 2768 string keys (~100KB+) was causing OOM crashes at beginTocPass() on ESP32-C3's limited ~380KB RAM. Reverted createTocEntry() to use original O(n) spine file scan instead. Kept the safe spineToTocIndex vector in buildBookBin() (only ~5.5KB).
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Three optimizations for EPUBs with many chapters (e.g. 2768 chapters): 1. OPF idref→href lookup: Build sorted hash index during manifest parsing, use binary search during spine resolution. Reduces ~4min to ~30-60s. 2. TOC href→spineIndex lookup: Build sorted hash index in beginTocPass(), use binary search in createTocEntry(). Reduces ~4min to ~30-60s. 3. ZIP central-dir cursor: Resume scanning from last position instead of restarting from beginning. Reduces ~8min to ~1-3min. All optimizations only activate for large EPUBs (≥400 spine items). Small books use unchanged code paths. Memory impact: ~33KB + ~39KB temporary during indexing, freed after. Expected total: ~17min → ~3-5min for Shadow Slave (2768 chapters). Also adds phase timing logs for performance measurement.
Add ZipFile::fillUncompressedSizes() for single-pass ZIP central directory scan with hash-based target matching. Also apply clang-format fixes for CI. Shadow Slave results: - buildBookBin: 506s → 35s - Total indexing: 8.7min → 50s
Update: Full Optimization CompleteSince the earlier comment, I've implemented all three optimizations using a RAM-safe hash-index approach (replacing the Results on Shadow Slave (2768 chapters):
Normal books (87 chapters): 1.7 sec - no regression. Technical approach:
All optimizations gated by threshold (≥400 items) but work for any book size. Updated the PR description with full details and algorithm explanation. |
Implementing faster .epub indexing + fixing minor issue with hiding /fonts in the file browser
This reverts commit 0e0dd5b.
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Thank you technically it will work fine for all books not just large ones but I didn't want to completely overhaul the existing system without review so I had it only work on books with a large enough spine. But it should improve the speed of regular book sizes as well although it will be negligible from a user perspective probably because typical books are small chapter wise. |
* master: (33 commits) feat: add HalDisplay and HalGPIO (crosspoint-reader#522) feat: Display epub metadata on Recents (crosspoint-reader#511) chore: Cut release 0.16.0 fix: Correctly render italics on image alt placeholders (crosspoint-reader#569) chore: .gitignore: add compile_commands.json & .cache (crosspoint-reader#568) fix: Render keyboard entry over multiple lines (crosspoint-reader#567) fix: missing front layout in mapLabels() (crosspoint-reader#564) refactor: Re-work for OTA feature (crosspoint-reader#509) perf: optimize large EPUB indexing from O(n^2) to O(n) (crosspoint-reader#458) feat: Add Spanish hyphenation support (crosspoint-reader#558) feat: Add support to B&W filters to image covers (crosspoint-reader#476) feat(ux): page turning on button pressed if long-press chapter skip is disabled (crosspoint-reader#451) feat: Add status bar option "Full w/ Progress Bar" (crosspoint-reader#438) fix: Validate settings on read. (crosspoint-reader#492) fix: rotate origin in drawImage (crosspoint-reader#557) feat: Extract author from XTC/XTCH files (crosspoint-reader#563) fix: add txt books to recent tab (crosspoint-reader#526) docs: add font generation commands to builtin font headers (crosspoint-reader#547) docs: Update README with supported languages for EPUB (crosspoint-reader#530) fix: Fix KOReader document md5 calculation for binary matching progress sync (crosspoint-reader#529) ...
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I did think that reading through it as part of the review. Would be great to follow up on this one for a future release to apply the same logic everywhere to clean up the code |
Synced from upstream/master (da4d3b5): - feat: Add HalDisplay and HalGPIO (crosspoint-reader#522) - feat: Display epub metadata on Recents (crosspoint-reader#511) - feat: Add Spanish hyphenation support (crosspoint-reader#558) - fix: Render keyboard entry over multiple lines (crosspoint-reader#567) - fix: missing front layout in mapLabels() (crosspoint-reader#564) - perf: optimize large EPUB indexing from O(n^2) to O(n) (crosspoint-reader#458) - chore: .gitignore: add compile_commands.json & .cache (crosspoint-reader#568) Files synced: - lib/hal/ (new) - lib/Epub/ (hyphenation, metadata cache, parsers) - lib/ZipFile/ - src/MappedInputManager.* - src/activities/home/MyLibraryActivity.* - src/activities/util/ Skipped conflicting files: - lib/GfxRenderer/ (has CJK changes) - src/activities/reader/ (has dark mode changes) - src/main.cpp (has I18n changes)
…ader#458) ## Summary Optimizes EPUB metadata indexing for large books (2000+ chapters) from ~30 minutes to ~50 seconds by replacing O(n²) algorithms with O(n log n) hash-indexed lookups. Fixes crosspoint-reader#134 ## Problem Three phases had O(n²) complexity due to nested loops: | Phase | Operation | Before (2768 chapters) | |-------|-----------|------------------------| | OPF Pass | For each spine ref, scan all manifest items | ~25 min | | TOC Pass | For each TOC entry, scan all spine items | ~5 min | | buildBookBin | For each spine item, scan ZIP central directory | ~8.4 min | Total: **~30+ minutes** for first-time indexing of large EPUBs. ## Solution Replace linear scans with sorted hash indexes + binary search: - **OPF Pass**: Build `{hash(id), len, offset}` index from manifest, binary search for each spine ref - **TOC Pass**: Build `{hash(href), len, spineIndex}` index from spine, binary search for each TOC entry - **buildBookBin**: New `ZipFile::fillUncompressedSizes()` API - single ZIP central directory scan with batch hash matching All indexes use FNV-1a hashing with length as secondary key to minimize collisions. Indexes are freed immediately after each phase. ## Results **Shadow Slave EPUB (2768 chapters):** | Phase | Before | After | Speedup | |-------|--------|-------|---------| | OPF pass | ~25 min | 10.8 sec | ~140x | | TOC pass | ~5 min | 4.7 sec | ~60x | | buildBookBin | 506 sec | 34.6 sec | ~15x | | **Total** | **~30+ min** | **~50 sec** | **~36x** | **Normal EPUB (87 chapters):** 1.7 sec - no regression. ## Memory Peak temporary memory during indexing: - OPF index: ~33KB (2770 items × 12 bytes) - TOC index: ~33KB (2768 items × 12 bytes) - ZIP batch: ~44KB (targets + sizes arrays) All indexes cleared immediately after each phase. No OOM risk on ESP32-C3. ## Note on Threshold All optimizations are gated by `LARGE_SPINE_THRESHOLD = 400` to preserve existing behavior for small books. However, the algorithms work correctly for any book size and are faster even for small books: | Book Size | Old O(n²) | New O(n log n) | Improvement | |-----------|-----------|----------------|-------------| | 10 ch | 100 ops | 50 ops | 2x | | 100 ch | 10K ops | 800 ops | 12x | | 400 ch | 160K ops | 4K ops | 40x | If preferred, the threshold could be removed to use the optimized path universally. ## Testing - [x] Shadow Slave (2768 chapters): 50s first-time indexing, loads and navigates correctly - [x] Normal book (87 chapters): 1.7s indexing, no regression - [x] Build passes - [x] clang-format passes ## Files Changed - `lib/Epub/Epub/parsers/ContentOpfParser.h/.cpp` - OPF manifest index - `lib/Epub/Epub/BookMetadataCache.h/.cpp` - TOC index + batch size lookup - `lib/ZipFile/ZipFile.h/.cpp` - New `fillUncompressedSizes()` API - `lib/Epub/Epub.cpp` - Timing logs <details> <summary><b>Algorithm Details</b> (click to expand)</summary> ### Phase 1: OPF Pass - Manifest to Spine Lookup **Problem**: Each `<itemref idref="ch001">` in spine must find matching `<item id="ch001" href="...">` in manifest. ``` OLD: For each of 2768 spine refs, scan all 2770 manifest items = 7.6M string comparisons NEW: While parsing manifest, build index: { hash("ch001"), len=5, file_offset=120 } Sort index, then binary search for each spine ref: 2768 × log₂(2770) ≈ 2768 × 11 = 30K comparisons ``` ### Phase 2: TOC Pass - TOC Entry to Spine Index Lookup **Problem**: Each TOC entry with `href="chapter0001.xhtml"` must find its spine index. ``` OLD: For each of 2768 TOC entries, scan all 2768 spine entries = 7.6M string comparisons NEW: At beginTocPass(), read spine once and build index: { hash("OEBPS/chapter0001.xhtml"), len=25, spineIndex=0 } Sort index, binary search for each TOC entry: 2768 × log₂(2768) ≈ 30K comparisons Clear index at endTocPass() to free memory. ``` ### Phase 3: buildBookBin - ZIP Size Lookup **Problem**: Need uncompressed file size for each spine item (for reading progress). Sizes are in ZIP central directory. ``` OLD: For each of 2768 spine items, scan ZIP central directory (2773 entries) = 7.6M filename reads + string comparisons Time: 506 seconds NEW: Step 1: Build targets from spine { hash("OEBPS/chapter0001.xhtml"), len=25, index=0 } Sort by (hash, len) Step 2: Single pass through ZIP central directory For each entry: - Compute hash ON THE FLY (no string allocation) - Binary search targets - If match: sizes[target.index] = uncompressedSize Step 3: Use sizes array directly (O(1) per spine item) Total: 2773 entries × log₂(2768) ≈ 33K comparisons Time: 35 seconds ``` ### Why Hash + Length? Using 64-bit FNV-1a hash + string length as a composite key: - Collision probability: ~1 in 2⁶⁴ × typical_path_lengths - No string storage needed in index (just 12-16 bytes per entry) - Integer comparisons are faster than string comparisons - Verification on match handles the rare collision case </details> --- _AI-assisted development. All changes tested on hardware._
…ader#458) ## Summary Optimizes EPUB metadata indexing for large books (2000+ chapters) from ~30 minutes to ~50 seconds by replacing O(n²) algorithms with O(n log n) hash-indexed lookups. Fixes crosspoint-reader#134 ## Problem Three phases had O(n²) complexity due to nested loops: | Phase | Operation | Before (2768 chapters) | |-------|-----------|------------------------| | OPF Pass | For each spine ref, scan all manifest items | ~25 min | | TOC Pass | For each TOC entry, scan all spine items | ~5 min | | buildBookBin | For each spine item, scan ZIP central directory | ~8.4 min | Total: **~30+ minutes** for first-time indexing of large EPUBs. ## Solution Replace linear scans with sorted hash indexes + binary search: - **OPF Pass**: Build `{hash(id), len, offset}` index from manifest, binary search for each spine ref - **TOC Pass**: Build `{hash(href), len, spineIndex}` index from spine, binary search for each TOC entry - **buildBookBin**: New `ZipFile::fillUncompressedSizes()` API - single ZIP central directory scan with batch hash matching All indexes use FNV-1a hashing with length as secondary key to minimize collisions. Indexes are freed immediately after each phase. ## Results **Shadow Slave EPUB (2768 chapters):** | Phase | Before | After | Speedup | |-------|--------|-------|---------| | OPF pass | ~25 min | 10.8 sec | ~140x | | TOC pass | ~5 min | 4.7 sec | ~60x | | buildBookBin | 506 sec | 34.6 sec | ~15x | | **Total** | **~30+ min** | **~50 sec** | **~36x** | **Normal EPUB (87 chapters):** 1.7 sec - no regression. ## Memory Peak temporary memory during indexing: - OPF index: ~33KB (2770 items × 12 bytes) - TOC index: ~33KB (2768 items × 12 bytes) - ZIP batch: ~44KB (targets + sizes arrays) All indexes cleared immediately after each phase. No OOM risk on ESP32-C3. ## Note on Threshold All optimizations are gated by `LARGE_SPINE_THRESHOLD = 400` to preserve existing behavior for small books. However, the algorithms work correctly for any book size and are faster even for small books: | Book Size | Old O(n²) | New O(n log n) | Improvement | |-----------|-----------|----------------|-------------| | 10 ch | 100 ops | 50 ops | 2x | | 100 ch | 10K ops | 800 ops | 12x | | 400 ch | 160K ops | 4K ops | 40x | If preferred, the threshold could be removed to use the optimized path universally. ## Testing - [x] Shadow Slave (2768 chapters): 50s first-time indexing, loads and navigates correctly - [x] Normal book (87 chapters): 1.7s indexing, no regression - [x] Build passes - [x] clang-format passes ## Files Changed - `lib/Epub/Epub/parsers/ContentOpfParser.h/.cpp` - OPF manifest index - `lib/Epub/Epub/BookMetadataCache.h/.cpp` - TOC index + batch size lookup - `lib/ZipFile/ZipFile.h/.cpp` - New `fillUncompressedSizes()` API - `lib/Epub/Epub.cpp` - Timing logs <details> <summary><b>Algorithm Details</b> (click to expand)</summary> ### Phase 1: OPF Pass - Manifest to Spine Lookup **Problem**: Each `<itemref idref="ch001">` in spine must find matching `<item id="ch001" href="...">` in manifest. ``` OLD: For each of 2768 spine refs, scan all 2770 manifest items = 7.6M string comparisons NEW: While parsing manifest, build index: { hash("ch001"), len=5, file_offset=120 } Sort index, then binary search for each spine ref: 2768 × log₂(2770) ≈ 2768 × 11 = 30K comparisons ``` ### Phase 2: TOC Pass - TOC Entry to Spine Index Lookup **Problem**: Each TOC entry with `href="chapter0001.xhtml"` must find its spine index. ``` OLD: For each of 2768 TOC entries, scan all 2768 spine entries = 7.6M string comparisons NEW: At beginTocPass(), read spine once and build index: { hash("OEBPS/chapter0001.xhtml"), len=25, spineIndex=0 } Sort index, binary search for each TOC entry: 2768 × log₂(2768) ≈ 30K comparisons Clear index at endTocPass() to free memory. ``` ### Phase 3: buildBookBin - ZIP Size Lookup **Problem**: Need uncompressed file size for each spine item (for reading progress). Sizes are in ZIP central directory. ``` OLD: For each of 2768 spine items, scan ZIP central directory (2773 entries) = 7.6M filename reads + string comparisons Time: 506 seconds NEW: Step 1: Build targets from spine { hash("OEBPS/chapter0001.xhtml"), len=25, index=0 } Sort by (hash, len) Step 2: Single pass through ZIP central directory For each entry: - Compute hash ON THE FLY (no string allocation) - Binary search targets - If match: sizes[target.index] = uncompressedSize Step 3: Use sizes array directly (O(1) per spine item) Total: 2773 entries × log₂(2768) ≈ 33K comparisons Time: 35 seconds ``` ### Why Hash + Length? Using 64-bit FNV-1a hash + string length as a composite key: - Collision probability: ~1 in 2⁶⁴ × typical_path_lengths - No string storage needed in index (just 12-16 bytes per entry) - Integer comparisons are faster than string comparisons - Verification on match handles the rare collision case </details> --- _AI-assisted development. All changes tested on hardware._
Summary
Optimizes EPUB metadata indexing for large books (2000+ chapters) from ~30 minutes to ~50 seconds by replacing O(n²) algorithms with O(n log n) hash-indexed lookups.
Fixes #134
Problem
Three phases had O(n²) complexity due to nested loops:
Total: ~30+ minutes for first-time indexing of large EPUBs.
Solution
Replace linear scans with sorted hash indexes + binary search:
{hash(id), len, offset}index from manifest, binary search for each spine ref{hash(href), len, spineIndex}index from spine, binary search for each TOC entryZipFile::fillUncompressedSizes()API - single ZIP central directory scan with batch hash matchingAll indexes use FNV-1a hashing with length as secondary key to minimize collisions. Indexes are freed immediately after each phase.
Results
Shadow Slave EPUB (2768 chapters):
Normal EPUB (87 chapters): 1.7 sec - no regression.
Memory
Peak temporary memory during indexing:
All indexes cleared immediately after each phase. No OOM risk on ESP32-C3.
Note on Threshold
All optimizations are gated by
LARGE_SPINE_THRESHOLD = 400to preserve existing behavior for small books. However, the algorithms work correctly for any book size and are faster even for small books:If preferred, the threshold could be removed to use the optimized path universally.
Testing
Files Changed
lib/Epub/Epub/parsers/ContentOpfParser.h/.cpp- OPF manifest indexlib/Epub/Epub/BookMetadataCache.h/.cpp- TOC index + batch size lookuplib/ZipFile/ZipFile.h/.cpp- NewfillUncompressedSizes()APIlib/Epub/Epub.cpp- Timing logsAlgorithm Details (click to expand)
Phase 1: OPF Pass - Manifest to Spine Lookup
Problem: Each
<itemref idref="ch001">in spine must find matching<item id="ch001" href="...">in manifest.Phase 2: TOC Pass - TOC Entry to Spine Index Lookup
Problem: Each TOC entry with
href="chapter0001.xhtml"must find its spine index.Phase 3: buildBookBin - ZIP Size Lookup
Problem: Need uncompressed file size for each spine item (for reading progress). Sizes are in ZIP central directory.
Why Hash + Length?
Using 64-bit FNV-1a hash + string length as a composite key:
AI-assisted development. All changes tested on hardware.