I've retested on a debian 9 VM and it works:

bpf prog
SEC("uprobe/traceme")
int uprobe_traceme(struct pt_regs *ctx) {
	bpf_printk("OK");
	return 0;
}

tracer
...
ex, err := link.OpenExecutable("/tmp/tracee")
if err != nil {
    log.Fatalf("opening executable: %s", err)
}

up, err := ex.Uretprobe("main.traceme", objs.UprobeTraceme, nil)
if err != nil {
    log.Fatalf("creating uprobe: %s", err)
}
defer up.Close()
...

tracee
func main() {
	for {
		time.Sleep(time.Second)
		traceme(1, 2)
	}
}

//go:noinline
func traceme(a, b int) {
	fmt.Println(a + b)
}

matt@debian9-univ:~$ /tmp/tracee
3
3
3
^C

matt@debian9-univ:~$ sudo cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_pipe
[sudo] password for matt: 
tracee-7677  [006] ....  7341.527519: : OK
tracee-7677  [006] ....  7342.527641: : OK
tracee-7677  [006] ....  7343.527723: : OK

matt@debian9-univ:~$ uname -r
4.9.0-13-amd64

matt@debian9-univ:~$ cat /boot/config-4.9.0-13-amd64 |grep -e BPF -e UPROBE -e FUNCTION_TRACER
CONFIG_ARCH_SUPPORTS_UPROBES=y
CONFIG_BPF=y
CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL=y
# CONFIG_BPF_JIT_ALWAYS_ON is not set
CONFIG_UPROBES=y
CONFIG_NETFILTER_XT_MATCH_BPF=m
CONFIG_NET_CLS_BPF=m
CONFIG_NET_ACT_BPF=m
CONFIG_BPF_JIT=y
CONFIG_HAVE_EBPF_JIT=y
CONFIG_HAVE_FUNCTION_TRACER=y
CONFIG_FUNCTION_TRACER=y
CONFIG_UPROBE_EVENT=y
CONFIG_BPF_EVENTS=y
CONFIG_TEST_BPF=m

So my guess would be that the CI kernel is missing some config?

ci: uprobes integration test on Go binaries fails on kernel < 4.14 #406

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